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<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u3001\u4f9d\u64daJohn Mill\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u539f\u5247\uff08harm principle\uff09\uff08\u8a3b\u4e8c\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u50b7\u5bb3\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5920\u52a0\u4ee5\u7981\u6b62\u3002\u9019\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u50f9\u503c\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u70ba\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u4e4b\u81ea\u7531\u627e\u5230\u5805\u5f37\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u8981\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u4e26\u672a\u50b7\u5bb3\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u4f86\u61c7\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5141\u8a31\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u4e26\u672a\u50b7\u70ba\u4f86\u61c7\u6c42\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5141\u8a31\u3002\u800c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u4e26\u672a\u50b7\u5bb3\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u4f9d\u64da\u7f8e\u570b\u7368\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\uff08\u8a3b\u4e09\uff09\u4ee5\u4f86\uff0c\u5404\u6c11\u4e3b\u61b2\u653f\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5171\u540c\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4eab\u6709\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u800c\u8ffd\u6c42\u611b\u60c5\u8207\u5a5a\u59fb\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u751f\u990a\u5c0f\u5b69\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u751f\u5e78\u798f\u6975\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u55ce\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7576\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u800c\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u969c\u9019\u4e9b\u6b0a\u529b\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u4f9d\u64daJohn Rawls\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u8981\u5354\u52a9\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u4e4b\u52a3\u52e2\u8005\u3001\u4e0d\u5229\u8655\u5883\u8005\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u5584\uff08\u8a3b\u56db\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8655\u65bc\u52a3\u52e2\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e26\u975e\u56e0\u70ba\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6240\u9020\u6210\u3002\u60a3\u6709\u4e0d\u5b55\u75c7\u7684\u5a66\u5973\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5ead\u6b63\u662f\u6b64\u985e\u4e4b\u52a3\u52e2\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u570b\u5bb6\u6c92\u6709\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u5a66\u5973\u6216\u5bb6\u5ead\u7d66\u4e88\u7a4d\u6975\u4e4b\u5354\u52a9\u5df2\u5c6c\u4e0d\u7576\uff0c\u600e\u9ebc\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u8981\u7acb\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u96e3\u9053\u6211\u570b\u4e4b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0d\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u5efa\u7acb\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n
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\u57fa\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5404\u9ede\uff0c\u672c\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u80fd\u7981\u6b62\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u7684\u65bd\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u4ee5\u66f4\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u7acb\u6cd5\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u8cac\u7121\u65c1\u8cb8\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8a3b \u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u8a3b\u4e00\uff1a\u8acb\u53c3\u7167\u8a72\u8fa6\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e03\u689d\u7b2c\u4e94\u6b3e\uff0c\u8f09\u300a\u884c\u653f\u9662\u885b\u751f\u7f72\u516c\u5831\u300b24\u53777\u865fDec. 10\/1994\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8a3b\u4e8c\uff1aJ. S. Mill\u300aOn Liberty and other Essays\u300b(Oxford 1991), p14.<\/p>\n
\u8a3b\u4e09\uff1a\u8acb\u53c3\u8003\u7368\u7acb\u5ba3\u8a00\u6b63\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6bb5\uff1a”We hold these truths to be self-evidene hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Right, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Government are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.”<\/p>\n
\u8a3b\u56db\uff1aJ. Rawls\u300aA Theory of Justice\u300b(Harvard 1971), pp.302-303.<\/p>\n
\u8a3b\u4e94\uff1a\u8acb\u53c3\u8003H. L. Hart\u300aL aw, Liberty and Morality\u300b(Oxford 1962), p. 17, p. 51.<\/p>\n
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