{"id":1443,"date":"2013-12-19T10:42:52","date_gmt":"2013-12-19T02:42:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/?p=1443"},"modified":"2014-10-01T14:26:49","modified_gmt":"2014-10-01T06:26:49","slug":"%e4%bb%a3%e7%90%86%e5%ad%95%e6%af%8d%e6%98%af%e4%b8%80%e7%a8%ae%e5%95%86%e5%93%81%e5%97%8e%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/?p=1443","title":{"rendered":"\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5546\u54c1\u55ce\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u3010\u6587\/\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u751f \u6642\u570b\u9298\u3011
\n\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u9053\u5fb7\u722d\u8b70\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u662f\u6700\u53d7\u77da\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u9805\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u4eba\u4e4b\u70ba\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u5728\u502b\u7406\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0b\u662f\u5426\u5f97\u4ee5\u7acb\u8db3\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u4f9dS. A. Ketchum\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u91d1\u9322\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u6d89\u5165\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u5c31\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5546\u696d\u5316\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4fb5\u72af\u4e86\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762H. M. Malm\u5247\u6301\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u4f01\u5716\u89e3\u6d88\u91d1\u9322\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u70ba\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u9805\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u64da\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u8003\u5bdf\u9019\u4e8c\u4f4d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8005\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u8b70\u984c\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0d\u8acd\uff0c\u4e26\u53cd\u7701Malm\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u8cb7\u8ce3\uff1a\u5b30\u5152\u548c\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u9ad4<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u969c\u53c3\u8207\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u6b0a\u76ca\uff0c\u5728\u5bb9\u8a31\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u5408\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u7d04\u675f\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u5951\u7d04\uff0cKetchum\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f9e\u5b30\u5152\u548c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u4e8c\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u4e8c\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u7d50\u679c\uff1a\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u548c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u542b\u610f\u5c31\u662f\u5b30\u5152\u8cb7\u8ce3\uff08Ketchum, p72\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u4ee3\u6bcd\u751f\u7522\u5b30\u5152\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u5728\u990a\u80b2\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7372\u53d6\u91d1\u9322\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b30\u5152\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u5f62\u540c\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u5728\u4ea4\u63db\u4e2d\u6b78\u65bc\u51fa\u9322\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u751f\u7522\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u5247\u56e0\u800c\u7372\u5229\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4f34\u96a8\u5b30\u5152\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u5927\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u4f7f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u89aa\u5b50\u95dc\u4fc2\u5f9e\u76e3\u8b77\u95dc\u4fc2\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u8ca1\u7522\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08Ketchum, p73\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u9019\u500b\u91cd\u65b0\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u884c\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u76e3\u8b77\u6b0a\u8f49\u79fb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u5408\u7406\u7684\u627f\u8a8d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u5247\u4ee5\u4ee3\u6bcd\u7684\u751f\u6b96\u80fd\u529b\u70ba\u7126\u9ede\uff0cKetchum\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u5b83\u89e3\u8b80\u70ba\u4ee3\u6bcd\u751f\u6b96\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u79df\u552e\u689d\u7d04\uff08Ketchum, p73\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u7576\u4f5c\u7e41\u6b96\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u79df\u552e\u7d66\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u63db\u53d6\u91d1\u9322\u7684\u56de\u5831\uff0c\u662f\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u5c31\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u79df\u552e\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u51fa\u65bc\u81ea\u9858\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u6a21\u5f0f\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u537b\u7121\u5f9e\u898f\u907f\u56e0\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u548c\u58d3\u8feb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u6a23\u89e3\u8b80\u7684\u4ee3\u6bcd\u73fe\u8c61\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u5141\u8a31\u6210\u7acb\u5462\uff1fKetchum\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u7a2e\u89c0\u9ede\u4f5c\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u9ede\u5206\u5225\u662f\uff1a
\n\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u7acb\u57fa\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u5b9a\u7136\u5f8b\u4ee4\u3002\u4f9d\u64da\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u8ca9\u8ce3\u4eba\u53e3\u662f\u8981\u906d\u5230\u99c1\u65a5\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u884c\u70ba\u5c07\u4eba\u5011\u8996\u70ba\u5de5\u5177\u800c\u975e\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u8996\u70ba\u7269\u4ef6\u800c\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u3002\ue064\u6548\u679c\u8ad6\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u767c\u81ea\u5c0d\u5f8c\u679c\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\uff0c\u5b83\u95dc\u6ce8\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u89aa\u5bc6\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e00\u65e6\u6dea\u70ba\u5546\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u5c0d\u88ab\u8cb7\u8ce3\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u548c\u5a66\u5973\u3001\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u5c07\u6703\u7522\u751f\u600e\u6a23\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u3002\ue065\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e8c\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d9c\u5408\uff0c\u6240\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u4fdd\u8b77\u4ee3\u6bcd\u548c\u6bcd\u5b50\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u514d\u65bc\u5546\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u6f5b\u5728\u5bb0\u5236\u3002\uff08Ketchum, p72\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4ee5\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u5b9a\u7136\u5f8b\u4ee4\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4eba\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u70ba\u5ba2\u89c0\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u4e0d\u5bb9\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u300c\u76ee\u7684\u300d\u5177\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5c07\u4eba\u55ae\u7d14\u5730\u8996\u70ba\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5c07\u4eba\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u7269\u4ef6\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u62b9\u715e\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u5c0a\u56b4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c7a\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4eba\u53ea\u7576\u4f5c\u5de5\u5177\u770b\u5f85\u3002\u4f9dKetchum\uff0c\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u548c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u90fd\u89f8\u72af\u4e86\u9019\u9805\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5ba3\u7a31\u5c0d\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u628a\u5b30\u5152\u548c\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u9ad4\u7b49\u503c\u65bc\u91d1\u9322\uff0c\u4e26\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u5e02\u5834\u4ea4\u63db\u4e2d\u7684\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u4f9b\u5229\u7528\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u7fa9\u52d9\u8ad6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff08Ketchum, p73\uff09\uff0cKetchum\u8a8d\u70ba\u628a\u89aa\u5b50\u9593\u7684\u76e3\u8b77\u95dc\u4fc2\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u8ca1\u7522\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u660e\u76e3\u8b77\u6b0a\u7684\u8f49\u79fb\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u96d9\u89aa\u5c0d\u5b50\u5973\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u539f\u5247\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u975e\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u4f60\u4eba\u5011\u975e\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u5c07\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u7269\u4ef6\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u628a\u4eba\u7576\u4f5c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8ca1\u7522\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4f9d\u64da\u6548\u679c\u8ad6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8d0a\u6210\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u591a\u534a\u8a34\u8af8\u4e0d\u5b55\u75c7\u592b\u5a66\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8ad6\u64da\u6216\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4eba\u6027\u4e2d\u6e34\u6c42\u5f8c\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u6eff\u8db3\u3002Ketchum\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ea\u662f\u7247\u9762\u4e4b\u898b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6240\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u6548\u679c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5468\u5ef6\u3002Ketchum\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u540c\u6642\u8003\u616e\u5230\u5b30\u5152\u3001\u4ee3\u6bcd\u3001\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5bb6\u5ead\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u7b49\u5404\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u554f\u984c\u5c07\u8b8a\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u68d8\u624b\uff0c\u8981\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5468\u5ef6\u7684\u6548\u679c\u8ad6\u4e3b\u5f35\u5176\u5be6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0cKetchum\u6709\u610f\u8ff4\u907f\u9019\u4e00\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u91cd\u8981\u8b70\u984c\uff1a\u5bb0\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u4ee3\u6bcd\u4e00\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5f9e\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u4e2d\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7372\u53d6\u91d1\u9322\u4e0a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u537b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u800c\u906d\u53d7\u5bb0\u5236\u548c\u525d\u524a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u7279\u5225\u5bb9\u6613\u767c\u751f\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6f5b\u5b58\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5546\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u57fa\u65bc\u4fdd\u8b77\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e4b\u9053\u4fbf\u662f\u53bb\u9664\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u5546\u696d\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7121\u7570\u65bc\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u5bb0\u5236\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0cKetchum \u63a5\u53d7M. Radin \u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u5b83\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u53cd\u5c0d\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u5145\u5206\u8ad6\u64da\uff08Ketchum, p74Ketchum, p74\uff09\u3002\u4f9dRadin\uff0c\u5bb0\u5236\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u5f31\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u5b83\u932f\u8a8d\u4e86\u554f\u984c\u7684\u95dc\u9375\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5546\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u860a\u542b\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u65bc\u4f7f\u5951\u7d04\u5177\u6709\u8a98\u60d1\u529b\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u8655\u5883\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u5f9e\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5169\u96e3\u5f0f\u4fbf\u8db3\u4ee5\u524a\u5f31\u5bb0\u5236\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u53d6\u6d88\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u8cfa\u9322\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u6703\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u5a66\u5973\u7684\u6536\u5165\u6e1b\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u6d88\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5bb0\u5236\u548c\u525d\u524a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5a66\u5973\u4fbf\u7121\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u61c9\u6709\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u4ecd\u662f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0cKetchum\u8a8d\u70ba\u5bb0\u5236\u8ad6\u8b49\u9084\u662f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u7528\u8655\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u99c1\u65a5\u652f\u6301\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u7684\u81ea\u9858\u8ad6\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0cKetchum\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff1a\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u61c9\u4e88\u7981\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\uff1a\u4ed8\u8cbb\u7684\u88dc\u511f\u5f0f\u89e3\u91cb<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u5c0d\u65bcKetchum\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0cMalm\u8868\u793a\u8d0a\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u8868\u793a\u53cd\u5c0d\u3002\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e09\u6bb5\u8ad6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c07Ketchum\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u8b49\u91cd\u69cb\u70ba\u5f9e\uff081\uff09\u548c\uff0822\uff09\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u63a8\u5c0e\u51fa\uff083\uff09\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a
\n\uff081\uff09\u5c07\u4eba\uff08\u542b\u5b30\u5152\uff09\u8996\u70ba\u8cb7\u8ce3\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u3002
\n\uff082\uff09\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u5c07\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u8cb7\u8ce3\u7684\u7269\u4ef6\u3002
\n\uff083\uff09\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u53ef\u52a0\u4ee5\u99c1\u65a5\u3002\uff08Malm, p79\uff09
\nMalm\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u524d\u63d0\u6c92\u6709\u7570\u8b70\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70baKetchum\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8b49\u6210\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u300c\u5728Ketchum\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6240\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u548c\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u9023\u7d50\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u300d\uff08Malm, p79\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64Ketchum\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u4fbf\u51fa\u73fe\u88c2\u75d5\u3002\u7136\u800cMalm\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7406\u7531\u9019\u6a23\u6279\u8a55\u5462\uff1f\u4ed6\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\u662f\uff1a\u5c0d\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e26\u975e\u53ea\u6709\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u548c\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u5169\u7a2e\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u8cbb\u7528\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u5c0d\u4ee3\u6bcd\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u88dc\u511f\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u9019\u4e00\u89e3\u91cb\u80fd\u5920\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u627f\u8a8d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u5c31\u662fMalm\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u767d\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u523b\u610f\u8ff4\u907f\uff0c\u8f49\u800c\u628a\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7126\u9ede\u96c6\u4e2d\u5230\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e0a\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed8\u8cbb\u7684\u88dc\u511f\u5f0f\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u6709\u6548\u5730\u8b49\u7acb\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u6210\u529f\u8207\u5426\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u6240\u5728\u3002\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u8655\u7406\uff0cMalm\u4e3b\u8981\u63a1\u53d6\u5c0d\u7167\u5340\u5206\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u8209\u51fa\u300c\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\u4f8b\u5b50\u300d\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a
\n\u5047\u8a2d\u4f60\u64c1\u6709\u4e00\u67b6\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u60f3\u8981\u70ba\u6211\u5bb6\u7684\u8349\u5730\u9664\u8349\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\uff1a
\n\uff081\uff09\u4ed8\u7d66\u4f60\u8cbb\u7528\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u4f60\u7684\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\u4f86\u9664\u8349\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u6211\u662f\u5411\u4f60\u79df\u7528\u4f60\u7684\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\uff1b\u6216\u8005\uff082\uff09\u4ed8\u7d66\u4f60\u8cbb\u7528\uff0c\u8acb\u4f60\u4f7f\u7528\u4f60\u7684\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\u4f86\u70ba\u6211\u9664\u8349\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u6211\u4ed8\u8cbb\u7d66\u4f60\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4f60\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u3002\uff08 Malm, p80\uff09
\nMalm\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u91cb\uff1a\u5728\u524d\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u6211\u5c0d\u4f60\u7684\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u6211\u4e26\u4e0d\u56e0\u800c\u5c0d\u4f60\u7684\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\u64c1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u9802\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u8981\u6c42\u4f60\u5c65\u884c\u61c9\u76e1\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f9d\u64da\u9019\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5340\u5206\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0cMalm\u8a66\u5716\u8aaa\u660e\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u627f\u8a8dKetchum\u7684\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u4eba\u683c\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u3001\u5ba3\u7a31\u5c0d\u4ee3\u6bcd\u8eab\u9ad4\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u7b49\u610f\u542b\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u5f97\u5230\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u4e00\u89e3\u91cb\u4e26\u975e\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u4e4b\u5916\uff09\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5272\u8349\u6a5f\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u6709\u6548\u3002\u4f9d\u64da\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u91d1\u9322\u5728\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u8cb7\u8ce3\u8eab\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d\u4ee3\u6bcd\u7684\u61f7\u5b55\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u88dc\u511f\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u56de\u5831\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5728\u61f7\u5b55\u671f\u9593\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u5fc3\u529b\u3001\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u9650\u5236\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u627f\u64d4\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u9019\u4e00\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u51fa\u7684\u8cb6\u6291\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u542b\u610f\u4fbf\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6e05\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cKetchumKetchum\u7684\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u8a6e\u91cb\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u537b\u4e26\u4e0d\u59a8\u7919\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u62b9\u715e\u4eba\u6027\u5c0a\u56b4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8a31\u53ef\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u55ce\uff1f<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u5728Malm\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e0b\uff0c\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u548cKetchum\u6240\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u8ad6\u8b49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e26\u884c\u4e0d\u6096\uff1b\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u52e2\u5fc5\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u516c\u8aaa\u516c\u6709\u7406\u3001\u5a46\u8aaa\u5a46\u6709\u7406\u7684\u5c40\u9762\u3002\u6709\u9451\u65bc\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u53ef\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u91cd\u5927\u60e1\u679c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u7d55\u4e0d\u6703\u653e\u68c4\u63f4\u5f15\u5546\u54c1\u8ad6\u8b49\u4f5c\u70ba\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u4e2d\u7372\u5229\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u4e0d\u6703\u932f\u904e\u5f9e\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u5c0b\u627e\u8b77\u8eab\u7b26\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u9019\u4e8c\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u537b\u4e92\u76f8\u5e73\u884c\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u8ab0\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u70ba\u96e3\u8ab0\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e8b\u5be6\u679c\u771f\u5982\u6b64\u55ce\uff1f\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u771f\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u751f\u5152\u80b2\u5973\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u61f7\u5b55\u751f\u6b96\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u52de\u52d5\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0cKetchum\u8a8d\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a
\n\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u7406\u64da\u4f86\u5340\u5225\u8ca9\u8ce3\u751f\u6b96\u529b\u548c\u51fa\u8ce3\u52de\u529b\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u5c07\u751f\u6b96\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u884c\u70ba\u64fe\u4e82\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u662f\u4e0d\u61c9\u7576\u8ca9\u552e\u7684\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5f0f\u89c0\u9ede\u5247\u6703\u8ad6\u8b49\u5b58\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u548c\u4eba\u6027\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u67d3\u4e0a\u5546\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u65bc\u4e0d\u628a\u4eba\u7576\u4f5c\u76ee\u7684\u770b\u5f85\uff08\u6216\u4e0d\u628a\u4eba\u7576\u4eba\u770b\uff09\u3002\uff08Ketchum, p73\uff09<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u51fa\u8ce3\u52de\u529b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u51fa\u8ce3\u751f\u6b96\u529b\u5247\u4e0d\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u3002<\/p>\n

\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u8b70\u984c\uff0cKetchum\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u5176\u5be6\u6709\u4e0d\u5920\u5145\u5206\u7684\u5acc\u7591\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8aaa\u670dMalm\uff08Malm, p81, 82\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u91cd\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u5f8c\u9000\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u4e00\u5340\u5206\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5c0d\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u5c0d\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u537b\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\uff1a\u4f9d\u64da\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u88dc\u511f\u52de\u529b\u6216\u751f\u6b96\u529b\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002Malm\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u78ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u7acb\u65bc\u4e0d\u6557\u4e4b\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u63db\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u5f9e\u670d\u52d9\/\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u904e\u7a0b\/\u7d50\u679c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4f86\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u6211\u5011\u6703\u5f97\u5230\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\u3002<\/p>\n

Malm\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u6642\uff0c\u8209\u51fa\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u5982\u5272\u8349\u3001\u96c7\u7528\u53f8\u6a5f\u548c\u52d5\u5916\u79d1\u624b\u8853\u7b49\uff0c\u4ed6\u904b\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u985e\u6bd4\u5730\u8aaa\u660e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u4ee3\u6bcd\u884c\u70ba\u4e2d\u7684\u91d1\u9322\u770b\u4f5c\u5c0d\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u88dc\u511f\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\u539f\u672c\u7121\u53ef\u975e\u8b70\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u628a\u5b83\u7576\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\uff0c\u5247\u6406\u679c\u628a\u5b83\u7576\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\uff0c\u5247\u6703\u51fa\u73fe\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u3002Malm\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u53ea\u5c31\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u5373\u7247\u9762\u5730\u505a\u4e0b\u5b9a\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u628a\u7d50\u679c\u56e0\u7d20\u7d0d\u5165\u8003\u91cf\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e0a\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4f86\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u8cbb\u7528\u771f\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u670d\u52d9\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u8cb7\u8863\u670d\u70ba\u4f8b\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u4ed8\u51fa\u91d1\u9322\u8cfc\u8cb7\u8863\u670d\u6642\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u9019\u662f\u91d1\u9322\u548c\u8863\u670d\u5546\u54c1\u9593\u7684\u4ea4\u63db\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u537b\u4e0d\u53ea\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8863\u670d\u7684\u50f9\u683c\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u5df2\u7d93\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u751f\u7522\u6210\u672c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u9644\u52a0\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ed8\u9322\u6240\u8cfc\u5f97\u7684\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u8863\u670d\u7522\u54c1\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u88fd\u9020\u7522\u54c1\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5272\u8349\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e5f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u91d1\u9322\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7b54\u8b1d\u5c0d\u65b9\u52de\u529b\u7684\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002\u6211\u5011\u8acb\u5c0d\u65b9\u4f86\u9664\u8349\u7684\u7528\u610f\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e26\u4e0d\u5728\u55ae\u7d14\u5730\u6b23\u8cde\u4ed6\u9664\u8349\u6642\u7684\u82f1\u59ff\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u628a\u96dc\u8349\u6e05\u9664\u4e7e\u6de8\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4e0d\u53ea\u5728\u56de\u5831\u4ed6\u7684\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u52de\u52d5\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7d93\u904e\u9019\u4e8c\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u7684\u5c0d\u7167\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u77e5\u9053\u6211\u5011\u4ed8\u51fa\u8cbb\u7528\u4e26\u4e0d\u55ae\u5728\u4ea4\u63db\u5546\u54c1\uff0c\u6216\u53ea\u662f\u56de\u5831\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u7d50\u679c\u4e8c\u500b\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u5728\u8cfc\u8863\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e0a\uff0c\u8863\u670d\u662f\u91d1\u9322\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u4eba\u5bb9\u6613\u5ffd\u7565\u751f\u7522\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff1b\u5272\u8349\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u6b63\u597d\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u5c07\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u653e\u5728\u904e\u7a0b\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u904e\u7a0b\u548c\u7d50\u679c\u90fd\u662f\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u74b0\u7bc0\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u55ae\u7368\u7acb\u57fa\u65bc\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7247\u9762\u4e4b\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7834\u7dbb\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u59d4\u8a17\u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5728\u61f7\u5b55\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u61f7\u5b55\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u4ed8\u51fa\u7684\u8cbb\u7528\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u4ea4\u63db\u5b30\u5152\uff0c\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u537b\u540c\u6642\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5c0d\u4ee3\u6bcd\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u56de\u5831\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u7684\u56de\u5831\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u539f\u4f86\u53ea\u662f\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\n

Malm\u6279\u8a55Ketchum\u7684\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7528\u610f\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u900f\u904e\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u89e3\u9664\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u8a55\u50f9\uff0c\u4e4d\u770b\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5f77\u5f7f\u4e00\u8209\u6210\u529f\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u7d30\u7a76\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u670d\u52d9\u8ad6\u8b49\u539f\u4f86\u53ea\u662f\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u8b49\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u74b0\u7bc0\u3002\u843d\u5be6\u5730\u8aaa\uff0cMalm\u7adf\u662f\u4f7f\u7528Ketchum\u7684\u5b30\u5152\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u8b49\u4f86\u653b\u64ca\u4ed6\u7684\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5951\u7d04\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u865b\u5984\u548c\u4e0d\u5951\u81ea\u4e0d\u5f85\u8a00\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8108\u7d61\u5e95\u4e0b\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u4ed8\u8cbb\u4ee3\u6bcd\u5354\u5b9a\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u8ad6\u8b49\u4ecd\u7136\u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u8003\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c3\u8003\u66f8\u76ee\uff1a
\nAlpern, K. D. ed The Ethics of Reproductive Technology . (Oxford University Presxford University Press, 1992)
\nGold, S. J. ed. Moral Controversies. (Wads- worth Publishing Company, 1993)
\nKetchum, S. A. Selling babies and selling bodies. In Moral Controversies.p70-p78.
\nMalm, H. M. Commodification or compensation: A reply to Ketchum. In Moral Controversies. p78-p83.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u8cc7\u6599\u4f86\u6e90:\u00a0http:\/\/www.ncu.edu.tw\/~phi\/NRAE\/newsletter\/no5\/11.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u3010\u6587\/\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u751f \u6642\u570b\u9298\u3011 \u4ee3\u7406\u5b55\u6bcd\u6240\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u9053\u5fb7\u722d\u8b70\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u5316\u662f\u6700\u53d7\u77da\u76ee\u7684\u4e00\u9805\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u727d\u6d89\u5230 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sexwork","category-surrogate"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1443"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1443\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1443"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/blognews\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}