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Diane Richardson : Sexuality and Citizenship
情慾與公民權

  • 中英文摘要 Abstract
    【Diane Richardson, University of Newcastle】
    The tradition of thinking behind the idea of citizenship, which has become a key concept of modern social theory, has given insufficient attention to either gender or sexuality. In this paper it is argued that claims to citizenship status, at least in the West, are often closely associated with institutionalisation of heterosexual, as well as male privilege. The question, in other words, is how are various forms of citizenship dependant on a person's sexuality? This is demonstrated when the association of certain forms of citizenship status with heterosexuality, national identity for example, is threatened or challenged. In this sense, we may consider forms of Nationalism as examples of heterosexism.
    In discussing the relationship between sexuality and citizenship attention is focused on the implications for the social inclusion and exclusion of different social groups, in particular lesbians and gay men. However, the paper raises wider questions about the implications of the idea of rights in relation to sexuality. What do we mean by 'sexual rights' and, by implication, 'sexual duties'? Although the concept is not new, there are competing claims for what are defined as sexual rights and lack of rights, reflecting not only differences in how sexuality is conceptualised, but also the fact that there is no singular agreed definition of 'sexual citizenship.' It is only by exploring these issues, that we will be able to develop a more coherent and critical analysis of the potential use of the concept sexual citizenship as a foundation both for politics and policy-making.
    思考公民 權觀念的基礎已經成為現代社會理論的關鍵概念，但是這個傳統在性別或情慾上的關切都還嫌不足。這篇論文將指出，至少在西方社會中，宣告擁有公民地位，通常和異性戀、男性特權等的制度化密切相關。換句話說，問題在於：各種形式的公民權如何依賴於一個人的情慾狀態？在相關異性戀情慾的某些公民地位形式（譬如國家認同）受到威脅或挑戰的時候，這問題便會被彰顯出來。在這個意義上，我們也許可以將國族主義的各種形式當作異性戀歧視的範例。
    在情慾與公民權之間關係的討論中，我將注意力集中在不同社會族群（特別是女同性戀與男同性戀）被包容或被排除時的社會意涵。然而，本論文還提出更寬廣的、與情慾相關的權利觀念含義的問題。我們在說「性權」(sexual rights)──以及其含意中的「性責任」(sexual duties)── 時究竟是何意義？雖然這並非新觀念，但是也有相當多不同的說法在定義性權以及權利的缺乏，反映出大家在思考情慾時有很多差異，而且「性公民權」並沒有單一 共識的定義。只有藉著探討這些議題，我們才能夠發展出一個較為完整的批判分析，以探究「性公民權」概念做為政治與政策的基礎時的潛在用處。
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