{"id":7,"date":"2006-05-03T13:13:16","date_gmt":"2006-05-03T05:13:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/column\/?p=7"},"modified":"2013-04-26T10:24:42","modified_gmt":"2013-04-26T02:24:42","slug":"%e7%a7%bb%e6%b0%91%ef%bc%9a%e6%b0%91%e6%ac%8a%e7%9a%84%e6%bc%8f%e6%b4%9e%ef%bc%8c%e9%82%84%e6%98%af%e6%b0%91%e6%ac%8a%e7%9a%84%e5%bb%b6%e4%bc%b8%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/column\/%e7%a7%bb%e6%b0%91%ef%bc%9a%e6%b0%91%e6%ac%8a%e7%9a%84%e6%bc%8f%e6%b4%9e%ef%bc%8c%e9%82%84%e6%98%af%e6%b0%91%e6%ac%8a%e7%9a%84%e5%bb%b6%e4%bc%b8%ef%bc%9f\/","title":{"rendered":"\u79fb\u6c11\uff1a\u6c11\u6b0a\u7684\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6c11\u6b0a\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u2014\u8a55\u4ecbKevin R. Johnson\u7684The \u201cHuddled Masses\u201d Myth: Immigration and Civil Rights*<\/p>\n

\u8a55\u8005\uff1a\u5ed6\u5143\u8c6a\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u7cfb\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u570b\u7d10\u7d04\u6e2f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5973\u795e\u50cf\u4e0a\uff0c\u523b\u8457Emma Lazarus\u7684\u4e00\u9996\u8a69\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u300e\u7d66\u6211\u4f60\u5011\u90a3\u52de\u7d2f\u3001\u8ca7\u7aae\uff0c\u8737\u66f2\u64c1\u585e\u800c\u6e34\u671b\u547c\u5438\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8eab\u8ec0
\n\u53ef\u6190\u88ab\u907a\u68c4\u5728\u6d77\u5cb8\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u5011
\n\u4ea4\u7d66\u6211\u5427
\n\u90a3\u4e9b\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78\u7684\u3001\u985b\u7c38\u6d41\u96e2\u7684\u4eba\u5011
\n\u6211\u5728\u91d1\u8272\u4e4b\u9580\u9ad8\u8209\u706b\u70ac\u3002[1]\u300f<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u96e2\u9109\u80cc\u4e95\u9060\u6e21\u91cd\u6d0b\u8e0f\u4e0a\u7f8e\u570b\u571f\u5730\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\u8b93\u4eba\u591a\u9ebc\u5730\u9676\u9189\u800c\u671f\u5f85\uff01\u5b83\u544a\u8a34\u985b\u6c9b\u6d41\u96e2\u7684\u904a\u5b50\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u6b61\u8fce\u4f60\uff0c\u4f60\u5c07\u53ef\u5728\u9019\u584a\u571f\u5730\u5f97\u5230\u64ab\u6170\u8207\u7167\u8b77\u3002\u300c\u908a\u5883\u300d\u6216\u300c\u570b\u754c\u300d\u5728\u9019\u9996\u8a69\u4e0b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u95dc\u7528\u7684\u67f5\u9580\uff08gate\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f38\u51fa\u96d9\u624b\u64c1\u62b1\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u6e2f\u53e3\uff08port\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6b61\u8fce\u8207\u64ab\u6170\u300c\u64e0\u5728\u8239\u4e2d\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u904a\u5b50\u5011\u300d\uff08huddled masses\uff09\u7684\u610f\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u5922\u7684\u4e00\u74b0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u908a\u5883\u7ba1\u5236\u6709\u8457\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u56b4\u82db\u9762\u5411\uff1a\u6392\u62d2\u3001\u6b67\u8996\u8207\u58d3\u8feb\u3002\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u60e1\u52a3\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u537b\u5f80\u5f80\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8207\u653f\u7b56\u4e0a\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u300c\u64ab\u6170\u53d7\u82e6\u904a\u5b50\u300d\u7684\u795e\u8a71\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u771f\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u500b\u795e\u8a71\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4efb\u6559\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u6234\u7dad\u65af\u6821\u5340\u6cd5\u5b78\u9662\uff0c\u4e26\u4e00\u5411\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u79fb\u6c11\u8207\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6559\u6388Kevin R. Johnson\u57282004\u5e74\u7684\u9019\u672c The \u201cHuddled Masses\u201d: Immigration and Civil Rights \uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31 Huddled Masses Myth\uff0c\u6216\u300c\u672c\u66f8\u300d\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u63ed\u9732\u9019\u500b\u795e\u8a71\u7684\u865b\u5984\u9762\uff0c\u76f4\u6307\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5982\u4f55\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u65cf\u7684\u6392\u5916\u919c\u60e1\u9762\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8b66\u544a\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u672c\u571f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff1a\u4eca\u5929\u4e0d\u505a\u634d\u885b\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u9b25\u58eb\uff0c\u660e\u65e5\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u6feb\u6b0a\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff01
\n\u4e00\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u8981\u65e8\uff1a\u79fb\u6c11\u8207\u672c\u571f\u5c45\u6c11\u662f\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4
\n\u2014\u9072\u65e9\u8f2a\u5230\u4f60\u5012\u6963\uff01<\/p>\n

Johnson\u9996\u5148\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u64ab\u6170\u53d7\u82e6\u904a\u5b50\u300d\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u7684\u78ba\u591a\u5c11\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728 Huddled Masses Myth\u4e00\u66f8\u6240\u8981\u63ed\u9732\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u9762\u5411\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u8207\u57f7\u884c\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5730\u5c07\u5c11\u6578\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7570\u8b70\u4efd\u5b50\u3001\u7aae\u4eba\u3001\uff08\u5be6\u969b\u6216\u53ea\u662f\u88ab\u5ba3\u7a31\u7684\uff09\u7f6a\u72af\u3001\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u8207\u540c\u6027\u6200\u8005\u6392\u65a5\u5728\u5916\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u6cd5\uff08\u85c9\u7531\u660e\u6587\u898f\u5b9a\u8207\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u57f7\u884c\uff09\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u754c\u5b9a\u51fa\u4e00\u7fa4\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u300d\uff08undesirable immigrants\uff09\u3002
\n\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6295\u5c04\uff1a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u985e\u578b\u300d<\/p>\n

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\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5ba3\u6d29\uff1a\u6c11\u6b0a\u6cd5\u7684\u7a7a\u9699<\/p>\n

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\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9069\u7528\u5728\u300c\u672c\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u300d\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u6703\u88ab\u8a8d\u5b9a\u9055\u61b2\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5708\u6839\u64da\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u5206\uff0c\u5275\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5e7e\u6210\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u5316\u5916\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300c\u5145\u5206\u6b0a\u529b\u539f\u5247\u300d\uff08\u201dPlenary power doctrine\u201d\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u570b\u6703\u8207\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u9580\uff09\u64c1\u6709\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u5165\u51fa\u5883\u7ba1\u5236\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5f9e\u4e8b\u9055\u61b2\u5be9\u67e5\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u7d66\u4e88\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u806f\u90a6\u6240\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u62ec\u8a31\u591a\u76f8\u7576\u56b4\u82db\u4e0d\u516c\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u90fd\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6aa2\u9a57\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c8\u5982\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u5c0d\u300c\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u300d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u662f alien \u9019\u500b\u5b57\u5f59\uff0c\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u610f\u6db5\u4e43\u662f\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u300d\uff08outsiders to the national community\uff09\u3002\u800c\u9019\u500b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u5275\u8a2d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f7f\u5f97\u672a\u53d6\u5f97\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u5206\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u4f4f\u4e86\u6578\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u52e4\u596e\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e26\u751f\u990a\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u300c\u65b0\u7f8e\u570b\u4e4b\u5b50\u300d\uff08\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u672c\u571f\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u6c11\uff09\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5145\u5206\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u627f\u64d4\u88ab\u9a45\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u3002\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u904b\u7528\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\u300d\uff08institutionalized \u201cothers\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u8207\u300c\u6211\u5011\uff08\u6b63\u6e2f\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\uff09\u300d\u5340\u5225\u3002\u800c\u9019\u500b\u4e26\u975e\u5929\u7d93\u5730\u7fa9\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u537b\u80fd\u5920\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u5404\u7a2e\u5c0d\u300c\u975e\u516c\u6c11\u300d\u7684\u4e0d\u7576\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c24\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0calien\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u5f59\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u6709\u8457\u8a31\u591a\u7684\u8ca0\u9762\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u5b83\u8207\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\u7684\u5916\u661f\u602a\u7269\u300c\u7570\u5f62\u300d\u540c\u540d\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u7570\u5f62\u300d\u5728\u5927\u773e\u6587\u5316\u4e0b\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\uff08\u800c\u4e14\u61c9\u8a72\uff09\u88ab\u7121\u60c5\u5730\u6bba\u622e\u7684\u2014\u5426\u5247\u7570\u5f62\u5c31\u6703\u6467\u6bc0\u5730\u7403\u3002\u800c\u7570\u5f62\u7684\u540c\u7fa9\u8a5e\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u300c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u300d\uff08stranger\uff09\u3001\u300c\u5165\u4fb5\u8005\u300d\uff08intruder\uff09\u3001\u300c\u5c40\u5916\u4eba\u300d\uff08outsider\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u91ce\u883b\u4eba\u300d\uff08barbarian\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e2\u7136\u5c1a\u672a\u6b78\u5316\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\uff08\u7d93\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u5b9a\uff09\u53ef\u4efb\u610f\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u57fa\u672c\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u9806\u7406\u6210\u7ae0\u4e86\u3002\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8cb6\u6291\u6b67\u8996\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u6b67\u8996\u300d\u65e9\u5df2\u88ab\u4eba\u6b0a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u53bb\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u537b\u80fd\u5728\u6b64\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u7136\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u7f3a\u53e3\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u83ab\u602a\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u300d\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\uff08\u6216\u65b0\u8fd1\uff09\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u570b\u6c11\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u985e\u578b\u4e0a\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u5167\u5916\u6709\u5225\u300d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u65e2\u53ef\u7dad\u6301\u61b2\u6cd5\u8207\u6c11\u6b0a\u6cd5\u7684\u300c\u4fdd\u969c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u8aa1\u547d\uff0c\u53c8\u540c\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u5916\u4eba\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u3002\u53cd\u6b63\u300c\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u300d\u4e26\u975e\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b20\u7f3a\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\uff1b\u800c\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u300d\u53c8\u591a\u534a\u4e0d\u6703\u5728\u4e4e\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u8655\u5883\u5982\u4f55\u3002\u5b83\u81ea\u7136\u6210\u70ba\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u5c64\u751a\u81f3\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u559c\u611b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u300c\u5167\u5916\u6709\u5225\u300d\u771f\u7684\u505a\u5f97\u5230\u55ce\uff1f
\n\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u8513\u5ef6\uff1a\u5167\u5916\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u6d78\u6deb<\/p>\n

Johnson\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u4e2d\u7f85\u5217\u8a31\u591a\u5be6\u4f8b\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u300c\u6b3a\u51cc\u5916\u4eba\u300d\u8207\u300c\u93ae\u58d3\u570b\u4eba\u300d\u6709\u8457\u5343\u7d72\u842c\u7e37\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u300c\u5167\u5916\u6709\u5225\u300d\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e26\u975e\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u89c0\u5bdf\u8a31\u591a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u300c\u6642\u9ede\u300d\uff0c\u66f4\u660e\u986f\u5730\u770b\u51fa\u300c\u5167\u300d\u300c\u5916\u300d\u5169\u500b\u9818\u57df\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u6d78\u6deb\u6ef2\u900f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5357\u5317\u6230\u722d\u5f8c\uff0c\u70ba\u4fdd\u969c\u752b\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u9ed1\u5974\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u61b2\u6cd5\u589e\u4fee\u689d\u6587\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u689d\uff08the Fourteenth Amendment\uff09\u7d66\u4e88\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u969c\uff08equal protection of the laws\uff09\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\uff1b\u4f46\u96a8\u5373\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u6703\u5373\u901a\u904e\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u5f85\u6709\u5f37\u70c8\u5f37\u70c8\u6b67\u8996\u610f\u6db5\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u3002\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u7576\u4ee5\u5f80\u5c0d\u65bc\u975e\u88d4\u7f8e\u4eba\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u63aa\u65bd\u906d\u5230\u61b2\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u6642\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u52e2\u529b\u5373\u5c07\u7a2e\u65cf\u8207\u968e\u7d1a\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u6575\u610f\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u7fa4\u5b64\u7acb\u7121\u63f4\u7684\u5f31\u52e2\u65cf\u7fa4\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002Johnson\u751a\u81f3\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u975e\u88d4\u7f8e\u4eba\u6240\u7372\u53d6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u8207\u83ef\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u5e78\u547d\u904b\u7dca\u5bc6\u9023\u7d50\u3002\u300d\uff08greater legal freedoms for African Americans were tied to Chinese misfortunes.\uff09\u3002\u9019\u662f\u300c\u7531\u5167\u5230\u5916\u300d\u7684\u8513\u5ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81f3\u65bc\u300c\u7531\u5916\u5230\u5167\u300d\u7684\u56de\u71d2\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u53cd\u6050\u6230\u722d\uff08War on Terror\uff09\u6240\u5c55\u9732\u7684\u300c\u5148\u5916\u4eba\uff0c\u5f8c\u570b\u4eba\u300d\u93ae\u58d3\u9806\u5e8f\u3002\u5e03\u5e0c\u7576\u5c40\u8d77\u521d\u6240\u767c\u5e03\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u56b4\u82db\u800c\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u90fd\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u300c\u975e\u7f8e\u570b\u7c4d\u4e4b\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u300d\u3002[3]\u96d6\u7136\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u7d14\u5f9e\u6230\u722d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u7684\u300c\u570b\u7c4d\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u5075\u9632\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u8aaa\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u5206\u985e\u2014\u8ab0\u8aaa\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u6c11\uff1f\u2014\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u898f\u907f\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5f48\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u6e1b\u5c11\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6c92\u591a\u4e45\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u56de\u71d2\u5230\u672c\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u539f\u5148\u50c5\u5c07\uff08\u4e3b\u8981\u4fd8\u81ea\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u6230\u722d\uff09\u5916\u570b\u7c4d\u300c\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u300d\u7121\u9650\u671f\u62d8\u7981\u65bc\u95dc\u9054\u90a3\u6469\u7063\uff08Guantanamo Bay\uff09\u7684\u6d77\u8ecd\u57fa\u5730\uff0c\u62d2\u7d55\u7d66\u4e88\u4ed6\u5011\u65e5\u5167\u74e6\u516c\u7d04\u7684\u6230\u4fd8\u5f85\u9047\uff1b\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e45\u570b\u9632\u90e8\u8207\u767d\u5bae\u5373\u4ee5\u300c\u6575\u65b9\u6230\u9b25\u4eba\u54e1\u300d\uff08enemy combatant\uff09\u7684\u540d\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c07\u6d89\u5acc\u53c3\u8207\u6050\u6016\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u4e88\u4ee5\u902e\u6355\u4e26\uff08\u8207\u300c\u5916\u7c4d\u300d\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\u540c\u6a23\uff09\u7121\u9650\u671f\u62d8\u7981\u65bc\u8ecd\u4e8b\u57fa\u5730\u3002Johnson\u8aaa\u5f97\u597d\uff1a\u300c\u62d2\u7d55\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u70ba\u62d2\u7d55\u672c\u570b\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u92ea\u8def\u3002\u300d\uff08Denial of rights to noncitizens lays the groundwork for the denial of rights to citizens.\uff09\uff08p.12\uff09
\n\uff08\u56db\uff09\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u6b0a\u7684\u672a\u4f86<\/p>\n

Johnson\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7d42\u7ae0\u300c\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u6b0a\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u300d\uff08The Future of Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e09\u500b\u672a\u4f86\u61c9\u6aa2\u8a0e\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\uff1a<\/p>\n

(1) \u6aa2\u8a0e\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u300d\uff08aliens\uff09\u9019\u500b\u8ca0\u9762\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8853\u8a9e\u5c0d\u300c\u975e\u516c\u6c11\u300d\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u60e1\u52a3\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n

(2) \u5728\u7a2e\u65cf\u7d44\u6210\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u591a\u5143\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u767c\u5c55\u300c\u6c11\u6b0a\u300d\u65b0\u601d\u7dad\u3002<\/p>\n

(3) \u63d0\u51fa\u5177\u9ad4\u6539\u9769\u85cd\u5716\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7528\u8a9e\u7684\u6aa2\u8a0e\u65b9\u9762\uff0cJohnson\u5217\u8209\u51fa\u8a31\u591a\u8ca0\u9762\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u300d\u8207\u300c\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u56b4\u683c\u7981\u6b62\u300c\u7a2e\u65cf\u300d\u7684\u5dee\u5225\u5f85\u9047\uff1b\u4f46\u5c0d\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u5f85\u9047\u537b\u5bb9\u5fcd\u4e4b\u81f3\u3002\u800c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5927\u591a\u6578\u79fb\u6c11\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u5dee\u5225\u5f85\u9047\u300d\uff08alienage classification\uff09\u5c31\u7d93\u5e38\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u7a2e\u65cf\u5dee\u5225\u5f85\u9047\u300d\uff08racial classification\uff09\u7684\u4ee3\u7528\u54c1\uff08proxy\uff09\u3002\u5bb9\u8a31\u300c\u6b67\u8996\u79fb\u6c11\u300d\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u5f80\u5f80\u7b49\u540c\u300c\u6b67\u8996\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u300d\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u7576\u793e\u6703\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u7e3d\u662f\u8a8d\u5b9a\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6c38\u4e45\u4f4f\u6c11\u8207\u516c\u6c11\uff09\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u6642\uff0c\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u5dee\u5225\u5f85\u9047\u300d\u5c31\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u5f15\u7528\u4f86\u5c0d\u4ed8\u300c\u5916\u89c0\u4e0a\u985e\u4f3c\u58a8\u88d4\u300d\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cJohnson\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u8b39\u9632\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u63a9\u98fe\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u8207\u5176\u57f7\u884c\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u60e1\u884c\u3002\u300c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u9762\u5c0d\u8a31\u591a\u56f0\u96e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d7\u5230\u6c7a\u7b56\u56b4\u91cd\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u662f\u300e\u4eba\u300f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u81c9\u9f90\u3001\u975e\u4eba\u7684\u60e1\u9b54\u300e\u7570\u5f62\u300f\u3002\u300d\uff08The difficult choices that we face must be made with the full realization that those who are affected by them in fundamental ways are people, not faceless, inhuman, demon \u201caliens.\u201d\uff09\uff08p.162\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6c11\u6b0a\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u65b0\u767c\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u7a2e\u65cf\u4eba\u53e3\u8207\u7a2e\u985e\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5747\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u7576\u4eca\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u9808\u6b63\u8996\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u843d\u5165\u5f9e\u524d\u300c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e92\u65a5\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u672c\u571f\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u7fa4\uff08\u5982\u975e\u88d4\uff09\u6392\u65a5\u79fb\u6c11\u65cf\u7fa4\uff08\u5982\u4e9e\u88d4\u3001\u62c9\u7f8e\u88d4\u7b49\uff09\u300d\u4e4b\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u70ba\u6c11\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\u8207\u6c11\u6b0a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u589e\u6dfb\u4e0d\u5c11\u65b0\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5de5\u6703\u4e00\u53cd\u7576\u5e74\u652f\u6301\u9650\u5236\u83ef\u5de5\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u52aa\u529b\u5c07\u79fb\u5de5\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u62c9\u7f8e\u88d4\uff09\u7d44\u7e54\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u6c11\u6b0a\u5718\u9ad4\u958b\u59cb\u70ba\u5408\u6cd5\u6216\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u4e4b\u5de5\u4f5c\u689d\u4ef6\u8a34\u8a1f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u9084\u63d0\u9192\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u88d4\u6cd5\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u66f4\u61c9\u958b\u59cb\u91cd\u8996\u79fb\u6c11\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5c11\u6578\u7a2e\u65cf\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9452\u65bc\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u53e3\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u591a\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5834\u57df\uff0c\u968e\u7d1a\u8207\u7a2e\u65cf\u61c9\u8a72\u6210\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u793e\u6703\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u8b8a\u6578\u3002<\/p>\n

\u591a\u5143\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u9032\u5165\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a9e\u8a00\u80cc\u5f8c\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6210\u70ba\u65b0\u722d\u9ede\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u8a9e\u8a00\u8ddf\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u539f\u7c4d\uff08national origin\uff09\u5747\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u4eba\u6c11\u4f7f\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u8207\u6c11\u6b0a\u8b70\u984c\u4e2d\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u539f\u7c4d\u6b67\u8996\u7522\u751f\u95dc\u806f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u7522\u751f\u7684\u65b0\u7a4e\u6c11\u6b0a\u722d\u9ede\u2014\u5982\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u53ef\u5426\u4f5c\u70ba\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u963b\u537b\u9055\u6cd5\u539f\u56e0\uff1f\u9084\u6709\u56e0\u8650\u5f85\u300c\u90f5\u8cfc\u65b0\u5a18\u300d\uff08mail-order brides\uff09\u800c\u751f\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u90f5\u8cfc\u65b0\u5a18\u591a\u5c6c\u767c\u5c55\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6c11\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\u8005\u6240\u61c9\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c8\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5c0d\u5927\u591a\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u5e0c\u9b06\u5e73\u5e38\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u79fb\u6c11\u537b\u69cb\u6210\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002\u4ee5\u99d5\u7167\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u62d2\u7d55\u975e\u6cd5\u5165\u5883\u6216\u5c45\u7559\u4e4b\u58a8\u88d4\u79fb\u6c11\u8003\u99d5\u7167\uff0c\u807d\u4f86\u5929\u7d93\u5730\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u537b\u53ea\u6703\u589e\u52a0\u5176\u88ab\u902e\u6355\u6216\u9a45\u9010\u7684\u6050\u614c\uff0c\u53c8\u66f4\u52a0\u9650\u5236\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u5834\u6240\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u906d\u5230\u525d\u524a\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u82e5\u662f\u99d5\u7167\u8003\u8a66\u53ea\u51c6\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u61c9\u8003\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u9019\u500b\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u8eca\u7b49\u65bc\u6c92\u6709\u8173\u300d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f62\u540c\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u79fb\u6c11\u79fb\u4f4f\u8005\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u751f\u6d3b\u689d\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u79fb\u6c11\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u985e\u578b\u4e0a\u7e3d\u662f\u8207\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u570b\u6c11\u300d\u91cd\u758a\uff0c\u672c\u66f8\u8a8d\u70ba\u79fb\u6c11\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u6b0a\u8b70\u984c\uff08\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u5225\u3001\u6027\u50be\u5411\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u7570\u8b70\u7b49\uff09\u61c9\u8a72\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u76f8\u4e92\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u3002\u8eab\u70ba\u7f8e\u570b\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u88d4\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7570\u8b70\u8005\u3001\u8ca7\u7aae\u8207\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u8005\u3001\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540c\u6027\u6200\u8005\uff0c\u7406\u61c9\u8207\u53d7\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4e00\u540c\u596e\u9b25\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81f3\u65bc\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u8207\u6c11\u6b0a\u7684\u672a\u4f86\uff0cJohnson\u8a8d\u70ba\u6700\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u9858\u666f\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u300c\u958b\u653e\u7586\u754c\u300d\uff08Open borders\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u884c\u60f3\u50cf\u300c\u908a\u5883\u300d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6e2f\u53e3\u300d\u800c\u975e\u300c\u67f5\u9580\u300d\u3002\u4e26\u53bb\u9664\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u908a\u5883\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u4f7f\u300c\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u6839\u672c\u6d88\u5931\u3002[4]<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800cJohnson\u4ea6\u77e5\u9019\u500b\u7406\u60f3\u5728\u53ef\u898b\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u9054\u5230\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u63d0\u51fa\u5169\u5957\u5efa\u8b70\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u4eff\u6548\u6b50\u76df\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5340\u57df\u6027\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u9077\u5f99\u5236\u5ea6\uff08regional labor migration program\uff09\uff0c\u8b93\u5340\u57df\u5167\u7684\u79fb\u5de5\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u6d41\u52d5\u3002\u5317\u7f8e\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u5354\u5b9a\uff08the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u4f73\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u50be\u5411\u652f\u6301\u52de\u52d5\u529b\u81ea\u7531\u6d41\u52d5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8207\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u6210\u529f\u3002\u800c\u4e5d\u4e00\u4e00\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53c8\u5ef6\u7de9\u4e86George W. Bush\u7e3d\u7d71\u539f\u64ec\u63a1\u884c\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u79fb\u5de5\u8a08\u756b\uff08temporary worker program\uff0c\u53ef\u5c07\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5883\u5167\u300c\u975e\u6cd5\u6253\u5de5\u300d\u7684\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u5de5\u4eba\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\uff09\u3002Johnson\u63d0\u9192\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u5730\u7406\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bb6\u5ead\u5718\u805a\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f37\u70c8\u7ba1\u5236\u908a\u5883\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u904f\u6b62\u672a\u767b\u8a18\u79fb\u6c11\uff08undocumented immigrants\uff09\u524d\u4ec6\u5f8c\u7e7c\u5730\u6e67\u5165\u3002\u4e00\u5957\u80fd\u5920\u8ffd\u8e64\u5165\u5883\u8005\u4e26\u8b93\u9077\u5f99\u4eba\u6d41\u7a69\u5b9a\u5316\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6703\u66f4\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u4fdd\u969c\u908a\u5883\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4e5f\u78ba\u4fdd\u6709\u6548\u57f7\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c31\u662f\u64f4\u5f35\u5c0d\u65bc\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u8b77\u3002\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u4e00\u5411\u5145\u6eff\u8457\u5c0d\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u4e4b\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u9662\u537b\u5f80\u5f80\u8996\u82e5\u7121\u7779\u3002\u9019\u4f7f\u5f97\u4fdd\u969c\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u53cd\u800c\u8981\u4f9d\u8cf4\u653f\u6cbb\u90e8\u9580\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u8207\u5176\u76f8\u95dc\u57f7\u884c\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u53d7\u5230\u61b2\u6cd5\u8207\u53f8\u6cd5\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u76e3\u7763\u3002\u552f\u6709\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u90e8\u9580\u624d\u6703\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8996\u79fb\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f8\u6cd5\u5be9\u67e5\u662f\u76e3\u7763\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5236\u8207\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u53f8\u6cd5\u64d4\u4efb\u8d77\u4ee5\u61b2\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u90e8\u9580\u624d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5168\u7136\u5f9e\u77ed\u671f\u653f\u6cbb\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u8a2d\u8a08\u8207\u57f7\u884c\u79fb\u6c11\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u5728\u5371\u6a5f\u5c07\u79fb\u6c11\u7576\u4f5c\u4ee3\u7f6a\u7f94\u7f8a\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u4e5f\u624d\u6703\u6e1b\u4f4e\u3002\u73fe\u884c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u2014\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u300c\u7121\u6cd5\u300d\u72c0\u614b\u2014\u5141\u8a31\u7f8e\u570b\u793e\u6703\u6b3a\u51cc\u975e\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u5c45\u4f4f\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u61b2\u6cd5\u8207\u9055\u61b2\u5be9\u67e5\u591a\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u514b\u5236\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7c97\u66b4\u50be\u5411\u3002
\n\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u672c\u66f8\u7ae0\u7bc0\u67b6\u69cb<\/p>\n

\u672c\u66f8\u5171\u5206\u70ba\u516b\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u300c\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u8207\u6c11\u6b0a\u300d\uff08Immigration and Civil Rights in the United States\uff09\u662f\u5c0e\u8ad6\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff1b\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\u5247\u662f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u800c\u81ea\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5230\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff0c\u5247\u7531\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u5be6\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u5256\u6790\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5236\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5c0d\u5c11\u6578\u7a2e\u65cf\u7684\u62d2\u7d55\u5165\u5883\u8207\u9a45\u9010\uff08Exclusion and Deportation of Racial Minorities\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff09\u3001\u5c0d\u653f\u6cbb\u7570\u8b70\u8005\u7684\u62d2\u7d55\u5165\u5883\u8207\u9a45\u9010\uff08Exclusion and Deportation of Political Undesirables\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff09\u3001\u5c0d\u7aae\u4eba\u7684\u62d2\u7d55\u5165\u5883\u8207\u9a45\u9010\uff08Exclusion and Deportation of the Poor\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff09\u3001\u5c0d\u7f6a\u72af\u7684\u62d2\u7d55\u5165\u5883\u8207\u9a45\u9010\uff08Exclusion and Deportation of Criminals\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff09\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u8207\u570b\u7c4d\u6cd5\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u4e4b\u8cb6\u6291\uff08The Marginalization of Women Under the Immigration and Nationality Laws\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u8207\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u4e4b\u62d2\u7d55\u5165\u5883\u8207\u9a45\u9010\uff08Exclusion and Deportation of Lesbians and Gay Men\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff09\u3002
\n\u4e09\u3001\u8a55\u8ad6<\/p>\n

\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u8d77\u6b65\u96d6\u7a0d\u665a\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u5df2\u7d93\u7d2f\u7a4d\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002Kevin Johnson\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u672c\u66f8\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e00\u822c\uff0c\u8457\u91cd\u6b77\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u654f\u611f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79fb\u6c11\u6b67\u8996\u8207\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1b\u4f46\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7a4e\u800c\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684\u5207\u5165\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5178\u578b\u5f37\u8abf\u666e\u4e16\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8457\u5916\uff0c\u591a\u8207\u6279\u5224\u7a2e\u65cf\u7406\u8ad6\uff08Critical Race Theory\uff0cCRT\uff09\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u806f\u3002\u8ad6\u8005\u591a\u5f37\u8abf\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u300c\u5c11\u6578\u7a2e\u65cf\u300d\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5982\u5176\u4ed6\u65e9\u671fCRT\u8ad6\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\u5f9e\u4e0d\u540c\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u591a\u5143\u89c0\u9ede\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u5207\u8eab\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u5c0d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9032\u884c\u57fa\u9032\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u5be6\u7528\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002[5]\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u84ec\u52c3\u7684\u62c9\u7f8e\u6279\u5224\u8ad6\uff08LatCrit theory\uff09[6]\u8207\u840c\u82bd\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9e\u88d4\u6cd5\u5b78\uff08Asian American Legal Scholarship\uff09\u7b49[7]\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6b64\u985e\u8457\u91cd\u300c\u65cf\u7fa4\u8eab\u5206\u8a8d\u540c\u300d\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b\u5b78\u6d3e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u66f8\u4e5f\u5ef6\u7e8c\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u6beb\u4e0d\u5fcc\u8af1\u5730\u70ba\u5176\u58a8\u88d4\u540c\u80de\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u88d4\u62b1\u5c48\u4e26\u4e14\u6d41\u9732\u611f\u60c5\u8207\u540c\u60c5\uff1b\u66f8\u4e2d\u5c62\u5c62\u9ede\u51fa\u300c\u4e3b\u6d41\u7f8e\u570b\u50f9\u503c\u300d\u8207\u300c\u5f9e\u79fb\u6c11\u773c\u5149\u300d\u770b\u5f85\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89e3\u8b80\uff1b\u6975\u91cd\u8996\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u767c\u751f\u7576\u6642\u7684\u793e\u6703\u80cc\u666f\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u7d2f\u7a4d\uff1b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u4e00\u822c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u8005\u55ae\u55ae\u53ca\u65bc\u908f\u8f2f\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6311\u6230\u6574\u500b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5236\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7522\u751f\u6b64\u7a2e\u6cd5\u5236\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4eba\u5fc3\u3002\u7576\u6211\u5011\u8b80\u4e86\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5f8c\uff0c\u7d55\u4e0d\u6703\u53ea\uff08\u50cf\u53f0\u7063\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff09\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u5806\u53bb\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u7a7a\u6d1e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8cc7\u6599\uff08\u689d\u6587\u3001\u5224\u6c7a\u3001\u89e3\u91cb\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u80fd\u5920\u6d3b\u751f\u751f\u5730\u9ad4\u6703\u5230\u5b55\u80b2\u9019\u5957\u6cd5\u5236\u7684\u571f\u58e4\uff0d\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u6b77\u53f2\u793e\u6703\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u7a81\u7834\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u5728\u65bcJohnson\u8df3\u51fa\u4e86CRT\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95dc\u5207\u9ede\u2014\u7a2e\u65cf\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5404\u7ae0\u7bc0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u6558\u8ff0\u4e86\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8cb6\u6291\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5f31\u52e2\u8eab\u5206\uff1a\u793e\u6703\u7570\u8b70\u8005\u3001\u5973\u6027\u3001\u7f6a\u72af\u3001\u7aae\u4eba\u3001\u540c\u6027\u6200\u8005\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0b\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u8207\u6548\u679c\u88ab\u7a81\u986f\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u7acb\u9ad4\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u5b83\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u8996\uff01\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u4e4b\u79fb\u6c11\u5982\u4f55\u4f5c\u70ba\u5404\u7a2e\u5f31\u52e2\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u4ee3\u7f6a\u7f94\u7f8a\uff0c\u662d\u7136\u82e5\u63ed\uff01<\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e0d\u4f46\u6709\u8457\u64ab\u5e73\u88c2\u75d5\u2014\u79fb\u6c11\u6216\u662f\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u5021\u8b70\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u5f80\u5f80\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u570b\u5167\u5f31\u52e2\u65cf\u7fa4\u300d\u7522\u751f\u56e0\u8cc7\u6e90\u722d\u596a\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u2014\u4e4b\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4fc3\u9032\u7d50\u76df\u7684\u6f5b\u529b\uff01\u5c24\u5176\u5728Johnson\u63d0\u9192\u300c\u5167\u5916\u6709\u5225\u300d\u7684\u865b\u5984\u6027\u5f8c\uff0c\u5916\u7c4d\u8207\u672c\u570b\u7684\u5f31\u52e2\u7fa4\u9ad4\uff0c\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\uff08\u61c9\u8a72\uff09\u6210\u70ba\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u5021\u8b70\u8005\u7684\u7d50\u76df\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u50c5\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5c6c\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u7db2\u8def\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u6c11\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u5c1a\u5305\u62ec\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3001\u540c\u5fd7\u904b\u52d5\u8005\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u5021\u8b70\u8005\u7b49\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\u8207\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u9042\u53ef\u8b8a\u5f97\u66f4\u6d3b\u6f51\u591a\u5143\u800c\u6709\u529b\u3002\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u6975\u5927\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002
\n\u56db\u3001\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u7701\u601d\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u5c55\u300c\u79fb\u6c11\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u672c\u66f8\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d66\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u555f\u767c\u53ef\u5c31\u591a\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u96d6\u6709\u56b4\u82db\u7684\u4e00\u9762\uff0c\u79fb\u6c11\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u793e\u6703\u614b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ecd\u9060\u8f03\u53f0\u7063\u66f4\u52a0\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u3002Johnson\u6b64\u66f8\u7684\u4e3b\u65e8\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u63ed\u9732 Huddled Masses\u7684\u795e\u8a71\u2014\u4ed6\u5011\u81f3\u5c11\u9084\u6709\u500b\u795e\u8a71\uff01\u53cd\u89c0\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u6703\u614b\u5ea6\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u807d\u898b\u4e00\u9ede\u300c\u64ab\u6170\u53d7\u82e6\u904a\u5b50\u300d\u7684\u5fc3\u614b\uff0c\u66f4\u96e3\u4ee5\u5728\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u898f\u4e2d\u627e\u51fa\u4efb\u4f55\u300c\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\uff01<\/p>\n

\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u5236\u5ea6\u81f3\u5c11\u9084\u662f\u591a\u65b9\u62c9\u92f8\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u65b9\u662f\u540c\u60c5\u3001\u652f\u6301\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\uff09\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff1b\u4f46\u53f0\u7063\u79fb\u6c11\u653f\u7b56\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u81f3\u4eca\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u7ad9\u5728\u672c\u571f\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08Nativism\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u3002\u9802\u591a\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u65bd\u6069\u5fc3\u614b\u7684\u5bb6\u9577\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08paternalism\uff09\u3002[8]\u81f3\u65bc\u628a\u79fb\u6c11\u7576\u4f5c\u6709\u6b0a\u70ba\u5df1\u5589\u820c\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u4e88\u4ee5\u5e73\u7b49\u5c0a\u91cd\uff1b\u6216\u662f\u8a8d\u77e5\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u8ca2\u737b\u800c\u7d66\u4e88\u611f\u8b1d\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u8ac7\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4e86\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u591a\u6b21\u807d\u805e\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u54e1\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u5834\u5408\u4ee5\u300c\u4e09\u5341\u5104\u5916\u914d\u7167\u9867\u57fa\u91d1\u300d\u800c\u81ea\u8c6a\uff1b\u537b\u5f9e\u672a\u807d\u4e0d\u51fa\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u300c\u4fdd\u969c\u79fb\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0d\u53d7\u672c\u5730\u4eba\u6216\u653f\u5e9c\u4fb5\u5bb3\u300d\u7684\u8aa0\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65bc\u662f\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u653f\u5e9c\u8655\u8655\u4ee5\u7f8e\u570b\u99ac\u9996\u662f\u77bb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u57f7\u6cd5\u4eba\u54e1\u6709\u6642\u751a\u81f3\u4ee5\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0d\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\u79fb\u6c11\u5b98\u4f86\u5f97\u5927\u8868\u793a\u907a\u61be\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u7f8e\u570b\u9a45\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u624b\u7e8c\u5c1a\u9808\u7d93\u904e\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08Immigration Judge\uff09\u807d\u8b49\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u537b\u53ef\u7531\u8b66\u5bdf\u55ae\u4f4d\u7247\u9762\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e26\u57f7\u884c\u9a45\u9010\u8655\u5206\uff0c\u6beb\u7121\u6b63\u7576\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u8a00\uff1b\u7576\u7f8e\u570b\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u6c7a\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u4ea6\u6709\u61b2\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u64d4\u4efb\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u5c64\u6b21\u975e\u6d89\u653f\u6cbb\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u516c\u8077\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9084\u5168\u9762\u7981\u6b62\u5df2\u53d6\u5f97\u8eab\u5206\u8b49\uff08\u5b9a\u5c45\uff0c\u76f8\u7576\u65bc\u6b78\u5316\uff09\u7684\u539f\u7c4d\u5927\u9678\u79fb\u6c11\u64d4\u4efb\u516c\u8077\uff1b\u7576\u7f8e\u570b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u50c5\u9650\u5236\u300c\u5165\u5883\u6642\u300d\u60a3\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u50b3\u67d3\u75c5\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u5165\u5883\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5165\u51fa\u570b\u53ca\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u7adf\u7136\u5bb9\u8a31\u628a\u5df2\u7d93\u4f4f\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u300c\u5916\u7c4d\u300d\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u4ee5\u611f\u67d3\u6885\u6bd2\u6216\u611b\u6ecb\u70ba\u7531\uff0c\u9a45\u9010\u51fa\u5883\uff08\u4e0d\u554f\u662f\u300c\u8ab0\u300d\u50b3\u67d3\u7d66\u4ed6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u554f\u4ed6\u75ca\u7652\u8207\u5426\uff09\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u79fb\u6c11\u6cd5\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6578\u6050\u6015\u6bd4\u4e94\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u9084\u4e0d\u5982\u3002\u800c\u9019\u90e8\u5206\u7576\u7136\u5c31\u8981\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u300c\u7acb\u570b\u795e\u8a71\u300d\u6216\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u6216\u300c\u64ab\u6170\u904a\u5b50\u300d\u9019\u7a2e\u6210\u5206\u3002Johnson\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u4eba\u6b0a\u5021\u8b70\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u9b25\u722d\u6642\u81f3\u5c11\u9084\u6709Huddled Masses\u9019\u500b\u795e\u8a71\u7576\u4f5c\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8207\u6279\u5224\u5de5\u5177\uff1b\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u63d0\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u985e\u4f3c\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u8207\u5927\u773e\u537b\u5f80\u5f80\u50cf\u662f\u9d28\u5b50\u807d\u96f7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u672c\u662f\u500b\u79fb\u6c11\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u4f9d\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u96e3\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u300c\u91cd\u8996\u79fb\u6c11\u50f9\u503c\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002\u77e2\u5fd7\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u5efa\u570b\u5927\u696d\u7684\u540c\u80de\uff0c\u8acb\u5225\u628a\u6642\u9593\u82b1\u5728\u88fd\u9020\u4ec7\u6068\u4ed6\u8005\u8207\u55ae\u7d14\u53d7\u5bb3\u60b2\u60c5\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u5efa\u69cb\u5065\u5eb7\u570b\u9b42\u300d\u7684\u795e\u8a71\u4e0a\u591a\u4f5c\u4e00\u9ede\u5de5\u592b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u80fd\u70ba\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u570b\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ca2\u737b\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5fc3\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6cd5\u5b78\u6df1\u53d7\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fb7\u570b\u5f0f\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u601d\u7dad[9]\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u8108\u7d61\u6975\u7121\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u61b2\u6cd5\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f8\u6cd5\u5be6\u52d9\u628a\u300c\u57fa\u672c\u6b0a\u300d\u558a\u5f97\u93ae\u5929\u50f9\u97ff\uff0c\u4f46\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u53bb\u8108\u7d61\u5316\u7684\u3002\u5404\u7a2e\u4eba\u6b0a\u50cf\u662f\u6191\u7a7a\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u795e\u8aed\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u524d\u56e0\u5f8c\u679c\u8207\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u9802\u591a\u662f\u8aaa\u300c\u5fb7\u570b\uff08\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u300c\u5148\u9032\u570b\u300d\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u2026\u300d\u76f8\u8f03\u8d77\u4f86\uff0cJohnson\u65e2\u6df1\u4e14\u5ee3\u5730\u5206\u6790\u6b77\u53f2\u3001\u5ba2\u89c0\u74b0\u5883\u7b49\u8108\u7d61\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5c0e\u51fa\u4f5c\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6279\u5224\u8207\u5efa\u8b70\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6279\u5224\u53ca\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u9ad4\u800c\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u4e5f\u624d\u5177\u6709\u8faf\u8ad6\u5c0d\u8a71\u7a7a\u9593\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u7684\u843d\u5f8c\u4e5f\u5c31\u7f77\u4e86\uff0c\u66f4\u9ebb\u7169\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u53f0\u7063\u9019\u7a2e\u7a7a\u6d1e\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u9047\u4e0a\u4e86\u73fe\u5be6\u53c8\u6709\u5f37\u5927\u5fc3\u7406\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u672c\u571f\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u6050\u5916\u75c7\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6beb\u7121\u6297\u8861\u4e4b\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u7a7a\u6d1e\u6b0a\u5229\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728\u717d\u52d5\u529b\u4e0a\u8c48\u80fd\u8207\u570b\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76f8\u6bd4\uff1f\u6b20\u7f3a\u6b77\u53f2\u8108\u7d61\u4f5c\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5982\u81ea\u767c\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u6d3b\u751f\u751f\u7684\u300c\u6b67\u8996\u9700\u6c42\u300d\u4f86\u5f97\u672c\u571f\u3001\u5207\u5be6\u800c\u89aa\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c24\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b78\u8005\u6216\u53f8\u6cd5\u5be6\u52d9\u754c\u53ea\u6703\u63f4\u5f15\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u6b77\u53f2\u7406\u89e3\u4f86\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f80\u5f80\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e2d\u7acb\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u537b\u53d7\u9650\u65bc\u672c\u571f\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u505a\u4e86\u5e6b\u5147\u800c\u4e0d\u81ea\u77e5\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u8005\u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\u5b78\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\uff0c\u591a\u559c\u63f4\u5f15\u5fb7\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6b0a\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c07\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u5206\u70ba\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u5b58\u8207\u5c0a\u56b4\u57fa\u672c\u689d\u4ef6\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u751f\u547d\u6b0a\u3001\u4eba\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8a00\u8ad6\u81ea\u7531\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u300c\u570b\u6c11\u6b0a\u300d\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u8cc7\u6e90\u5206\u914d\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u61c9\u512a\u5148\u7d66\u4e88\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u6709\uff09\u8207\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u300d\uff08\u6d89\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u6b0a\u4e4b\u884c\u4f7f\uff0c\u591a\u5c6c\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u50c5\u6709\u672c\u570b\u570b\u6c11\u5f97\u4eab\u6709\uff09\u3002[10]\u4f9d\u6b64\uff0c\u5c1a\u672a\u6b78\u5316\u7684\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4eab\u6709\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002\u5404\u985e\u793e\u6703\u798f\u5229\u3001\u6551\u52a9\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5de5\u4f5c\u6b0a\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u5916\u7c4d\u914d\u5076\u300d\u6709\u6b0a\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u2014\u5c31\u7b97\u6709\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6069\u8cdc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u986f\u7136\u5c0d\u79fb\u6c11\u5f88\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e36\u6709\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u3001\u72f9\u9698\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8272\u5f69\u2014\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5176\u5be6\u5f88\u7a84\u3002\u7136\u800c\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u50f5\u56fa\u7684\u4e09\u5206\u6cd5\u90fd\u9084\u6b20\u7f3a\u53cd\u7701\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u539f\u56e0\u5176\u5be6\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5f15\u9032\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u81ea\u89ba\u5730\u628a\u9019\u500b\u4e09\u5206\u6cd5\u8996\u70ba\u5929\u7d93\u5730\u7fa9\uff0c\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u53bb\u53cd\u7701\u300c\uff08\u5fb7\u570b\u7576\u521d\uff09\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u5206\u300d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u3002\u5f9e\u53f0\u7063\u9019\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5236\u8207\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u8108\u7d61\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\u8207\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u7576\u7136\u90fd\u8207\u300c\u4eba\u6027\u5c0a\u56b4\u300d\u6216\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u5b58\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\u300d\u7121\u6cd5\u812b\u9264\uff01\u6c92\u9322\uff0c\u6c92\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u6c92\u9078\u7968\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u6216\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u80fd\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u8b00\u6709\u5c0a\u56b4\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u55ce\uff1f\u5fb7\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u570b\u65cf\u60f3\u50cf\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65cf\u88d4\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08ethnocentrism\uff09\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u6216\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u6b61\u8fce\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u6b50\u7f8e\u5404\u570b\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u8f03\u4f4e\u7684\u3002[11]\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5716\u50cf\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u61b2\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5916\u4eba\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e0d\u53cb\u5584\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u9084\u8a72\u8d70\u9019\u689d\u8def\u55ce\uff1f\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u500b\u8a72\u53cd\u7701\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u5427\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7a7a\u6d1e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u90fd\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u70ba\u4f55\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\u5883\u7ba1\u6a5f\u95dc\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u57f7\u884c\u975e\u5e38\u56b4\u82db\uff0c\u5408\u61b2\u6027\u8207\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6975\u70ba\u53ef\u7591\u7684\u9a45\u9010\u8655\u5206\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u5730\u8a34\u9858\u5be9\u7406\u6a5f\u95dc\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u90fd\u9bae\u5c11\u906d\u5230\u6311\u6230\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002[12]\u751a\u81f3\u61b2\u6cd5\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u6279\u5224\u4e5f\u76f8\u7576\u7f55\u898b\u3002[13]<\/p>\n

\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u9084\u662fJohnson\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8b66\u8a9e\uff1a\u6b67\u8996\u79fb\u6c11\u3001\u58d3\u8feb\u5916\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u570b\u6c11\u7684\u919c\u60e1\u5fc3\u9748\uff0c\u66f4\u96a8\u6642\u6709\u8457\u56de\u71d2\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u9019\u662f\u6700\u8a72\u63d0\u9192\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u7576\u4f60\u6211\u80fd\u5bb9\u8a31\u653f\u5e9c\u9019\u6a23\u5c0d\u5f85\u300c\u5916\u7c4d\u300d\u7684\u7aae\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u975e\u6211\u65cf\u985e\u300d\uff1b\u59b3\u6211\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u5728\u5bb9\u8a31\u751a\u81f3\u9f13\u52f5\u653f\u5e9c\u9019\u6a23\u5c0d\u5f85\u300c\u6211\u570b\u7c4d\u300d\u7684\u7aae\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u6027\u8207\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff08\u975e\u6f22\u4eba\uff09\u3002\u7576\u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u5201\u96e3\u5916\u7c4d\u6216\u5927\u9678\u914d\u5076\u5165\u5883\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u56e0\u7d30\u6545\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u9a45\u9010\u51fa\u5883\u6642\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u8655\u7f70\u4e86\u5916\u4eba\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5145\u5206\u9ad4\u73fe\u5c0d\u300c\u53f0\u7c4d\u914d\u5076\u300d\u7684\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79fb\u6c11\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u7d55\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u6574\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u58d3\u8feb\u5fc3\u614b\u8207\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6211\u5011\u8a72\u611f\u8b1d\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u7167\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5fc3\u9748\u8207\u9762\u5b54\u662f\u5426\u919c\u60e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u8a72\u5f9e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u53d7\u82e6\u7d93\u9a57\u9a5a\u89ba\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u300d\u7684\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u539f\u4f86\u4ecd\u6709\u9019\u9ebc\u66b4\u8650\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—————-
\n\u3010\u8a3b\u91cb\u3011<\/p>\n

* Kevin R. Johnson, The \u201cHuddled Masses\u201d Myth: Immigration and Civil Rights (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004)<\/p>\n

[1] \u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\u70ba\uff1aGive me your tired, your poor,<\/p>\n

Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,<\/p>\n

The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.<\/p>\n

Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me.<\/p>\n

I lift my lamp beside the golden door!<\/p>\n

[2] 347 U.S. 483 (1954).<\/p>\n

[3] E.g. Military Order of November 13,2001\u2014Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism, 66 Fed. Reg. 57833 (Nov. 16, 2001).<\/p>\n

[4] Kevin Johnson\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u958b\u653e\u7586\u754c\u300d\u7684\u8a73\u7d30\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u53c3\u7167Kevin R. Johnson, Open Borders?, 51 UCLA L. Rev. 193 (2003).<\/p>\n

[5] \u95dc\u65bcCRT\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u5c1a\u4e4f\u6b63\u5f0f\u51fa\u7248\u4e4b\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u53c3\u7167 Dorothy A. Brown, Critical Race Theory: Cases, Materials ad Problems (2003); Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement (1995); Cheryl I. Harris, Critical Race Studies\uff0dAn Introduction, 49 UCLA L. Rev. 1215 (2002).<\/p>\n

[6] See e.g. Symposium, LatCrit Theory: Naming and Launching a New Discourse of Critical Legal Scholarship, 2 Harv. Latino L. Rev. 1 (1997); Francisco Valdes, Afterword\u2014 Theorizing \u201cOutCrit\u201d Theories: Coalitional Method and Comparative Jurisprudential Experience \u2013 RaceCrits, QueerCrits and LatCrits , 53 U. Miami L. Rev. 1265 (1999). See also The Latino Condition: A Critical Reader (Richard Delgado & Jean Stefancic eds. 1998).<\/p>\n

[7] See e.g. Frank H. Wu, Yellow: Race in American Beyond Black and White (2002); Robert S. Chang, Disoriented: Asian Americans, Law, and the Nation-State (1999).<\/p>\n

[8] \u4e09\u5341\u5104\u7684\u5916\u7c4d\u914d\u5076\u7167\u8b77\u57fa\u91d1\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u5730\u5c6c\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u985e\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

[9] \u5fb7\u570b\u5b78\u8005\u5c0d\u5fb7\u570b\u50b3\u7d71\u6cd5\u5b78\u904e\u65bc\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u6279\u5224\u3002Viktor Winkler, Dubious Heritage: The German Debate on the Antidiscrimination Law, 17 Transnat\u2019l & Contempt. Probs. 1007 (2005).<\/p>\n

[10] \u5982\u674e\u60e0\u5b97\uff0c\u300e\u61b2\u6cd5\u8981\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u980182\uff082004 \u4e8c\u7248\uff09\uff1b\u6cd5\u6cbb\u658c\uff06\u8463\u4fdd\u57ce\uff0c\u300e\u61b2\u6cd5\u65b0\u8ad6\u300f\uff0c\u9801148-149\uff082005 \u4e09\u7248\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u7a2e\u5206\u985e\u4e0b\u63d0\u51fa\u66f4\u7d30\u81a9\u5f48\u6027\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u8005\uff0c\u898b\u9673\u65b0\u6c11\uff0c\u300e\u61b2\u6cd5\u5b78\u91cb\u8ad6\u300f\uff0c\u9801134-141\uff082005 \u4e94\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

[11] See Riva Kastoryano, Negotiating Identities: States and Immigrants in France and Germany (Barbara Harshav trans. 2002); Challenge to the Nation-State: Immigration in Western Europe and the United States (Christian Joppke ed. 1998).<\/p>\n

[12] \u53f0\u5317\u5e02\u8a34\u9858\u5be9\u8b70\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u57282006 \u5e74\u4e00\u6708\u4e94\u65e5\u4f5c\u6210\u7684\u300c\u5e9c\u8a34\u5b57\u7b2c09426201800\u865f\u300d\u8a34\u9858\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u8b66\u65b9\u672a\u9644\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5c31\u5c07\u300c\u975e\u6cd5\u6253\u5de5\u300d\u7684\u5927\u9678\u914d\u5076\u5f37\u5236\u51fa\u5883\uff0c\u6709\u9055\u53cd\u6bd4\u4f8b\u539f\u5247\u4e4b\u865e\uff0c\u800c\u64a4\u92b7\u5f37\u5236\u51fa\u5883\u8655\u5206\u3002\u662f\u5c11\u898b\u7684\u300c\u76f8\u5c0d\u9032\u6b65\u300d\u5be6\u52d9\u898b\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u2014\u8a55\u4ecbKevin R. 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