酷兒的用藥政治(翻譯校訂)

(這是2013年6月29日於台北狐狸野餐地下室舉辦的演講會實錄。由白瑞梅主持,丁乃非、張永靖、黃道明擔任討論時的即席中文翻譯。Ken Race的演講事後由何春蕤翻譯成中文,並對整場的翻譯進行校訂。)

白瑞梅:大家好,歡迎大家。今天的主講人是第一次來台演講的Kane Race,他是雪梨大學性別與文化研究系的系主任,主要研究的題目是「健康.性別.文化」,他的博士論文題目很有意思:Pleasure Consuming Medicine,就是說,當代對於消費者和公民這兩個身分的想像往往預設了好的消費者才能做好的公民,Kane則從這個脈絡裡來檢視人們使用娛樂藥品的習慣,他想要建構一個比較另類的、反正典的公衛思考,以回應HIV和AIDS,也就是在一個很正典的思考裡尋找一個另類的看法。這個題目很爭議,但是當年還是得到最佳博士論文獎,後來的研究都和醫學、科技、性有關。現在他在研究新媒體如何讓同性戀互相認識交往,思考新媒體有什麼新的可能性;另外,他也研究瓶裝水,研究它是怎麼變成一個可以買賣的東西,有什麼社會意義,非常有趣。今天我們有一個英中、中英的翻譯隊,丁乃非和張友靖會提供服務。現在請Kane Race開始

Kane Race:  Hello, everyone, great to see you all here.  Thank you very much for coming.  I’d really like to thank my hosts from the Center for the Study of Sexualities at NCU.  It’s really a great honor to be invited to be here and a wonderful opportunity to get to know the work of the members of the Center, whose works actually I’ve admired from afar for several years now, ever since I first came across them at the Sexuality conference in Bangkok in 2005.  So thank you very much for the invitation.

丁乃非(翻譯):大家好,很高興見到各位,也謝謝你們來。我要感謝中央大學性/別研究室邀請我來台灣,非常高興有機會和性/別研究室成員面對面交流。我在2005年泰國舉行的「第一屆亞洲酷兒研究國際會議」上就知道了中央大學性/別研究室的各項工作,我非常仰慕,也感謝你們的邀請。

Kane Race: It’s particularly exciting and interesting for me to be talking a little bit about my book Pleasure Consuming Medicine here in Taipei.  When I began work on this project, which was back in 2000, actually my family was living in Bangkok at the time.  I was observing the mechanism of toxins, programs on social moral order, where there were a number of raids of gay saunas, and I was following the news at the time.  It struck me as a very particular use of drug testing technologies in order to perform a sort of symbolic operation for the state.  I began to do a little bit of research and I saw that similar events were happening in Taiwan in Taipei at the time, where there were raids of gay sex parties and HIV testing and drug testing following the raids.  It seemed to me that this was sort of a broader pattern or broader technology of government that required analysis.

張永靖(翻譯):很高興可以和大家分享我的專書Pleasure Consuming Medicine,這本書的研究工作是2000年開始的,那時候我和家人住在泰國曼谷,當地媒體報導一連串對同志三溫暖的突襲臨檢,我因此開始觀察這種維護社會道德秩序的行動。我感覺這些現象其實是以一種特殊的方式來利用藥物篩檢技術替國家執行一種象徵性的行動。我在搜尋相關資訊時發現,當時台北也有類似的對同志轟趴進行臨檢的行動,而且伴隨著強制的驗血、驗藥。我覺得這些現象顯然是一個寬廣而擴大中的治理技術,需要我們詳加分析。

Kane Race: So while I am really not confident to talk about politics in East Asia or South-East Asia, and the book maybe talks about developments in Australia, I would say that some of the key concepts in the book have been very much informed by my impressions of what has been happening in East Asia and South-East Asia.  So I am very looking forward to learning more about this.

丁乃非(翻譯):雖然我對討論東亞或東南亞這方面的政治沒有十足的信心,而我的書主要是關於澳洲在這個議題上的發展,可是在撰寫的過程裡,我也受到了東亞和東南亞正在發生的許多現象的啟發,我非常希望能夠進一步瞭解。

Kane Race: People ask me why I wrote Pleasure Consuming Medicine as I began my PHD project.  I guess my first response to that is that growing up as a gay man in Sidney in the 1990s, invariably, in much of one’s social world, or important aspects of one’s social world, drugs were part of that.  If one didn’t take them oneself, that was certainly part of the most important scenes of gay socializations, bars, dance parties, and so on.  And it seemed to me that there was a degree of everyday experience and expertise and, you know, proficiency in how to use drugs. (眾人笑)  That was just really part of people’s everyday experience.  But the disconnect between this practical experience of people on the ground and the official discourse was so glaring, you know, such a big gap between them that it seemed to me, you know, absolutely absurd.  Something needed to be done.

張永靖(翻譯):很多人問我為什麼博士論文要寫這個題目,我的直覺回應就是,作為1990年代在雪梨成長的男同性戀,藥物絕對是同性戀社會生活很重要的一面,就算你自己不用,它也是同性戀社會化場域裡(例如酒吧、跑趴、等等)很重要的元素。在日常生活裡,大家對於如何使用藥物都有很熟練的知識,因為藥物就是大家日常經驗的一部份。然而在官方論述和個人實際生活經驗之間卻有著巨大的落差,我覺得非常荒謬,應該來做點事情改變它。

 

Race: 在我們生活的當代世界裡,各國的製藥工業大量生產並銷售各種藥物,不僅為了治療疾病、恢復健康,也越來越為了改善生活,也就是讓生活好過些,你只要去看看目前有多少性藥物和情緒提升藥物和它們所形成的暴利市場就知道了。不過,這個趨勢當然也慢慢模糊了醫療和娛樂之間的分野。有趣的是,目前在舞會和夜店裡最受歡迎的藥物,幾乎都是在醫療上普遍使用或正在實驗中的藥物,包括治療憂鬱症的K他命,治療猝睡症(日間嗜睡)的液態快樂丸(GHB,sodium oxybate),甚至治療創傷後壓力症候群的搖頭丸。在這個生物心理治療的年代,腦部的化學變化被用來解釋所有的問題和現象,也難怪心理藥物也被當成次文化享樂、集體改造心靈狀態、以及各種嘗試實驗的重要來源。

諷刺的是,一場嚴懲用藥的戰爭也正在這個脈絡裡快速展開。讓我舉一個實際的例子。2007年,雪梨的夏日散發著芬芳,那一年雪梨同志嘉年華的「碧海派對」也在籌劃中,準備工作一向就龐大繁雜,除了派對裝扮、防曬乳液、娛樂藥物、燈光音響、音樂DJ之外,還安排了一個志願的照顧隊伍集訓,以便處理偶爾會發生的藥物使用緊急情況。然而當時剛好大選在即,嘉年華自然吸引了非比尋常的關注,形成一種緊急感。當警方帶著專門搜尋藥物的狗狗到達嘉年華籌備單位大門前時,立刻引發了小小的驚恐,有些參加嘉年華的朋友立刻把所有的藥物吞下以避免被抓到,這當然增加了藥物過量的風險;還有人往門口跑,希望能避開搜身的羞辱以及留下犯罪記錄的可能。後來,警方帶狗巡邏整個舞會會場,逮捕了26個身上帶有少數藥物的參加者,關閉了舞會,其他的參與者則在暗夜中散去。

這個介入和驚恐的場景表達了治理藥物的不同手段之間存在著張力,其中一種方式是強調減少傷害,另一種則夢想可以用執法來終止藥物的使用。而對一般公民進行的恐嚇,正是在這樣的場景裡被例行公事化或是規律化的,目標指向青少年活動、移民或特殊種族聚集的市郊,也涵蓋許多國家的娛樂區和公共運輸系統。令人注目的是,某些被列為「不法」的藥物提供了機會讓國家採取行動展現道德統治的規訓權力,我在書裡把它命名為「模範權力」。國家這種介入,就是利用某些公民的某些被視為不道德的消費習慣來殺雞儆猴。道德統治的執行,和藥物使用的真正危險相比,其實是不成比例的,因為前者常常會加大後者的危險。這種矛盾的效果對於受管的主體而言是蠻清楚的,有一位「碧海派對」的參加者就說得很直白:「我很難相信新南威爾斯警方取消這次的派對是為了關心參與者的健康。如果他們真的關心參加派對的人,就應該公佈監管措施並且加強管理,可是他們卻把5000位參與者逐出原來設置了醫療管理的派對活動,把群眾逼到街上去自己保護自己。」我有興趣分析的則是:這些所謂以威權保障人口健康的努力是如何造成了一連串很糟糕的效果,特別是在健康上的惡果。

搜查藥物往往是以保護大眾健康為正當理由,當然,某些被當成目標的藥物也確實有其風險,這也就是為什麼志願隊花很大工夫設計了一些特別針對這個派對場域的照護措施,以便可以快速而有效的處理緊急狀況;而許多用藥者自己也發明了一些很精密的劑量控管措施,以便在有限的條件下盡力預防危險的事件發生。然而官方的執法措施卻使得這些主體設計好的照顧程序無法有效實施,就這一點而言,健康專家和在這些事件中受到影響的團體對於警方是有強烈批判的。

這些批判之下有一個深遠的歷史。長久以來,舞會就是雪梨男同性戀社群生活很核心的一個元素,娛樂用藥更是社群組成過程中很重要的一部份。以這個歷史為由阻止舉辦同志舞會,就等於把一整個次文化裡最重要的社群建構儀式全然剝奪。警方臨檢「碧海派對」的前一週,雪梨曾發生一件被高度關注的新聞,一位年輕女性參加青少年音樂節時吃下一顆疑似搖頭丸但實際滲有PMA人工合成迷幻藥成份的藥丸,如果劑量過高,PMA是可能致死的,因此她的死亡看起來證實了當時滿佈雪梨的公衛海報所宣傳的訊息:「沒有所謂純淨的藥丸」。當然,這個訊息也模糊了一個重要事實:目前的管制體系正在製造它自己不斷警告的風險,因為藥物的非法化只會使藥物的品質管理更加不可能,也因此使得地下藥物的成份更為不可靠。

在警方處理這件死亡案件上也看到同樣的混淆。一開始,警方就希望大眾只看到用藥的道德危險,拒絕釋出資訊說明如何辨識這顆致死的藥丸,結果,消費者無法得到任何實用的資訊已避免更多類似的致死案件,而最初的減害目標只是很典型的被拿去服務道德政治的意識形態。其實,大家都知道用狗狗來搜索藥物是很沒效率的,統計數字顯示只有百分之二十五的正確率,意思就是說,被狗狗指出藏有藥物的人有百分之七十五是被冤枉被羞辱的,可是在一般舞會外面還是廣泛的進行著搜身。目前為止並沒有證據顯示這樣的策略降低了用藥的比率,甚至用在定罪走私藥物的有效率也只有百分之0.2;相反的,所有的證據都指出這個策略事實上增加了藥害,因為逼迫了用藥者用各種方式規避檢查。政府自己很清楚這些事情,因為它手下的管理機構已經算出了統計,近期還有研究報告直接記錄這些措施的惡果,但是市政府還是堅持繼續這些又耗預算又沒成效的做法。新南威爾斯的廉政官員甚至已經提出質疑:為什麼大家以為很理性的政府,竟然在不斷覆誦它對公衛健康的承諾時明顯的違背了這些承諾?

政府事實上容許很多危險的娛樂形式存在,例如滑翔翼、足球、爬山等等,另外也容許那些合法的、可以增加政府收入的藥物存在(例如比夜店藥物更常和暴力犯罪侵犯相連的酒類)。如果有一天政府決定把這些運動或者酒類說成非常危險,以便勸阻民眾從事或使用,我想我們都會覺得不可思議,然而在禁止使用藥物的執法上,政府卻是不遺餘力的刻劃藥物的危險,百般威脅用藥者,其目前的形態根本排除了藥物品管,反而把藥物市場推進組織犯罪的手中。

我在我的書裡指出,對當代的政府而言,地下藥物的使用者已經變成一個特殊的象徵物。藥物的使用其實和消費文化裡的其他享樂活動完全一樣,都是在追求新奇、興奮、刺激,所以藥物的消費和市場上有執照販售的那些消費一方面很相似,另方面也可以被呈現為「過度」。只要政府感受到壓力,就會把握機會演出道德政府追捕不道德消費者的戲碼,可是實際上這個戲碼只是警方擺出姿態安撫中產選民,表示政府執法嚴明而已。真正表現出來的不是政府在面對問題,而是「做出採取行動的樣子」而已。而且儘管所有證據都說這些措施沒效,政府還是堅持執行,顯然問題不是這些措施的效用與減害背道而馳;真正的目的是在大眾面前演出搜查和羞辱的戲碼,把特定人口群標示為嫌疑犯,並在消費場域裡製造大眾對權威的需求。政府則透過這些強制暴露它者的措施,來肯定自己的道德形象。

近年來,在澳洲,反毒行動逐漸被其他更明顯的政治投機所取代。對那些想要用宣傳排他的道德公民權來掩蓋政府失能的人而言,非法藥物的使用者特別容易被當成代罪羔羊,以便利用大眾對所謂毒品的恐懼,來鼓吹大家投入打造一個「以家庭為本,一心向上的社會」。最好的例子就是2001年美國911恐怖攻擊事件之前不久澳洲大選時政府寄發給所有家戶的反毒手冊,這個手冊被總理辦公室題名為《家庭:對抗毒品的最佳武器》,而這個反毒論述最典型的特質就是把家庭和藥物對立起來。在健康教育教材的生產裡出現政治干預,已經是很少見的事情,這個標題則高舉了一個政治象徵:家庭從此成為所有社會邪惡的解毒劑。這個策略和其他的新自由主義改革是一致的,它把社會問題個人化,在家庭裡推廣,認為各種社會問題都可以用家庭來解決。特別引人注目的就是:對藥物的恐懼,被用來恐嚇大眾,讓大家相信以私人化的方式來思考未來是絕對可靠的。

但是鼓吹家庭價值真的可以有效的回應面前的問題嗎?我不知道你們怎麼看,我個人覺得,搞不好就是家庭使我開始使用娛樂藥物呢!(眾笑)最近在雪梨發動的偵查不法藥物熱潮很諷刺,因為它正在消滅特定群體的娛樂和公共文化,而這個文化曾經產出近期歷史上最成功的健康策略,我說的就是男同志社群對HIV/AIDS所提出的回應,這些回應被公認是全世界最創新而且永續的做法。男同志社群一向倚賴在家庭形式以外的公共場域裡建立認同,對他們的社群實踐和娛樂實踐進行質疑而產生的衝擊實在是不成比例的。更諷刺的是,男同性戀社群對HIV/AIDS的回應其實建基於一個對健康和享樂完全不同的思考:反毒執法的原則是把享樂視為與健康對立,而HIV教育如果能夠凸顯被淹沒的享樂,往往反而比較有效。

或許我應該講一下澳洲如何回應HIV的歷史。1983年美國首先在男同性戀群體中發現最早的AIDS案例時,雪梨嘉年華才正在轉型,嘉年華最初只是1978年一群各式各樣的同性戀解放運動人士、酒吧客、和酷兒們在街上遊行紀念美國的石牆暴動事件,警方干預因而發生劇烈衝突,後來這個遊行成為年度傳統。官方對HIV/AIDS的回應成形的時刻,差不多就正是男女同性戀和跨性別文化在雪梨嘉年華慶祝活動裡建立新的公眾可見性的時刻。政府官員與同志運動人士開會討論如何回應愛滋病時,嘉年華已經變成澳洲最受歡迎的街頭遊行和派對,每年定時發生,讓公共文化和反文化立時活躍起來,大放異彩。從某個意義來說,遊行和派對構成一個媒介,使得社群對愛滋病的創新回應得以透過光彩奪目囂張高調的花車,來戲劇性的展現這個集體計畫的豐富和廣大。嘉年華於是變成同時公開表現享樂和挑釁的同義詞,它宣示了社群可以鮮活有力的回應可怕的疾病,也展現了當照護和享樂並肩時可能產生的協同效果。澳洲的AIDS政策享有盛名,正是因為它很快就認識到,要想形塑一個可行的政策回應,就必須吸引受此疾病影響最大的人群參與。因此從一開始,這些群體──同性戀、性工作者、藥物使用者──都是創造實現各種教育計畫和政策的必要夥伴。

最後形成的回應方式拒絕了公衛體系傳統上鼓吹的強制醫療和管制方式,轉而強調社群教育、參與、和公民權。這個框架裡的教育風格,主要是以次文化本身的語言和意象來處理次文化,同時也採用肯定「性」的態度來進行預防和教育。很重要的一個部份就是承認人們實際的性實踐和享樂愉悅,然後嘗試從這裡開始。因此在用藥政策上,政府支持像是提供針頭和注射器換新這樣的減害措施,這是和過去反毒禁毒立場完全反向的做法,因為這個在性實踐和用藥實踐上的重大改革,是因應於一個既存的享樂文化而設計的,因此排除了保守的威權結構與措施。結果,澳洲和世界其他許多國家形成強烈對比,它逆轉了在注射用藥者之間出現的HIV傳染趨勢,男同性戀之間的感染率也大幅下降,直到今日都維持在很低的水平。可惜的是,過去政策對HIV/AIDS的回應把社群當成積極的夥伴,也承認各種形式的享樂;現在的用藥政策則把社群當成嫌疑犯。從這個歷史過程裡,我們應該吸取的做法就是把享樂當成安全措施的媒介,而不是與安全對立的東西。我有興趣看的,就是享樂的慾望和健康的關切之間其實有著比我們想像的更為密切的關連。

這也就是說,藥物使用者在決定要使用何種藥物、在哪裡用、什麼時候用、怎麼用的時候,往往反映了他們如何關切自我身體和身體的安全及其侷限。有不少研究已經開始探討消費者在評估藥物實用、避免不必要的風險時所倚賴的「民俗藥學」。在這種屬於主體自身的藥學知識和實踐裡,藥物總是和特定享樂實踐及社交活動連在一起的,使用藥物因此就會牽涉到一堆有關脈絡、時機、選擇藥物的例行性細微決定,這些決定往往也牽涉到一連串細微的、有關什麼是可取的感受和效果的道德判斷。因此,雖然目前這種以懲罰為主的框架會產生膚淺的、個人的、違法的用藥文化,但是即使在這個脈絡裡,仍然會有微小的照護、區分、安全措施在社群中流傳,這些措施也構成了人們可以援用來享受玩樂時光的知識寶庫。總之,安全考量很可能是為了想要把愉悅最大化而出現,而不是與愉悅對立的東西。這些安全知識和新南威爾斯最近採用的嚴厲措施完全相反,事實上,新措施已經形成很多問題,例如把一些參與目前已經很普遍的消費行為的一般百姓都視為罪犯,愚蠢的以為這種嚴密巡邏就可以消滅某些行為或者使這些行為更為安全。

我們需要新的用藥政策,需要一種承認享樂的正當性而願意把享樂納入考量的策略。如果藥物已經是通俗文化的一部份,是消費藥物中常見的東西,那麼,想要促進對藥物使用有認知和智慧的公共文化,我們就需要面對通俗文化的內在動力──也就是面對那些鮮活的愉悅互動、實踐、品味、價值。

 

提問一:我想請問一下,台灣通常使用搖頭丸或是神仙水,我想知道在澳洲這個使用娛樂性藥物的脈絡裡面是否有包含安非他命?

Kane Race: I guess there is and it has increased in popularity in the last ten years.  And that has produced a change in some of the social forms that I described here.  So whereas in the 1990s, partying was organized around big collective event, these days, partying, including sex partying, will often be at people’s home, organized by the attendees.  I think the changing size of drug use is partly because you have Internet access, but also because, so the changing forms of place of drug or sexual drug use is partly because of the Internet.  Partly because of the availability of the internet.  But also relates to the very strong policing of public spaces.  So people are scared to participate in the dance parties because of the police.  Also, I could just add I wouldn’t deny that there are very real dangers and harms associated with crystal methamphetamine for example. But just like with the dance parties, if we want to develop care practices that respond most effectively, to the ways that this drug is being used, it’s important to understand the culture for what it is, including its pleasures.

張永靖(翻譯):澳洲也有使用甲基安非他命的情形,而且最近十年有增長的趨勢,這也在我剛才提過的那些社會形態裡造成了一些改變。譬如1990年代的跑趴都圍繞著大型的集體活動,而現在跑趴──包括性愛趴──多半是在私人住宅裡進行的小活動。在這個變化裡,用藥脈絡的縮小有一部份是因為現在有網路了,任何人都可以自行約人,這當然也造成使用藥物或性藥物的場所變了,不必再搞大派對。還有一個重要的原因則是公共場所的嚴密巡邏使得人們很怕參加大派對,因此傾向更為小型而私密的趴。另外,我並不否認有些藥物確實可能造成危險和傷害,但是就像跑趴一樣,如果我們想要發展出有效的照護實踐,以便能夠回應藥物是如何在現實中被使用,那麼就需要深入了解社群文化具體的狀況,包括它的享樂。

 

提問二:我想問剛才提到家庭的部份。很多比較保守的政府會把政府不想解決的問題推說是家庭的問題,即使很多民間團體提出國外的數據或是國外行之有年的作法來跟政府佐證,建議或許可以這樣或那樣做,但是政府都會跟你說,因為國情不同,或是因為社會共識還沒有到位,所以不能做。我想要問講者,行走這麼多國家,你是如何從你的經驗來面對「國情不同」的問題,有沒有什麼解決的方式?或者回到個人、家庭生活上來看,例如你跟父母說你嗑藥,你父母如果很反對,都會說別人家就是別人家,你在我們家嗑藥就是不行。這種個人的選擇跟國與國之間的不同要怎麼讓個人的選擇可以被看見?如何讓自己的家庭或是社會制度也尊重這樣的選擇?

Kane Race: So in transnational context, I would say, even though Australia are considered progressive…even in that context, we see this is going on, where the family is being operationalized, or deployed in such a way, as to deflate governmental responsibilities for the issue.  And in fact, if you look at the American, I think this is a very common strategy within neo-liberal regimes, to privatize the problem in the form of the family.  And one effective response to that is that not everybody has the access to a family form, actually; and people must their access to the family form.  So it’s all very well to say that the strongest weapon against drugs is family.  But actually lots of people exist outside that context.  I think it’s a very difficult thing to respond to because the family is reified and romanticized certainly, and globally, these days, as a sort of ideal haven, and the cure to social problems.  I guess I would add to that by saying, yes, it’s important to educate parents around different ways of responding to their children’s practices.  But I think probably a more urgent task for queer activists is to envisage and elaborate forms of community cares, collective care that don’t always come in the family form.

張永靖(翻譯):在跨國的脈絡裡,即便澳洲看似開明進步,「家庭」還是被政府動員起來作為一種推卸責任的手段。其實在所有新自由主義國家裡,包括美國,這都是很常見的策略,就是把所有的社會問題都變成個人的問題或是在家庭裡解決。我覺得有一種有效的回應方式就是直接指出並不是每個人都能有家庭或者生活在家庭裡面。不管你多麼積極宣傳家庭是反毒利器,在現實裡,太多人活在非家庭的脈絡裡,而且家庭往往是一個被神聖化、浪漫化的地方,被看作是理想的天堂,是解決社會問題的良藥,但是事實上並非如此。另外,我覺得需要勸導父母用不同的方式去面對孩子的實踐和活動,而不是一陳不變的驚惶失措,憤怒懲罰。對酷兒運動份子來說,更緊急的工作是開始想像並開發不同形式的社群照護,也就是以集體形式但不放在家庭框架裡的照護模式。

黃道明(翻譯):對於酷兒運動來講,最重要的就是要發展一套彼此照顧的策略,因為用藥現在是違法的、被國家打壓的活動,在這個情況下,同志的社群應該發展自己彼此互相照顧的步驟,也發展出照顧倫理或照護倫理作為抵抗。在這樣一個時時可能被臨檢、釣魚、或是搜身的險惡環境下,建立大家彼此之間的互信和生活照應,應該是現在非常重要的任務。

 

提問三:首先要先謝謝Kane Race的演講,在剛剛演講當中提到澳洲的愛滋政策得到了一些實至名歸的讚揚,一部分原因是因為有考慮到男同志的文化,甚至性的次文化,以及對性採取正面面對的態度。我是想問,回到對藥物的議題來看,為什麼藥物的次文化或者享樂,在藥物上面的意義很難被看到或者很難被重視?可不可能是因為性是大家每天生活都會面臨的,所以對於性的想像會比較容易,可是對於藥物,因為並不是每個人都在用,就比較難。我的問題是,那個困難點到底在哪?

Kane Race: I think that’s a very good question: why is it so difficult to acknowledge the pleasure that people take in drug use.  I think part of the answer is because we have something like a sort of artificial set of distinctions between illicit drugs and licit drugs.  You mentioned that everybody, presumably, actually not everybody, but you know, taking pleasure in sex is sort of accepted as normative thing.  I mean I guess you can say the same about intoxication. We like a glass of wine or a glass of beer at dinner. That’s a drug. It’s a drug! That experience is that it gives us momentary suspension of subjectivity, which allows us to engage in various forms of attentiveness or inattentiveness.  It allows us to forget the day; it allows us to do things we otherwise might not do.  So intoxication is universal drug history, and universal culture.  But, it’s not so hard to understand.  I think the way that drug use, illicit drug use, is minoritized made it seem like sort of, you know, a special group over here.  It is something that needs to be actively challenged because in fact intoxication is much wider form of human experience.

張永靖(翻譯):這是個好問題,為什麼承認人們用藥的愉悅那麼困難?我覺得部份答案是因為我們在非法藥物和合法藥物之間建立了一個很任意的區分。你提到絕大部份人會從「性」找到愉悅,也認為這是正常的;從某個角度來說,喝酒也一樣,晚餐時來杯紅酒或啤酒,這些都是藥物,因為它使我們暫時懸置主體性,而進入某種專注或失神的狀態,幫助我們忘記一天的煩惱,可以做點平常不敢做的事情。喝酒其實是普世藥物史的一部份,但是理解它所帶來的感覺就不太難。我覺得今日的藥物使用(特別是非法藥物的使用)被當成少數人的特殊實踐,這個說法本身就需要被挑戰,因為微醺的感覺其實是一種很普遍的人類經驗。

黃道明(翻譯):Ken講了一個蠻重要的點,就是把自己喝醉、把自己灌醉、用藥把自己茫掉,其實就是把我們一般所認為的理性主體稍微擱置、延滯。樂趣就在於是我讓自己渙散掉,讓自己不再是一個時時刻刻都需要理性思考的人,樂趣就在於迷掉、茫掉的快感,也就是來自對於主體跟主權主體的擱置和滯延。

Kane Race: One other thing I would like to add to that is this sort of categorization of different forms of intoxication: alcohol is okay; other drugs are not okay.  There’s obviously a gendered politics for this as well.  So if you think about the development of the dance culture, I am not sure if it’s the same here, but in many Western contexts, dance culture, initially, the culture that developed around ecstasy, very much saw itself as sort of alternative to the hetero-masculine beer drinking culture in Australia.  So the attempts to say this is the way people should be intoxicated.  Every practice of intoxication has a set of affective, gendered, structures of feelings.  So what we are engaging in here is that forms of gender politics and cultural politics as well a lot of the time.

黃道明:另外一個重點就是,這種把不同的醉茫硬性分類的做法──喝酒就ok,但是用其他藥物就不行──這個區分是需要被挑戰的。這裡也牽涉到性別政治,你只要想想舞會文化的發展歷程就知道,在許多西方社會裡,例如澳洲,舞會文化最初就是圍繞著搖頭文化發展的:男人用跳舞和搖頭丸來表示自已和男異性戀的啤酒文化、足球文化有別,吃了搖頭丸之後去看球賽都不會打架(眾人笑)。任何一種醉或茫的實踐都帶著一組情感的、性別的感情結構,我們談用藥的問題,也必須挑戰性別文化和文化政治。

 

提問四:我從家庭的面向想到另外一個問題。我的問題是,為什麼「家庭」這個東西可以被放在政策裡去對抗藥物?為什麼可以這樣?是不是在澳洲的脈絡裡,其實每個人的心中都覺得家庭很重要,所以政府才可能把家庭當作一種策略手段。如果每個人都不覺得家庭這麼重要,那麼,用家庭當策略還有可能實現嗎?

黃道明:Ken剛剛講過,家庭在毒品政策中被佈署,在西方脈絡裡是來自新自由主義國家整個卸掉、拆解的過程,把所有東西都私有化、個人化,替國家省事,然後家庭在象徵意義上被變成一個新的投注對象,所以家庭在新自由主義的政治環節裡被灌注了很大的能量,能夠作為一個意識形態策略。

Kane Race: Yes.  Just add to what Hans was saying, I am not suggesting the family is effective in doing what the state wants it to do.  So I am not saying that family is effective, in fact, often, families can’t bear all the pressures that are put on to them.  So this sort of investment in the family by the state is doubly objectionable, because its frames the family of all this pressures that the family is being called upon to manage that makes mothers feel bad, makes fathers feel bad.  And often the problems have much more complex political economic social cultural cause.

丁乃非(翻譯):家庭在執行政府交給它的責任上其實不是那麼有效的。我不是說全然無效,而是家庭其實無法承擔政府卸給它的責任,所以政府這種卸責是雙重的可惡,它不但使得家庭無法承擔重責,更在家庭被迫處理這些壓力時使父母親常常感到沒有盡到責任而罪惡感深重。這些問題其實源自非常複雜的政治經濟社會文化問題,不是個別家庭可以處理的。

 

提問五:我在澳洲唸書,有時候去遊樂園或其他要付費的遊樂場所,很明顯看到門票價格上面寫著,如果你是family出遊,票價就會有折扣。那時候我就問我澳洲的朋友你們是在歧視單身嗎?我一直在想像,家庭到底在澳洲或是在西方國家的意義是什麼?或者影響的層面有多大?

Kane Race: I mean it’s very ironic because in liberal theory, the family is sort of idealized as a sort of safe haven from the public world of politics, here we have and sort of idealized as this natural form that somehow outside of politics.  But in Australia, the family is a heavily subsidized form, there are all sorts of discounts ranging from first-time homeowners to the baby bonus you know a whole lot of tax credits are given to the family.  The families are majorly subsidized social structure, not the natural free of politics area.  I don’t think that’s peculiar to Australia; it is very much true of neo-liberal governments in many other occasions.

張永靖(翻譯):這是個諷刺的現象,自由主義理論把家庭理想化成為天堂,遠離公共領域的政治;但是在澳洲,家庭是最受到政府補助的,從首次買房到生育補助,家庭在賦稅上可以得到各種折扣減免。所以說,家庭作為最主要享受補助的社會結構,並不是什麼天然的、不涉政治的領域。而且並不是只有澳洲如此,很多新自由主義政府都這樣做。

Helen Grace: I just want to go back to the very beginning, the very interesting points you are making about experimentation.  I want to apply that to the question of innovation as well.  The ways in which there seem to be some links between experimentation and drugs.   So the users are innovators in a very interesting way.  There’s a process by which there is a sanctioning only sorts of experimentation and innovation within institution framework with all the, you know pharmacy or scientific fields that are institutionalized.  And so what is happening is an interesting taking away from people the ability to innovate at this level that has implication for a general theory of knowledge. I am just wondering if you thought more about this.  It just seems to be really interesting the way that this privatization or rather appropriation of innovation into sanctioned areas.  This feature of both technological but also biological innovation.

 

提問六Helen Grace:在前面Ken提到「實驗」性的藥物使用,我想把這種實驗性帶到「創新」的面向,也就是說,實驗和藥物使用之間有很密切的關連。社群當中的用藥者其實就是很有趣的創發者,他們的藥物使用充滿了原創性和知識性。可是在制度的架構裡,只有某些實驗和創新是被容許的,例如在藥廠或科學領域裡。那個歷史過程,見證了國家是非常有選擇性的讓某些創發變成是有價值的、可資助的、正式的知識,可是其他領域的創發就被視為毫無價值,而且還要被懲罰。這其實就是剝奪人民創發的能力,剝奪他們生產的知識。這是一個有關知識權力的政治,把技術和生物方面的創新都私有化,限制在被政府控管的領域裡。

Kane Race: Thanks.  I think it’s a very interesting context to frame the stuff in, the question of the innovation and experimentation.  It’s really striking to me that many of these substances having been used on dance floors are experimented within more medically inacceptable forms, in order to create medical applications.  The best example is Viagra, which is actually originally being trialed for certain heart conditions and, this is in the context of clinical trials, you know, users started reporting that male users that having sustained erections.  Technically speaking, this was an abuse or misuse of the drug in the sense that it was a off label effect that then became the use of drug. And it is really striking to me that if this were to take place in the community setting, it would be processed as misuse of abuse, and therefore illicit.  So I think that is a very interesting and important sort of frame to set this in.  Also you were mentioning about appropriation is absolute how oppose the equation it seems to me that the penalty to define certain uses of drugs as abuse, as misuse, is very much deemed to the medical monopoly to what drugs should be used for; and that is of course commercial monopoly. That’s something of course I discuss a bit at more length in the book, where this distinction between use and misuse, and how to determine what is abuse, what is misuse is a sort of simple feature in drug politics.

張永靖:從實驗和創發的角度來思考「用藥」其實是很有趣的。因為許多在趴場裡普遍使用的藥物都是透過醫療上不容許的形式由使用者開發出新的用法,後來變成新的醫療用途。最好的例子就是威而剛,這個藥物本來在試用的時候是用來處理心血管疾病的,但是在試驗過程裡,男性使用者回報,出現持續的勃起,因此後來變成改善陽萎的藥物。從技術上來說,這可以說是對原本藥物的濫用或誤用:一個原先不在台面上的用途,後來變成了這個藥物的主要用途。我覺得有趣的是,這個事情要是發生在同性戀社群裡,大概就會被當成濫用、非法,但是在藥廠的脈絡裡卻成了新的科學突破。所以Helen提的這個「創新被壟斷」是一個很重要的思考框架,藥物應該如何被使用,現在變成了被藥廠和政府獨斷的議題,目的當然就是為了壟斷可能的商業利益,我在書裡也有深入討論這個問題,因為「使用」和「濫用」之別其實就是藥物政治的核心。

 

提問七Tim Buckfield:把享樂當成一個政治議題來看,最重要的主體應該是那些跑趴的人。可是他們因為太忙了(眾人笑),所以很難把這個做成政治的議題。那要怎麼辦?要怎樣把享樂主義動員起來?

Kane Race: I have to say that my strategy in this book was …well, one thing that I was confronted with was that we have this pleasure that’s fairly widely practiced, but not necessarily acknowledged, and also being illicit.  So one of the analytic strategies in my book was to actually say, “Hey! Come on! This is actually quite an ordinary pleasure.”  I don’t mean a normal pleasure, I mean an ordinary pleasure.  So in some ways, if anything, it’s a de-dramatizing argument, rather than trying to be subversive.  In fact, what I was trying to do in the book is to say this isn’t that way out there.  So that’s one thing I would say in response.  The second thing is: how do you mobilize communities that are more explicitly built around pleasure?  I actually think they are doing a really good job at mobilizing themselves.  They are having a whole bunch of very important social effects as we speak.  If I think about how, for example, the history of Mardi Gras, which is a great big party, has affected the culture in Sidney, I think the effects are undeniable, that it created a friendly, more vibrant dynamic, more exciting sort of atmosphere that has led to better sorts of capacities to engage with difference.  And to me that’s very important social change.  So I guess I am trying to resist the idea that there’s this inherent separation between pleasure and politics.  Actually we have a politics that’s imminent in our pleasure practices.

張永靖:我在我的書裡討論過可能的策略。我當時面對的情況就是:我們身邊有著非常廣泛被人實踐的愉悅享樂,但是卻不被人認可,甚至被視為非法,所以我在書裡的分析策略就是提出:「拜託!用藥的愉悅其實是很尋常的一種愉悅。」我不是說這是「正常」的愉悅,我是說這是「尋常」的愉悅,我並沒有想要顛覆原來社會對藥物的回應,而是用我的論點把原來的戲劇性去除,因為我想指出,在現實的社會裡,用藥是一件尋常的事,沒那麼稀奇。這是我的第一個策略。第二個策略則是你問的:如何動員那些繞著愉悅享樂組成的社群?我其實覺得他們自己就已經動員了自己,而且產生了很多重要的社會效應,例如雪梨嘉年華就是一個大趴,深刻影響了雪梨的文化,這些效應是毋庸置疑的,創造了一個友善、活力、興奮的氛圍,養成更多能力來面對差異。對我而言,這是很重要的社會改造活動,所以我會抗拒那種認為享樂就必然沒政治的說法,我們的愉悅實踐本身就有其政治性,畢竟,享樂的實踐和維持享樂的能力本身就是一種政治。(黃道明:就像警察抄青少年拉K,結果青少年就說這有什麼大不了的,拉K其實就不是什麼稀奇的事情。)

 

提問八何春蕤:Kane的文章用正面的方式看待享樂和性。「享樂是應該的、性是應該的」似乎在他的演講裡面是很重要的價值。在澳洲的脈絡裡面,這塊應該是可以談的,可是在台灣,如果要談到享樂或談到跟性愉悅相關的事總是會出現罪惡感,或者會被人說是上癮,不管是藥癮、趴癮或者是性癮,甚至認為這是犯罪行為。我覺得這裡有兩個很重要的力量,一個是說,人不應該太多享樂,因為你要努力工作,努力讀書,有一種工作倫理在作祟;還有一種重要力量則是近年來大大得到發揮的女性主義「性危險」論述,非常強大。我想問,在澳洲,這兩個論述還是很重要的阻擋的力量嗎?或許狀況不同?

Kane Race: I guess I will start by saying that it will be a mistake to hear my argument as non-controversial in the Australian context.  In other words, this is a controversial argument in Australia.  The history of Mardi Gras that I outlined, took place in the 1980s, when we had a much more progressive labor government in Australia.  That was a period where there were a lot of progressive social reforms.  That all stopped in 1996 and in some ways, I think, more recent political developments in Australia have produced a incredibly socially conservative culture.  But because we have these historical precedents, I guess that provides one of the condition of possibility for making these arguments, because we have a successful record in HIV/AIDS, which is internationally recognized, it makes it possible for arguments that evidence themselves in relation to that history to have some sort of purchase.  Even though, there is a lot of amnesia now around that history as well.  I am also glad that you raised this question of the work ethic because that’s something I was very interested in in my book.  One of the chapters talks about this scene from “South Park,” where this whole episode about this guy who comes back from one of the characters, Stan’s past; he comes as Stan’s future self and he’s been on drugs.  It turns out the parents have employed an actor to comment, to enter Stan’s life to play Stan’s future self precisely in order to conjure up this sort of inappropriate work ethic in Stan.  So this is something you can see replicated in a lot of anti-drug discourse, where it seems like sort of spectacle about this horrible, disappointing future is used to in order to, you know, promote this sort of enterprising work ethic sort of self.  When people describe a sort of life on drugs as in terms of waste, what they are talking about is the dangers of not adhering to the work ethic.  So it’s a central theme and topic within an anti-drug setting.  I am sure there are different sorts of ways that play out here which I can’t really comment on.  But certainly the Australian version of work ethic is part of what people are getting anxious about when they are about drugs.

丁乃非(翻譯):我想先說明我的論証即使在澳洲也不是沒有爭議的,換句話說,我的說法是有爭議的。我剛才說的嘉年華脈絡發生在1980年代,當時還是進步的工黨政府年代,有著很多進步的社會改革。但是1996年政黨輪替後就終止了,而且澳洲近年的政治發展產生了一個不可思議的保守政治文化。不過還好我們曾經有過我剛才說到的那些歷史的前驅,因此也為我的論証提供了可能性,畢竟,我們在HIV/AIDS方面曾經有過國際公認非常成功的記錄,因此我才希望重新找回那段對今日也很有意義的歷史。當然,現在也有很多人情願對那段日子失憶。

黃道明(翻譯):我也很高興你提到工作倫理的問題,我的書裡有一個章節就分析了電視影集「南方四賤客」(South Park)的一集,主角Stan的爸媽雇了一個演員來扮成Stan未來的樣子,而這個未來的人因為吸毒荒廢工作而窮困潦倒,就是要用這個例子來警示Stan遠離毒品。有意思的是那個公司的名字就叫做motivational corp.,「奮發向上」的公司,用這種方式來激發小孩往上爬,遠離毒品。當人們說吸毒用要是浪費生命的時候,其實他們就在講工作倫理,這是反毒場景中非常常見的主題。我相信你們本地也有類似的說教方法,不過在澳洲,人們講到用藥都會提到工作倫理的問題。

Kane Race: As to sex as danger framed in feminist discourse, that seems to be less of a dynamic in relation to the particular subject I was dealing with in the gay and lesbian context.  However, I will say in recent campaigns for example of binge drinking, which is an allowed form of drug abuse, but it is still being pathologized and problematized.  The main discourse that comes up in public health campaigns is that we have campaigns like “What are you doing to yourself? ” where the image is of a women that has got herself into some sort of sexual danger through drinking too much.  That is the overriding narrative; it’s an interesting responsiblization of female subjects or sexual assault.  Because if they drink, they have no one else to blame.  So that’s one of the ways in which the discourse of sexual danger seems to be entering into the way an intoxication problem is being constructed.  In relation to the discourse on illicit drugs, certainly in some of the anti-drug campaigns you will see images of prostitution as one of the potential bad outcomes of getting hooked.  So the discourses are definitely there.  You know, features as part of this anti-drug discourses. Does that answer your question?

丁乃非(翻譯):至於女性做為性的受害者,這在我個人主要處理的男女同性戀脈絡中並不明顯,但是最近在防止爛醉的宣傳中就很明顯。爛醉文化其實是一種被容許的濫用藥物,但是還是會被病理化、問題化。公衛體系宣傳時就會用標語問:「你怎麼這樣濫害自己啊?」然後圖像裡就會呈現一個女人因為爛醉而被撿屍,身陷某種性危險。這就是最主要的論述模式,也對女性主體或者性侵害構成一種很有趣的「責任說」,好像你喝酒,那發生事情的責任就在你自己的了,性危險的論述就這樣進入了酗酒/用藥問題的建構。另外,在有關非法藥物的公衛宣傳裡通常也會包含妓女的圖像,以顯示女人上癮後可能墜入風塵,以此惡果作為恐嚇。所以性危險的論述在澳洲也是會和反毒連在一起的。

 

提問九John Cho: I have a short question in terms of methodology because it seems you are working mainly with discourse analysis.  So my question is whether you had any chance to do interviews with drug users themselves, and how their drug use fits in within the context of their own lives.  I guess one of the reasons I am asking this question is that you’ve mentioned neo-liberalism as one of the key frames for your research.  But it seems like the way you are using neo-liberalism is in a very structural manner, with state intervening agent.  Now, tying this conversation back to the notion of work ethic, the fact of developing oneself, which is much required nowadays of all subjects, but in particular gay subjects in order to remain employable, so how does this controlled use of pleasure bit into fend their own time?  Is it very conservative or progressive?  It seems like this compartmentalization of pleasure, it can be part of neo-liberal subjects’ compartmentalization of pleasure, engaging in the short spurts of what you call distraction in order to work better, to be come better workers themselves.

丁乃非(翻譯):我的問題是有關方法學的,Kane的方法學主要是論述分析,我好奇你有沒有機會訪談用藥者,問問他們的用藥如何融入他們的生活。我之所以要問,是因為你用新自由主義作為研究的框架,但是你用的方式是很結構性的,主要是看政府單位如何介入個人的用藥行為。那如果把這部份連到剛才說的工作倫理,也就是當代所有主體──特別是同志主體──都被要求要不斷發展自己,精進工作,那麼,這種在新自由主義之下有限制的愉悅是保守的還是進步的?我覺得這種愉悅的區隔和侷限很可以是新自由主義施行在主體身上的區隔和侷限,讓主體可以有短暫的偏離,但是目的是讓主體成為更努力的勞工,也就是片刻的愉悅是為了更好的工作。會不會有這樣的效果?

Kane Race:  Thanks for your question.  Just in terms of methodology, I didn’t directly do an empirical research on this but I drew on a lot of already conducted empirical research that explore people’s experience of drug use, and particularly looking at papers on drug practices.  I don’t think that empirical research is necessarily about the neoliberal subject, and basically whether a model of pleasure and drug use that could be made to fit with sort of idealized conceptions of neoliberal subject.  I think, it is a very interesting sort of question for a couple of reasons, one is, in consumer society, the idea you can engage in a sort of a “controlled de-control” of the emotions, that’s a term from the sociologist, Cas Wouters, is absolutely one of the subjective positions that we are all expected to inhabit.  There can be times where we relax.  There can be times where we tune out.  So in some senses that sort of subject position that consumer society might be considered lend itself toward.  But there is also, what you are saying is interesting for another reason, within the harm reduction literature, the way that people are often countered this sort of demonizing discourse of drugs is by saying “ Oh, no…drug user is a completely in control rational subject.  They know what they are doing… they are making choices about their behavior, et cetera et cetera et cetera….”  I think that sort of counter argument has an element of truth to it; often drug users are more in control than anti-drug discourse might have you believe.  But to me it just repeats the version of the neoliberal subject that’s in control, sovereign, choice making, etc.  So in my more recent work, even toward the end of Pleasure Consuming Medicine, I sort of try to think about different ways of paying attention to what is going on for the subject, for whom intentionality is not overriding mode of operation.  I am interested in this sort of subtle shifts and modulations that take place when people engage in pleasure.  To me, paying attention to this is a way sort of displacing this presumption of a sovereign subject, who is always in control of their actions and intentions and so on, which seems to me is the subject neoliberal discourses want.

張永靖(翻譯):謝謝你的提問。在方法論上我雖然沒有直接訪談用藥人的經驗,但是引用了很多已經存在的實證研究,也參考了很多關於用藥實踐的文章。我不覺得實證研究特別能顯示愉悅和用藥模式配合了理想化的新自由主義主體,但是你提的問題還是很有意思。第一,社會學家Cas Wouters曾經用情感的「被控制著的祛控制」(“controlled de-control”)來描述消費社會裡個人被期望能夠安居的主體位置,也就是,有些時候我們可以放鬆,有些時候可以茫掉,消費社會其實是特別服務這種主體位置的。你的問題還有第二層有趣之處,在減害的相關文獻裡,人們面對把用藥妖魔化的論述時往往會說:「不會啊,用藥者是完全掌控自己的理性主體,他們知道自己應該怎麼做,他們很清楚自己的選擇,等等。」我認為這種對抗的論述有一部份是真的,很多用藥者可比反毒宣傳所描寫的來得更為自制,但是這樣的論述畢竟還是複製了新自由主義有關理性主體如何能夠控制、主宰、選擇等等的說法。所以在我那本書的結尾,我已經開始思考如何以不同的方式、不涉意圖的來描述主體,我也很關注人們在從事愉悅活動時所發生的細微的變化和差異。對我而言,關注這些細微之處,可以幫助我們挑戰有關主權主體的假設,因為新自由主義主體論述往往就是在生產這種能夠掌握自己的行動和意圖的主體。

 

提問十:我的問題是說,藥物的使用者當然做過一些實踐和經驗的傳遞,譬如說社群內的實踐互相傳遞可以讓藥物的使用透過自己的實踐跟體驗來降低藥物的傷害性,實驗怎麼樣搭配、怎麼樣使用才可以更嗨更爽。但是還有另外一群人,這群人是科學家,他們在實驗室裏透過藥理學家的研究和臨床的觀察,也對藥物的使用、效率產生一些知識和理解。我比較感興趣的是,在這兩個社群之間如何對話。所以我想問,在澳洲,藥物的實際使用者有沒有可能透過一些管道,讓自己去獲得這些在研究室裏面、在醫療機構裡面所生產的藥物使用知識,讓自己在日常的使用過程中降低使用藥物可能帶來的危害,或者更知道怎麼使用可以更安全。我比較好奇澳洲有沒有這樣子的對話。另外一個層面就是Kane在書上有提到,在澳洲的趴現場會有一些特別的醫療志願者團體在現場提供醫療的協助跟支援,歐洲也有一些脈絡會協助提供藥物的檢測,協助使用者知道他們使用的藥物品質是乾淨的、安全的。在這兩個社群的互動之中,我想多了解澳洲的經驗是怎麼樣。

 

提問十一: 我有兩個問題。第一個問題是,剛剛提到社群要提供一種照護的倫理而得以去反抗國家。可是我好奇的是,這個倫理可以是一個合宜或得以反抗的策略的根據在哪裡?第二個問題是,因為現在社群的演變是不斷被私有化、非公共化,我比較好奇,在這樣散亂的、不斷私密化的過程裡,如何得以形成一個公共的倫理?

提問十二:剛剛有提到家庭被當成一種管制的工具,而在澳洲的部分州,家庭是受到法律的認可的,那它有沒有被收編成一種管制的力道?在沒有通過同志婚姻和有通過同志婚姻的州之間,它們用藥文化的趨勢有甚麼差別嗎?

Kane Race: So in relation to the first question about the dialogue between using communities and the medical community, there is not a formal dialogue.  Certainly, you have drug users accessing a lot of scientific information on the Internet now, and there are a number of Internet sites that are specifically devoted to conveying what is known about the scientific properties of drugs.  For the information, there are a number of sites.  There are various sites that do that.  So that provides one sort of relay between scientific knowledge and user groups, or user communities.  The teams that respond to drug related emergencies at parties, they generally have been volunteer teams from the communities; they might be medical professionals or health professionals of one sort or another as well.  But they are not necessarily people who are involved in research on drugs. They are more just trained health workers.  But what’s interesting I suppose about how they operate and the care practices they develop, is that they are based on the familiarity with what is going on in that environment.  They are based on a sort of an intimate knowledge of how drugs are used, drug practices and what they mean for people in that context.  And to me that is an important sort of element in divising group care practices or effective care practices.  In relation to the third question, in Australia, gay and lesbian partnerships aren’t recognized in the form of marriage.  There aren’t any noticeable differences in terms to approaches to drug policy between states that recognize it or not.  And I wouldn’t mean to suggest that there would be such differences because of that.

張永靖(翻譯):第一個問題是關於科學家醫療團隊和實際上藥物使用者的社群之間有沒有對話。其實並沒有正式的對話,但是藥物使用者現在通常可以從網路上找尋到有關藥物的專業資訊,有一些網站就是特別為了提供藥物的科學性質資訊而設置的。這可以說是科學社群和使用者社群之間的一種聯絡方式。另外,那些在派對上處理和藥物相關的緊急情況的志願者團隊也有可能是醫療專業或健康專業的人,他們不見得研究藥物而只是和健康有關的工作者,但是我覺得有趣的是他們操作的方式也發展出新的照護實踐,因為這些實踐都是出自他們對藥物使用者社群的經驗十分熟悉,也了解藥物使用者的需要,和藥物對使用者的意義。對我而言,在發展有效的群體照護實踐上,這是非常重要的考量。至於剛才的第三個問題,澳洲並不承認同志之間的婚姻關係,而我認為一個國家承認同志婚姻與否,似乎也並不造成它在藥物政策上會有什麼差別。

Kane Race: And then in relation to the question about what is the basis for imagining sort of communal, community care practices.  In the face or in the midst or state’s privatization of care, I would say that actually the state is a very complex beast and I don’t mean to give you the impression of this monolithic thing.  So there can have varying forces and tendencies even within the state.  One of the things that the state is concerned about is things like HIV infections, things like numbers of overdoses…and so on.  So they are interested in all those indicators of whether our program has been successful or not.  And that provide some basis for them to provide money to community organizations, to have a special knowledge of the communities they serve; and there’s some basis for working with those organizations to devise care practices that are more in touch with what’s going on in that community.  I would say that’s the sort of the infrastructural basis for imagining that.  So I think it’s very important not to approach the state as always only this monolithic oppressive force, because in fact there are lots of different agencies within the state; it’s heterogeneous assemblage if you like.  And it’s possible to sort of seize upon different countervailing tensions within the state in order to do work that is more promising.

張永靖(翻譯):至於中間那個問題問到我們有何基礎可以想像社群照護實踐,我覺得目前我們雖然面對國家把照護越來越個人化的趨勢,但是我也想提醒,國家是個複雜的怪獸,並不是什麼鐵板一塊的單一整體,所以在國家之內可能會有不同的力道和傾向。而由於國家擔心HIV感染、用藥過量等等問題,所以會很關切各種指標,這就提供了一些誘因讓國家和一些民間組織合作,來發展和社群現實接合的照護實踐。我覺得這就是一種基礎結構,可以讓我們開始想像社群照護實踐。因此我會建議大家不要把國家當成一塊鐵板,其實它是一個非常異質多元的組合體,而我們可以利用其中的各種對立的張力,來設法建造更為可行的實踐。

白瑞梅:因為時間關係,我們到這裡結束,謝謝大家的參與!

(謄稿人員:何向蓉)

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