{"id":1249,"date":"2010-12-18T15:51:30","date_gmt":"2010-12-18T07:51:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/?p=1249"},"modified":"2021-01-12T22:18:13","modified_gmt":"2021-01-12T14:18:13","slug":"%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e5%ac%8c%e8%b2%b4%ef%bc%9a%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e6%b2%bb%e7%90%86%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e7%9a%84%e6%84%9f%e6%80%a7%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%85%bc%e5%9b%9e%e6%87%89%e9%9c%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/2010\/12\/%e6%96%87%e6%98%8e%e5%8f%8a%e5%85%b6%e5%ac%8c%e8%b2%b4%ef%bc%9a%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83%e6%b2%bb%e7%90%86%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e7%9a%84%e6%84%9f%e6%80%a7%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e5%85%bc%e5%9b%9e%e6%87%89%e9%9c%8d\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6587\u660e\u53ca\u5176\u5b0c\u8cb4\uff1a\u5168\u7403\u6cbb\u7406\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u611f\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u517c\u56de\u61c9\u970d\u7c73\u5df4\u5df4"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"color: 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Elias\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u300a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u9032\u7a0b\u300b\uff08<em>The Civilizing Process<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u4ed6\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u964d\uff0c\u5931\u52e2\u7684\u8cb4\u65cf\u968e\u5c64\u548c\u65b0\u8208\u7684\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u5c64\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5bae\u5ef7\u793e\u6703\u88e1\u900f\u904e\u65b0\u79ae\u8c8c\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5b0c\u8cb4\u6c23\u8cea\u9032\u884c\u76f8\u4e92\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ee5\u6587\u660e\u4f86\u95e1\u91cb\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u512a\u52e2\uff0c\u70ba\u9010\u6f38\u978f\u56fa\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u7d71\u4e00\u653f\u6b0a\u6e96\u5099\u4e86\u5e73\u548c\u81ea\u88fd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u6211\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u5012\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u6bb5\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u6587\u660e\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u9010\u6b65\u5167\u5316\u4e86\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u654f\u92b3\u7684\u9867\u5fcc\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u8a55\u65b7\u76ee\u5149\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u7684\u5c0d\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u5341\u5206\u5b0c\u8cb4\u7684\u611f\u5230\u7f9e\u6065\u3001\u96e3\u582a\uff1a\u770b\u898b\u6c61\u7a62\u5c31\u63a9\u8d77\u9f3b\u5b50\u3001\u5225\u904e\u982d\u53bb\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u6027\u611b\u5834\u9762\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u7f9e\u6065\u5641\u5fc3\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u7684\u666f\u8c61\u64da\u8aaa\u90fd\u6703\u4f7f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u53d7\u5230\u9707\u52d5\u9a5a\u5687\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u770b\u96fb\u8996\u65b0\u805e\u7bc0\u76ee\uff0c\u4e0d\u6642\u5c31\u6703\u807d\u5230\u64ad\u5831\u54e1\u8aaa\u67d0\u67d0\u666f\u8c61\u300c\u5687\u58de\u4e86\u300d\u7fa4\u773e\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u975e\u5e38\u6232\u5287\u5316\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u6703\u6697\u793a\u4e3b\u9ad4\u61c9\u8a72\u64c1\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u5b0c\u8cb4\u611f\uff08\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u5687\u58de\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u5011\u9010\u6f38\u990a\u6210\u654f\u611f\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\uff0c\u6642\u6642\u90fd\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\u907f\u958b\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u7269\u6216\u8209\u6b62\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9023\u807d\u5230\u3001\u60f3\u5230\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u4e0d\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5982\u679c\u6587\u660e\u53ea\u662f\u6d88\u6975\u7684\u8ff4\u907f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5834\u666f\u6216\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u968e\u7d1a\u69cb\u6210\u5b83\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u5c31\u7b97\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u611f\u6027\uff08sensibility\uff09\u2500\u2500\u9019\u500b\u88ab\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5bb9\u6613\u7f9e\u6065\u3001\u96e3\u582a\u3001\u4e0d\u5b89\u3001\u53d7\u9a5a\u3001\u6fc0\u52d5\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u7d50\u69cb\u2500\u2500\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u52d5\u54e1\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u501f\u7528\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5f37\u52e2\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u6392\u9664\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u9a5a\u52d5\u5b83\u7684\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6de8\u5316\u793e\u6703\u3001\u6392\u9664\u7570\u5df1\u7684\u529b\u9053\u4e86\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8209\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u5a66\u5973\u5718\u9ad4\u63a8\u52d5\u8a2d\u7f6e\u7684\u53cd\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u6cd5\u5f8b\u539f\u672c\u662f\u8981\u4fdd\u969c\u5a66\u5973\u5728\u8077\u5834\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5275\u9020\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u53cb\u5584\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u537b\u88ab\u5404\u7a2e\u5a66\u5973\u5718\u9ad4\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff08state-feminists\uff09\u5927\u529b\u5efa\u69cb\u4e26\u5f37\u5316\u5973\u6027\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5b0c\u8cb4\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u6700\u5f37\u52e2\u7684\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u9632\u6cbb\uff0c\u4e5f\u9f13\u52f5\u5973\u6027\u96a8\u6642\u8a34\u6c42\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u4f60\u5728\u6211\u9762\u524d\u8b1b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u9ec3\u8272\u7b11\u8a71\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u544a\u4f60\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\uff1b\u4f60\u7a7f\u8457\u7dca\u8eab\u904b\u52d5\u8932\u5728\u6211\u9762\u524d\u7d93\u904e\uff0c\u8de8\u4e0b\u7684\u7a81\u51fa\u8b93\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u4f60\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u4f60\u76ef\u8457\u6211\u770b\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u4f60\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\uff1b\u6700\u8fd1\u9084\u6709\u65b0\u805e\u8aaa\u4e00\u500b\u5c0f\u516d\u7537\u5b78\u751f\u805e\u4e86\u805e\u5973\u540c\u5b78\u7684\u982d\u9aee\u8aaa\u5f88\u9999\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u4e5f\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u3002<strong>\u9019\u500b\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u6d41\u884c\u800c\u666e\u904d\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u300d\u611f\uff08discomfort\uff09\u65bc\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u9580\u574e\uff08threshold of affect\uff09\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u6539\u9020\u5973\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u60c5\u64cd\uff0c\u5fb5\u53ec\u5979\u5011\u6210\u70ba\u5de1\u908f\u6de8\u5316\u793e\u6703\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u5f37\u5927\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u8457\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f8c\u76fe\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u904e\u53bb\u88ab\u7576\u6210\u7c97\u9b6f\u7684\uff08rude\uff09\u3001\u6c92\u54c1\u7684\uff08bad taste\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u96c5\u7684\uff08indecency\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u61c2\u79ae\u8c8c\u7684\uff08impolite\uff09\u6240\u6709\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u6216\u8209\u6b62\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u90fd\u88ab\u7576\u6210\u89f8\u72af\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u96a8\u6642\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u8d77\u8a34\u8a1f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u88ab\u56b4\u5cfb\u8655\u7406\u3002\u6587\u660e\u8207\u5426\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u5834\u8207\u5426\u7684\u5224\u51c6\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c<strong>\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u627f\u64d4\u9019\u500b\u60c5\u611f\u9580\u574e\u5b88\u9580\u54e1\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6b64\u523b\u5728\u88ab\u5efa\u69cb\u4e2d\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u5973\u6027\uff1a\u4f5c\u70ba\u6587\u660e\u5316\u9032\u7a0b\u4e2d\u71b1\u5207\u5e0c\u671b\u900f\u904e\u54c1\u5473\u548c\u98a8\u683c\u4f86\u63d0\u5347\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5c0d\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u5f80\u5f80\u8868\u793a\u975e\u5e38\u654f\u611f\u3001\u5168\u9762\u62b5\u6297\u3001\u56b4\u6b63\u6253\u64ca\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u9084\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5929\u751f\u6bcd\u8077\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u65bc\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u97ff\u5152\u7ae5\u3001\u5e36\u58de\u5c0f\u5b69\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u611f\u89ba\u6709\u7fa9\u61a4\u61c9\u8a72\u5927\u529b\u6d88\u6ec5<\/strong>\u3002\u8981\u662f\u6709\u5973\u6027\u9762\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5834\u666f\u7adf\u7136\u6c92\u611f\u89ba\u3001\u4e0d\u97ff\u61c9\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\u3001\u662f\u300c\u88ab\u7236\u6b0a\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6d17\u4e86\u8166\u300d\uff0c\u58ae\u843d\u4e86\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u88ab\u5efa\u69cb\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u660e\u986f\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u67d0\u7a2e\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5973\u6027\u548c\u5979\u5011\u8868\u9054\u5176\u968e\u7d1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6642\u6240\u5c55\u73fe\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\u4f86\u60f3\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u5404\u4f4d\u5df2\u7d93\u807d\u51fa\u6211\u60f3\u8981\u8b1b\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\uff0c<strong>\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u540c\u6642\u8a95\u751f\u7684\u6587\u660e\u2500\u2500civility\u5df2\u7d93\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u6df1\u690d\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u88e1\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u898f\u7bc4\u7fd2\u4fd7\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u5bb6\u5ead\u6559\u990a\u3001\u5b78\u6821\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5167\u6db5\uff0c\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u548c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u8a55\u50f9\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\uff0c\u4e5f\u7d66\u4e88\u6211\u5011\u5f7c\u6b64\u79ae\u8c8c\u76f8\u5f85\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u8655\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u7136\u800c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u6587\u660e\uff08civility\uff09\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\u6b63\u5728\u626e\u6f14\u6bd4\u6559\u5316\u66f4\u70ba\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u50cf\u6027\u5225\u4e3b\u6d41\u5316\uff08gender mainstreaming\uff09\u90a3\u6a23\u5168\u9762\u7684\u5b8c\u5099\u5316\u6cd5\u5f8b\u689d\u6587\u548c\u57f7\u6cd5\uff08legal codification and 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style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Prof. Bhabha:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Thank you, thank you very much for your comment. It\u300fs very interesting to hear about Taiwan and this new kind of new Puritanism which I didn\u300ft know about. When I was in Taiwan, one of the things that surprised me was the betel nut women and I didn\u300ft understand what on Earth was going on because I was driving to different campuses. These women dressed in negligees were coming out to sell Beatle-nuts and initially I couldn\u300ft understand. Was this some sort of sex thing or it wasn\u300ft? But I was reassured they weren\u300ft, they were actually selling betel nut. I thought why do they have to wear lingerie to sell betel nuts? Well I was told it was the tradition. I thought it was pretty liberating, these women were not to be read as being in the sex-trade at all. They were selling betel nuts dressed in lingerie. So I\u300fm disappointed to realize there\u300fs this new Puritanism in Taiwan.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u4f55\u6625\u8564<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u300cLingerie has been outlawed from the betel nut stands.\u300d\u6027\u611f\u7761\u8863\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u5728\u6ab3\u6994\u6524\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Prof. Bhabha:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Oh dear, I haven\u300ft been there recently. I think this would made things much less interesting. Let me just say a few things. One I don\u300ft agree statelessness, migrations, refugees, genocide all the issues that I talked about as being part of the other side of civility are indeed national issues, because in a way they are profoundly trans-national. To be a refugee means you have been expelled, the whole status of refugee is wholly controlled forms of international laws so this is not issues of national jurisdiction, but issues of international jurisdiction. Even the settlement of refugees in countries is only partially a national issue. So I would just like to clarify that all those issues I talked about are indeed issues of global governance or global mis-governance, they\u300fre global movements. Now the issues that I don\u300ft understand, just simply don\u300ft understand the basis on which the kinds of things you\u300fve mentioned, you know the one where one neighbor screams at another and that becomes a legal issue, I just don\u300ft know the whole process. I think that after this session is over we can have a discussion. Of course as you know, in the United States there was a hate speech movement and a number of my very close friends have written at great length about hate speech. It\u300fs difficult, all these are matters of degree. The examples you give of someone in Parliament calling another person a filthy dog or a stray cat or a rabid cow, in India this happens all the time in the Parliament and you have people jump from one end to the other and beat up the other person. And you know I\u300fm not suggesting that that\u300fs the way Parliamentary debate should take place but it doesn\u300ft create the same issue. What I think about the issues that you\u300fve raised, a very significant issue, is something in my work I take very seriously, which is the notion of effect on politics. People are so obsessed with the notion of political rationality that the whole nature of effect on politics is often dissent. This is something I take very seriously, but not in these instances. But I think that\u300fs a very important point and how to create a kind of equitable, legal instrument to deal with effective violations is an open question but an important one. When I talked about civility I was not talking about at all in the context of is it good manners or good customers. That\u300fs why I talked about the ethics instead of normative morality and that\u300fs why I stress my issue was really the ethical nature. My notion of civility was much more embedded in the concept of civil society and when it\u300fs embedded in the concept of civil society then you begin to understand all the examples I gave very much came out of civil society, that\u300fs why I talked about citizenship or governance of that kind. Not only citizenship but also the civil treatment of aliens is extremely important. So thereby I think we\u300fll be talking about something rather different where civility in your sense, you\u300fre quite right, is deeply part of bourgeois moral norms that\u300fs why you have gender mainstreaming or that\u300fs why you can have certain class-based misrepresentations of people based on how they speak. For example the accent they have. England is of course a very important country for this. If you pronounce the English language in a certain way you\u300fre immediately considered to either be part of a much less educated group, you can lose a job, or you can not be interviewed. You know so that concept, I accept. It\u300fs my understanding in the kind of ambivalence that had more to do with civil society and civil society as the center. I think as globalization becomes more important, the more important civil society becomes because I believe without that notion of civil society, it\u300fs very difficult to create judicial and ethical norms on an ethically global level. I think it becomes very difficult. So I think civil society with everything it encounters, civil society after all is not about consensus. It\u300fs about the management of dissent and how you deal with it as I said in my lecture. Civil society is not about the majority, it is very sensitive to how you can have groups that are asymmetrical and you how are able to think about that and include that in some sense of commonality. Civil society is often, it protects the best things of the state and it is the most critical about the nation state itself. Civil society is in my view important, because very often when the state comes down on people, the organizations of civil society are the ones that fight back against the state.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u4f55\u6625\u8564\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u300cCan I respond to that?\u300d \u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u4e00\u9ede\u56de\u61c9\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Prof. Bhabha:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u300cSure\u300d<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u4f55\u6625\u8564<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>While you place great value on the existence of the civil society, I must remind you that all these things, all these conservative legislations that just came into place in Taiwan in the name of civility, were all instituted with the help of certain conservative civil society organizations.\u00a0 In other words, civil society can no longer be treated as a unified beneficent whole. \u60a8\u53ef\u80fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u8457\u6975\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0\u9192\uff0c\u6211\u525b\u624d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u4ee5\u300c\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u540d\u300d\u800c\u8a2d\u7f6e\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u65b0\u6cd5\u898f\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u67d0\u4e9b\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u5718\u9ad4\u6240\u7a4d\u6975\u63a8\u52d5\u7684\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7576\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u5584\u610f\u6574\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Prof. Bhabha:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>That maybe so in Taiwan, but I\u300fm not talking about Taiwan. I\u300fm talking about the concept of civil society. If civil society imprisons people for neighborhood disputes, then there\u300fs something very wrong within those civil institutions. Because what they should be doing is saying nobody likes to be abused and live next to abusive neighbors. I know from my own personal experience that living next to an abusive neighbor may seem like a very small thing but everyday to go home and feel that there is somebody living next to you who doesn\u300ft have your well-being in mind is a very undermining thing, it\u300fs not a very small thing. But there have to be ways of dealing with this, I think they should be dealt with, there should be groups or formations to deal with it. But you know there are abuses of all sorts of systems. We know Communism systems which abused Marx. We know liberal systems that abused the ideas of John Stewart Mill. That doesn\u300ft mean we can\u300ft make a distinction between the two. So I think civil society is a very convenient way of defending yourself from the excesses of the state while maintaining as best you can the best things about communal life. Finally I\u300fd like to say the issue of global governance is something I\u300fm very interested in and the impetus of the book and the paper has something very much to do with it. Unfortunately I think something that those who are even in the leadership of global governance recognize that global governance is a great aspiration but often it doesn\u300ft have the teeth the International Criminal Court does not have the teeth to arrest people as we\u300fve seen. The UN, which is the main international architecture, cannot budge because in the Security Council, people will not vote for it. So I think the idea as I cherish it too of global governance is extremely important but on the other hand at the moment we have to acknowledge its weakness. We have to do everything we can to strengthen it and I believe what is now called international society, NGOs, etc. can actually strengthen it. I come from India originally, a country where there\u300fs a huge NGO culture but one of the leading journalists wrote a good book called Every NGO Loves a Good Family. As much as I come from a culture of support human rights, I think you have to think about what\u300fs happening in governance where there\u300fre so many NGOs. Often in a state many of them have funding bodies, how we actually also have some sort of supervision and regulation around NGOs is actually very important, and I don\u300ft think we have very effective regulations of NGOs party because it\u300fs so liberating to feel that people are so idealistic who would put their money into Pushrah??? It is so enlightening to feel that. But I think it comes at a certain cost and if you want to strengthen it as I do international civil societies I think the important thing is to be realistic about where it is and what it is doing.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u4f55\u6625\u8564\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u300cMaybe that\u300fs one of the differences between us: I do not wish to strengthen the global civil society because I have seen global society eating itself up by joining hands with the government in creating more legislations to act as forms of social control.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0To posit civil society as a necessarily progressive democratic force against authoritarian or totalitarian state power overlooks the unequal power within the civil society and the exclusive effect of \u300ccivility\u300d or \u300ccitizenship.\u300d\u00a0 Civil society is neither neutral nor innocent in power; in fact, the rise of powerful NGOs collaborating with the state has led to policies that work against immigrants or sexual-marginals.\u00a0 The Christian conservative groups, very big NGOs, are now pushing for abstinence education in China and very conservative legislation in Taiwan. So I think when we talk about the term \u300ccivil society,\u300d we need to put that term on the question stand.\u300d \u53ef\u80fd\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4f60\u6211\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c<strong>\u6211\u4e26\u4e0d\u60f3\u5f37\u5316\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5168\u7403\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u89aa\u773c\u898b\u5230\u5168\u7403\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u9023\u624b\u88fd\u9020\u66f4\u591a\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u65b0\u6cd5\u898f\u4f5c\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u5b9a\u516c\u6c11\u5718\u9ad4\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u6297\u5a01\u6b0a\u6975\u6b0a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u6c11\u4e3b\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u8868\u793a\u6211\u5011\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u5167\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u50cf\u300c\u6587\u660e\u300d\u548c\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u300d\u9019\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6392\u4ed6\u6027<\/strong>\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u5728\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u7acb\u6216\u7d14\u6f54\u7684\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u8a31\u591a\u5927\u578b\u7684\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7d44\u7e54\u6b63\u5728\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u5e9c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u5c0d\u79fb\u6c11\u6216\u6027\u908a\u7de3\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u58eb\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u653f\u7b56\ufe54\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u5927\u578b\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5718\u9ad4\u4e5f\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u63a8\u52d5\u5b88\u8c9e\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u63a8\u52d5\u5404\u7a2e\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u8aaa\u5230\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u771f\u7684\u9700\u8981\u628a\u9019\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u653e\u5728\u6aa2\u9a57\u53f0\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Prof. Bhabha:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u300cIt depends on what you say, sure if they are collusive with the state, which is exactly what a civil society is not meant to doing, and my concept of civil society is very much based on Groundchief\u300fs ???? work, a civil society is not meant to be co-opted by the state, then it is no longer playing a critical role of civil society. But I think the fundamental difference made between us maybe that I do believe in some sort of democratic representative regulation. I believe that alterity itself has a regulatory mode. It is not just the proliferation of otherness. To me the proliferation of otherness loses its power. The whole point is how to use otherness or alterity or self-alienation or self questioning to make an intervention. So I think that maybe the difference, a civil society not functioning as a civil society is no longer a civil society. It is something else, it maybe a corrupt one, or a decadent one, or a corrupt one. Of course if it colludes with the national government then clearly it\u300fs not playing its role. I think the whole issue of politics and you can use it as true of Communism or Democracy or Liberalism is to see how it\u300fs balanced. It\u300fs a work in progress. Just because you have Democratic institutions, that doesn\u300ft mean you have Democracy. Just because you have voted that doesn\u300ft mean you have Democracy. In India we know this, today in the global world, it makes so much profit to be gained from India, that it makes people talk about India as the greatest Democracy. Yes, formal Democracy is different from real Democracy. Formally India is a democracy and yes it had great moments when Mrs. Gandhi lost her seat because she imposed a totalitarian rule. It\u300fs easy for Western and other countries to say India is a great Democracy, however, when you put it under a microscope and look at the roles of the everyday people, look at the people whose sexual choices are different. When you see that and the level of corruption, when you see the level of police intervention, when you think of Kashmir, there are more military personnel there than there have ever been. Then you can see people celebrate other people\u300fs democracies because it suits them financially so I believe that all these issues continually have to be critiqued. That\u300fs why I talked about ethical and political vigilance, we cannot just leave it to formal institutions. That\u300fs the true role of civil societies.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u4f55\u6625\u8564\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u300cI guess you are using the term civil society mostly as a normative term: what it should be like, rather than focusing on what it really does in actual social conditions.\u00a0 I also have problem with the term you used, \u300edemocratic representative regulation.\u300f \u00a0Representation itself entails exclusivity (who are to be represented? Who can represent who?)\u00a0 And democracy, as a structure formed in historical process, often affirms existing distributions of power.\u00a0 These are all problematic, and, who\u300fs going to design and impose regulation anyway?\u00a0 How do we keep it from becoming another populist demonstration of \u300emajority rules\u300f?\u00a0 \u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u60a8\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u628a\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u7576\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u7684\u8a9e\u8a5e\u4f86\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u60a8\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5b83\u300c\u61c9\u8a72\u300d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5177\u9ad4\u53bb\u770b\u5b83\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\u5230\u5e95\u5982\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u6211\u5c0d\u60a8\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4ee3\u8b70\u5f0f\u7ba1\u5236\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u6709\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ee3\u8b70\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u6392\u4ed6\uff08\u8ab0\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\uff1f\u8ab0\u4ee3\u8868\u8ab0\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u914d\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\uff0c\u518d\u8aaa\uff0c\u8ab0\u4f86\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e26\u57f7\u884c\u7ba1\u5236\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u8981\u600e\u6a23\u907f\u514d\u5b83\u6dea\u843d\u6210\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u7cb9\u4e3b\u7fa9\u80af\u5b9a\u300c\u591a\u6578\u610f\u898b\u5c31\u662f\u738b\u9053\u300d\u7684\u5834\u57df\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Prof. Bhabha:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u300cIf you do not have a system of representation and regulation, the best you can have. Then you just basically leave it to how individuals or groups would interpret for themselves what they should be doing, and I don\u300ft think that\u300fs a satisfactory issue. I think you should have as rigorous, as generous, as democratic forms of regulation as you can have. But I don\u300ft think unregulated economies or unregulated societies or indeed unregulated groups are the best way to think about it. That\u300fs the real issue: how do you create regulation that is equitable and yet function. I think that\u300fs really the problem of politics. Thank you very much.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: 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