{"id":2285,"date":"2015-11-21T15:32:40","date_gmt":"2015-11-21T07:32:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/?p=2285"},"modified":"2016-12-10T09:55:32","modified_gmt":"2016-12-10T01:55:32","slug":"%e9%85%b7%e5%85%92%e5%8d%b1%e5%8d%b1%e6%ac%b2%e5%a2%9c%e8%88%87%e5%90%8c%e5%bf%97%e5%af%8c%e8%a3%95%e7%a5%9e%e8%a9%b1%ef%bc%88%e7%bf%bb%e8%ad%af%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/2015\/11\/%e9%85%b7%e5%85%92%e5%8d%b1%e5%8d%b1%e6%ac%b2%e5%a2%9c%e8%88%87%e5%90%8c%e5%bf%97%e5%af%8c%e8%a3%95%e7%a5%9e%e8%a9%b1%ef%bc%88%e7%bf%bb%e8%ad%af%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u9177\u5152\u5371\u5371\u6b32\u589c\u8207\u540c\u5fd7\u5bcc\u88d5\u795e\u8a71\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"\uff08Amber Hollibaugh\u8207Margot Weiss\u539f\u8457\uff0c\u4f55\u6625\u8564\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u539f\u6587\u520a\u767b\u65bcNew Labor Forum<\/a>\uff0c<\/em>2015\u5e749\u6708\u7b2c\u00a024\u671f18-27\u9801\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6587\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u82e6\u52de\u7db22015\u5e7412\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4f5c\u70baAmber\u4e8c\u5ea6\u8a2a\u53f0\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u6e96\u5099\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Amber Hollibaugh<\/strong>\uff08\u8377\u5b89\u67cf\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7d10\u7d04\u54e5\u502b\u6bd4\u4e9e\u5927\u5b78\u5df4\u7d0d\u5fb7\u5b78\u9662\u5973\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8cc7\u6df1\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff0c\u8457\u6709My Dangerous Desires: A Queer Girl Dreaming Her Way Home<\/em>\uff0c\u662f\u5973\u6027\u60c5\u617e\u548c\u611b\u6ecb\u98a8\u96aa\u7d00\u9304\u7247The Heart of the Matter<\/em>\u7684\u5c0e\u6f14\uff0c\u672c\u7247\u66fe\u7372\u5f97\u65e5\u821e\u96fb\u5f71\u7bc0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8868\u73fe\u734e\u3002\u8377\u5b89\u67cf\u662f\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u4efd\u5b50\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u5bb6\u3001\u516c\u5171\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u3001\u793e\u7fa4\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u9177\u5152\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b63\u7fa9\u300d\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u6210\u54e1\u548c\u524d\u57f7\u884c\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n

Margot Weiss<\/strong>\u662fWesleyan University\u7f8e\u570b\u7814\u7a76\u8207\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\u3002\u51fa\u7248Techniques of Pleasure: BDSM and the Circuits of Sexuality<\/em>\u00a0(Duke University Press, 2011)\u5c08\u66f8\uff0c\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u95dc\u665a\u671f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u9177\u5152\u904b\u52d5\u3001\u5de6\u7ffc\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u548c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6b63\u5728\u5beb\u7b2c\u4e8c\u672c\u66f8\uff0c\u63a2\u8a0e\u5317\u7f8e\u5de6\u7ffc\u904b\u52d5\u4efd\u5b50\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u5371\u5371\u6b32\u589c\u5e74\u4ee3\u88e1\u7684\u6fc0\u9032\u653f\u6cbb\u60f3\u50cf\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u540c\u5fd7\u904b\u52d5\u5c0d\u65bc\u5a5a\u59fb\u5e73\u6b0a\u7684\u5c08\u6ce8\uff0c\u6563\u64ad\u4e86\u7537\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u751f\u6d3b\u7121\u865e\u7684\u795e\u8a71<\/strong>\u3002\u9019\u500b\u653f\u6cbb\u7b56\u7565\u628a\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u8ca7\u7aae\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u8b70\u984c\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u908a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5c0d\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9032\u884c\u6279\u5224\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u4eba\u7fa4\u65bc\u662f\u5f88\u5178\u578b\u7684\u88ab\u63cf\u7e6a\u6210\u6536\u5165\u4e0d\u932f\u7684\u5bcc\u88d5\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u9019\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u5e38\u614b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u540c\u5fd7\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u53e3\u9084\u662f\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u3001\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u5f31\u52e2\u5973\u6027\u3001\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\uff0c\u7d42\u65e5\u52aa\u529b\u627e\u5c0b\u5de5\u4f5c\u6216\u8005\u596e\u529b\u4fdd\u4f4f\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u61c9\u4ed8\u990a\u6d3b\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5bb6\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u9700[1]<\/a>\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u537b\u4e0d\u88ab\u4e3b\u6d41\u540c\u5fd7\u904b\u52d5\u4eba\u58eb\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u6240\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5c6c\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u3001\u52de\u5de5\u904b\u52d5\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u8a8d\u77e5\u3002\u540c\u5fd7\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u795e\u8a71\u5c0d\u7d44\u7e54\u5de5\u4eba\u904b\u52d5\u800c\u8a00\u7279\u5225\u4e0d\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5e95\u5c64\u4f4e\u85aa\u90e8\u9580\u88e1\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\uff0c\u5bcc\u88d5\u795e\u8a71\u6703\u4f7f\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u6839\u672c\u770b\u4e0d\u898b\u81ea\u5df1\u771f\u6b63\u61c9\u8a72\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u9177\u5152\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u8b70\u984c\u96b1\u5f62\uff0c\u66f4\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u8077\u5834\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u6536\u5bb9\u6240\u3001\u8857\u982d\u3001\u793e\u5340\u88e1\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5bb3\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u88e1\u9084\u6642\u6642\u9762\u5c0d\u6050\u540c\u548c\u6050\u8de8\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u8207\u884c\u52d5\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u8aaa\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u795e\u8a71\u4f7f\u5f97\u540c\u5fd7\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u52de\u5de5\u904b\u52d5\u90fd\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u9177\u5152<\/strong>\u5371\u5371\u6b32\u589c\u73fe\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8cc7\u8a0a\u4e26\u975e\u65b0\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8001\u5f0f\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u7121\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8907\u96dc\u591a\u5143\u7684\u6027\u5225\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7e54\u3001\u5f7c\u6b64\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u9177\u5152\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u64ca\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u7d44\u7e54\u7b56\u7565\u5c31\u662f\u52aa\u529b\u589e\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u547d\u540d\u548c\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7537\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u9177\u5152\u3001\u9ed1\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u6027\u3001\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u3001\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\u7b49\u7b49\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u5207\u5be6\u7406\u89e3\u5176\u9593\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u72c0\u614b\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u6839\u672c\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u662f\u5426\u6703\u63a5\u53d7\u6216\u8005\u6703\u62d2\u7d55\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u9ad4\u7d44\u7e54\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5404\u7a2e\u904b\u52d5\u7d44\u7e54\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5b78\u7fd2\u8a8d\u8b58\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\uff0c\u601d\u8003\u5982\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\u4f86\u548c\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u7fa4\u5c0d\u8a71\u3002\u9177\u5152\u5dee\u7570\u662f\u50b7\u5bb3\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u958b\u7aef\u3002\u4e0d\u8a8d\u6e05\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u4f7f\u5f97\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u7fa4\u96b1\u5f62\u4e0d\u898b\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u596e\u529b\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6210\u70ba\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u4e0a\u7684\u9b3c\u9b45\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u8106\u5f31\uff1a\u8ab0\u662f\u5371\u5371\u6b32\u589c\u7684\u9177\u5152\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u81f3\u5c11\u5f9e1990\u5e74\u4e2d\u8449\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u9177\u5152\u548c\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u7684\u4eba\u7fa4\u8981\u6bd4\u7570\u6027\u6200\u6216\u6027\u5225\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u7537\u5973\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u6210\u70ba\u5f31\u52e2[3]<\/a>\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u4e2d\u7522\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u90fd\u6703\u88e1\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5b50\u5973\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u53e3\u666e\u67e5\u548c\u84cb\u6d1b\u666e\u7684\u6c11\u8abf\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u7fa4\u5728\u7a2e\u65cf\u548c\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e0a\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u53e3\u66f4\u70ba\u99c1\u96dc\uff1a33%\u540c\u5fd7\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\uff0c\u6210\u5e74\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\u5927\u7d04\u6709\u8d85\u904e90\u842c\u662f\u540c\u5fd7\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u5728\u5730\u7406\u5206\u5e03\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5f88\u5206\u6563\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u540c\u5fd7\u5728\u66ff\u89aa\u4eba\u64ab\u990a\u6216\u7167\u9867\u5b50\u5973[4]<\/a>\u3002\u800c\u6301\u7e8c\u5728\u5c45\u4f4f\u3001\u5c31\u696d\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5065\u4fdd\u4e0a\u627f\u53d7\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u5404\u7a2e\u9a37\u64fe\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u548c\u6311\u91c1\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u652f\u63f4\u5341\u5206\u8584\u5f31\uff0c\u96a8\u6642\u53ef\u80fd\u505c\u6b62\u2500\u2500\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u5408\u7a2e\u65cf\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u53cd\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u7fa4\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u9677\u5165\u7d93\u6fdf\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9177\u5152\u3001\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u3001\u8207\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u5728\u5bb6\u88e1\u548c\u5b78\u6821\u90fd\u6703\u9762\u5c0d\u6b67\u8996\u548c\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u65b7\u627f\u53d7\u9738\u51cc\u3001\u9a37\u64fe\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u5c0d\u5f85\u3001\u6027\u8650\u5f85\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8868\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6c23\u8cea\u30022009\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c80%\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u540c\u5fd7\u548c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u5b78\u751f\u66fe\u7d93\u53d7\u5230\u8a00\u8a9e\u9a37\u64fe\uff0c33-54%\u66fe\u906d\u9047\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b[5]<\/a>\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6975\u9ad8\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0890%\uff09\u7684\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u53d7\u5230\u5305\u62ec\u4f86\u81ea\u6821\u5167\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u54e1\u7684\u9a37\u64fe\u548c\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u534a\u6578\u4ee5\u4e0a\u66fe\u7d93\u53d7\u5230\u80a2\u9ad4\u9a37\u64fe\uff0c\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5728\u5b78\u6821\u906d\u9047\u80a2\u9ad4\u653b\u64ca[6]<\/a>\u3002\u6821\u5712\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u9a37\u64fe\u4e0d\u4f46\u5a01\u8105\u5230\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7684\u5b78\u696d\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4e5f\u8feb\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u9003\u8ab2\u751a\u81f3\u8f1f\u5b78\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u9020\u6210\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u65e5\u5f8c\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u7a69\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u4e00\u30022011\u5e74\u7684\u5168\u7f8e\u7d71\u8a08\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u64c1\u6709\u9ad8\u4e2d\u6587\u6191\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u5728\u5e74\u85aa\u4e0a\u8981\u6bd4\u6c92\u6709\u6587\u6191\u7684\u4eba\u9ad8\u51fa\u7f8e\u91d17840\u5143\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6bd4\u5927\u5b78\u7562\u696d\u751f\u5c11\u4e8627390\u5143[7]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u8981\u596e\u529b\u627e\u5230\u597d\u98ef\u7897\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6559\u80b2\u969c\u7919\u5247\u4f7f\u5f97\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u6210\u5e74\u5f8c\u5f88\u96e3\u627e\u5230\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f4\u7cdf\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u7fa4\u9762\u5c0d\u7f6a\u5211\u5316\u548c\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u6821\u5712\u88e1\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u898f\u8a13\u548c\u61f2\u7f70\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u505c\u5b78\u548c\u9000\u5b78\uff09\u7e3d\u662f\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u5c07\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7f6a\u72af\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u548c\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u7684\u5973\u5b69\uff08\u5f8c\u8005\u906d\u9047\u6821\u65b9\u884c\u653f\u4eba\u54e1\u56b4\u53b2\u7ba1\u6559\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8981\u6bd4\u660e\u986f\u7570\u6027\u6200\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u9ad8\u51fa\u4e09\u500d\uff09[8]<\/a>\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u548c\u9177\u5152\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u56e0\u70ba\u88ab\u539f\u751f\u5bb6\u5ead\u62d2\u65a5\u800c\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78\uff0c\u904a\u6c11\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u4e2d\u670940%\u662f\u9177\u5152\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53c8\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e[9]<\/a>\u3002\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u548c\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u7684\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u5728\u5c11\u5e74\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4f54\u4e86\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u5e7e\u905413-15%\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u6709\u5c07\u8fd130\u842c\u540c\u5fd7\u548c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u88ab\u6355\u6216\u88ab\u62d8\u7559\uff08\u5176\u4e2d60%\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u6216\u62c9\u4e01\u88d4\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u843d\u5165\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u300c\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u525d\u596a\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\uff0c\u53ea\u56e0\u5176\u6027\u50be\u5411\u3001\u6027\u5225\u8a8d\u540c\u3001\u6216\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u5c31\u88ab\u6b78\u985e\u70ba\u6027\u504f\u5dee\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5224\u70ba\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u300d\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u57f7\u6cd5\u4eba\u54e1\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u53f8\u6cd5\u4eba\u54e1\u6642\u4e5f\u5e38\u5e38\u906d\u53d7\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u66f4\u52a0\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u8650\u5f85\u548c\u6f20\u8996\u3002[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u66f4\u56b4\u91cd\u30022010\u5e74\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\u4e00\u4efd\u91dd\u5c0d165\u4f4d\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u548c\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5927\u591a\u6578\uff0870%\uff09\u5728\u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u90fd\u66fe\u7d93\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78[11]<\/a>\uff1b2011\u5e74\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u986f\u793a\uff0c19%\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u66fe\u7d93\u4e00\u5ea6\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78[12]<\/a>\u3002\u6c92\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u4e0d\u4f73\u3001\u6c92\u5730\u65b9\u4f4f\u3001\u4e0d\u65b7\u7684\u9a37\u64fe\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u9177\u5152\u548c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u6210\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u6b77\u7a0b\u88e1\u88fd\u9020\u4e86\u6975\u9ad8\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78[13]<\/a>\u3002\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78\u5247\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ed6\u5011\u9577\u5e74\u8207\u72af\u7f6a\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7d71\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7f6a\u5211\u5316\u7684\u8a18\u9304\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u9177\u5152\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u5728\u6c42\u8077\u904e\u7a0b\u67e5\u9a57\u80cc\u666f\u8207\u4fe1\u7528\u8cc7\u6599\u6642\u627f\u53d7\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n

\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u3001\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u3001\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u90fd\u6bd4\u7570\u6027\u6200\u4f86\u5f97\u5bb9\u6613\u843d\u5165\u8ca7\u7aae[14]<\/a>\u3002\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u9760\u8457\u98df\u7269\u88dc\u7d66\u5238\u904e\u65e5\u5b50\uff0c\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7368\u5c45\u540c\u5fd7\u7684\u6536\u5165\u5728\u8ca7\u7aae\u7dda\u908a\u7de3\u6216\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u4f34\u4fb6\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6bd4\u7570\u6027\u6200\u4f34\u4fb6\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u9ad8\u4e00\u500d[15]<\/a>\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u6709240\u842c\u540c\u5fd7\u6210\u4eba\u300c\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u6c92\u9322\u8cb7\u98df\u7269\u9935\u98fd\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5bb6\u4eba\u300d[16]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ca7\u7aae\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\uff0852.3%\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u7537\u540c\u6027\u6200\u4f34\u4fb6\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u88d4\u5b69\u7ae5\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u88d4\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u4f34\u4fb6\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u540c\u5fd7\u4f34\u4fb6\u76846\u500d\u3002\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u4f34\u4fb6\u6bd4\u8d77\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u4f34\u4fb6\u6216\u7570\u6027\u6200\u4f34\u4fb6\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8b8a\u6210\u300c\u4ee5\u5de5\u4ee3\u8cd1\u300d\u7684\u7aae\u4eba\uff1b\u8981\u662f\u9084\u52a0\u4e0a\u6b98\u969c\u3001\u4f4f\u5728\u8fb2\u6751\u3001\u5e74\u7d00\u5927\uff0c\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u66f4\u9ad8[17]<\/a>\u3002\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u7684\u8ca7\u7aae\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u53e3\u9ad8\u51fa4\u500d\uff0c\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u7684\u8ca7\u7aae\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7279\u5225\u9ad8\uff1a34%\u9ed1\u4eba\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u548c28%\u62c9\u4e01\u88d4\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u7684\u5168\u5e74\u5bb6\u5ead\u6536\u5165\u4f4e\u65bc\u4e00\u842c\u7f8e\u91d1[18]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u9177\u5152\u548c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u5728\u5c31\u696d\u4e0a\u90fd\u9762\u81e8\u6b67\u8996\u3002\u670916%\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u548c18%\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u53d7\u8a2a\u6642\u8868\u793a\u66fe\u56e0\u6027\u50be\u5411\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c40%\u5728\u8077\u5834\u4e0a\u906d\u53d7\u9a37\u64fe\u6216\u6b67\u8996[19]<\/a>\uff0c26%\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u66fe\u56e0\u5176\u8eab\u5206\u800c\u88ab\u7092\u9b77\u9b5a\uff0c47%\u906d\u53d7\u904e\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8077\u5834\u6b67\u8996[20]<\/a>\u3002\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u7684\u9177\u5152\u548c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u66f4\u591a\uff1a\u6709\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c75-82%\u4e9e\u88d4\u6216\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5cf6\u5dbc\u88d4\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u66fe\u56e0\u6027\u50be\u5411\u800c\u906d\u53d7\u8077\u5834\u6b67\u8996\u3002\u540c\u5fd7\u548c\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u5728\u85aa\u8cc7\u4e0a\u986f\u7136\u5403\u8667\uff0c\u6bd4\u7570\u6027\u6200\u7537\u4eba\u5c1110-32%\u6536\u5165\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u4eba\u7fa4\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u4eba\u7fa4\uff09\u9084\u6bd4\u7570\u6027\u6200\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5931\u696d\uff0c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u5931\u696d\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u66f4\u9ad8[21]<\/a>\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4f30\u8a08\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5927\u7d04\u670926\u842c7\u5343\u4f4d\u540c\u5fd7\u975e\u6cd5\u6253\u5de5\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u662f\u62c9\u4e01\u88d4[22]<\/a>\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u8eab\u5206\u7684\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u540c\u5fd7\u79fb\u6c11\u9664\u4e86\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7\u7684\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u798f\u5229\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u9078\u64c7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u9177\u5152\u5371\u5371\u6b32\u589c\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u8b49\u64da\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u986f\u793a\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u548c\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u8005\u7279\u5225\u5bb9\u6613\u906d\u9022\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u516c\uff0c\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u4eba\u7fa4\u5728\u4f4e\u85aa\u3001\u7121\u5de5\u6703\u7684\u670d\u52d9\u696d\u3001\u5728\u8857\u982d\u3001\u5728\u53e6\u985e\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7d93\u6fdf\u88e1\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u5b58\u6d3b\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u7f8e\u570b\u5168\u570b\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u56e0\u70ba\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u548c\u6027\u6b67\u8996\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5f37\u7684\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u6fdf\u91cd\u69cb\u53ea\u6703\u5c0d\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u5f62\u6210\u66f4\u52a0\u56b4\u5cfb\u7684\u8003\u9a57\u30022008\u5e74\u91d1\u878d\u98a8\u66b4\u5f8c\u7684\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u5fa9\u7526\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u6a5f\u6703\u90fd\u64e0\u5728\u4f4e\u85aa\u7684\u9818\u57df\u88e1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u96f6\u552e\u3001\u7167\u9867\u3001\u63a5\u5f85\u3001\u6258\u5152\u3001\u6e05\u6f54[23]<\/a>\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f88\u5c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u50cf\u662f\u5065\u5eb7\u4fdd\u96aa\u3001\u6709\u85aa\u75c5\u5047\u3001\u9000\u4f11\u5b58\u6b3e\u7b49\u7b49\u798f\u5229\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8a31\u591a\u9177\u5152\u548c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u8005\u90fd\u56e0\u70ba\u627f\u53d7\u9577\u5e74\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u548c\u7f6a\u5211\u5316\u800c\u88ab\u903c\u5165\u9019\u985e\u4f4e\u85aa\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u81ea\u9858\u9078\u64c7\u9019\u985e\u4f4e\u85aa\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u50cf\u5c08\u696d\u5de5\u4f5c\u90a3\u6a23\u5c0d\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u7684\u6027\u5225\u8868\u73fe\u548c\u6027\u50be\u5411\u9032\u884c\u56b4\u5bc6\u7684\u898f\u8a13\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u9152\u5427\u3001\u4ff1\u6a02\u90e8\u3001\u96f6\u552e\u696d\u3001\u6216\u8005\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u751f\u6d3b\u5340\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u73fe\u91d1\u4ea4\u6613\u5e97\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u3002Murphy\u5b78\u9662\u548c\u300c\u96f6\u552e\u3001\u6279\u767c\u3001\u767e\u8ca8\u5de5\u6703\u300d\uff08RWDSU\uff092014\u5e74\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u96f6\u552e\u884c\u52d5\u8a08\u756b\u300d\uff08RAP\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96f6\u552e\u696d\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u6392\u73ed\u8868\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u52de\u52d5\u8005\u80fd\u5920\u6a5f\u52d5\u4e0a\u5de5\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u505a\u6cd5\u90fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u539f\u4f86\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u548c\u4f4e\u85aa\u548c\u6b67\u8996\u596e\u9b25\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u8005\uff08\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u3001\u7167\u9867\u8005\u3001\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u3001\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u3001\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u3001\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u3001\u9177\u5152\u7b49\u52de\u52d5\u8005\uff09\u88ab\u56f0\u5728\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u4e0d\u7a69\u4e2d[24]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c0d\u6b98\u969c\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u800c\u8a00\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u611b\u6ecb\u611f\u67d3\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u60f3\u627e\u5230\u4ee4\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u66f4\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u3001\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u548c\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6bd4\u7570\u6027\u6200\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u6b98\u969c\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9577\u671f\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u52a3\u52e2\u3001\u5065\u5eb7\u5dee\u8ddd\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6301\u7e8c\u906d\u53d7\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4ee3\u50f9[25]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u548c\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u975e\u88d4\u4eba\u53e3\u662f\u53d7\u611b\u6ecb\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u5927\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u57282010\u5e74\u65b0\u611f\u67d3\u8005\u4e2d\u4f54\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6578[26]<\/a>\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5065\u5eb7\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\u5f80\u5f80\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5f71\u97ff\u8207\u8ca7\u7aae\u3001\u7f6a\u5211\u5316\u3001\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78\u3001\u548c\u6b67\u8996\u76f8\u9023\u7684\u6162\u6027\u8eab\u5fc3\u75be\u75c5[27]<\/a>\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u793e\u6703\u5b89\u5168\u7db2\u7684\u7834\u6d1e\u6301\u7e8c\u64f4\u5927\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u969c\u7919\u4e5f\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u5728\u540c\u5fd7\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u7684\u96b1\u5f62<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u884c\u9019\u7a2e\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6f5b\u5728\u5834\u57df\u5c31\u662f\u7d44\u7e54\u5de5\u4eba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u65b0\u52de\u5de5\u7d44\u7e54\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u524d\u92d2\u5c31\u662f\u7d44\u7e54\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c92\u88ab\u7d44\u7e54\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u539f\u5148\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u6216\u9ed8\u8a8d\u300d[38]<\/a>\u800c\u88ab\u7f8e\u570b\u52de\u52d5\u6cd5\u6392\u9664\u5728\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6578\u767e\u842c\u52de\u5de5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8fb2\u5834\u5de5\u3001\u5bb6\u52d9\u6216\u7167\u9867\u5de5\u3001\u8a08\u65e5\u81e8\u6642\u5de5\u3001\u9760\u5c0f\u8cbb\u7684\u9910\u5ef3\u5de5\u3001\u570b\u969b\u5ba2\u5de5\u3001\u89aa\u8cc7\u65b9\uff0f\u53cd\u5de5\u6703\u5dde\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u51fa\u79df\u8eca\u53f8\u6a5f\u3001\u4ee5\u5de5\u4ee3\u8cd1\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u548c\u66f4\u751f\u4eba\u52de\u5de5\uff08\u4ed6\u5011\u56e0\u6b64\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u7d44\u7e54\u5de5\u6703\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u4eab\u53d7\u6700\u4f4e\u5de5\u8cc7\u3001\u52a0\u73ed\u6c92\u6709\u9650\u5236\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u6027\u50be\u5411\u6216\u6027\u5225\u8eab\u5206\u800c\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b89\u5168\u4e0a\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u88ab\u6392\u65a5\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u300d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u548c\u65b0\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6975\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5f9e\u4e8b\u96f6\u552e\u696d\u3001\u7167\u9867\u696d\u3001\u670d\u52d9\u696d\u7684\u9177\u5152\u548c\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u3002<\/p>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u4e9b\u5de5\u4eba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5c55\u958b\u4e86\u5bcc\u6709\u65b0\u610f\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u3001\u975e\u6cd5\u79fb\u6c11\u88ab\u525d\u524a\u3001\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u5e74\u9f61\u6b67\u8996\u7b49\u7b49\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u537b\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u6703\u53bb\u51f8\u986f\u6216\u8655\u7406\u6027\u3001\u9177\u5152\u3001\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u3001\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u540c\u5fd7\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u548c\u52de\u52d5\u5de5\u4eba\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5b78\u7fd2\u770b\u7a7f\u540c\u5fd7\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u795e\u8a71\uff0c\u628a\u6027\u5225\u6b63\u7fa9\u548c\u6027\u6b63\u7fa9\u9023\u5230\u7d93\u6fdf\u6b63\u7fa9\u4e0a\uff1a\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u628a\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u3001\u6027\u5225\u7b49\u6b67\u8996\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u660e\u986f\u5316\uff0c\u50cf\u300c\u7d10\u7d04\u5e02\u9910\u5ef3\u6a5f\u6703\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300d\uff08ROC-NY\uff09\u5c31\u628a\u9910\u5ef3\u5916\u5834\u7684\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u9023\u63a5\u5230\u5167\u5834\u5eda\u623f\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4f4d\u8077\u54e1\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4eba\u300c\u770b\u898b\u6027\u5225\u300d[39]<\/a>\u3002\u540c\u6642\u9019\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7126\u9ede\u7e3d\u662f\u8981\u653e\u5728\u52de\u5de5\u8eab\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u770b\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\u30022012\u5e74J. C. Penney\u767e\u8ca8\u96c7\u7528\u812b\u53e3\u79c0\u540c\u5fd7\u4e3b\u6301\u4ebaEllen DeGeneres\u4ee3\u8a00\u4e26\u4e14\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u5fd7\u62cd\u651d\u5ba3\u50b3\u5ee3\u544a\uff0c\u90a3\u6642\u300c\u96f6\u552e\u884c\u52d5\u8a08\u756b\u300d\uff08RAP\uff09\u5c31\u767c\u4f48\u8072\u660e\uff1aRAP\u652f\u6301J. C. Penney\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u5fd7\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u548c\u540c\u5fd7\u4f34\u4fb6\u505a\u5ee3\u544a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671bPenney\u767e\u8ca8\u5c0d\u591a\u5143\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u773e\u591a\u540c\u5fd7\u54e1\u5de5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cb\u5584\u540c\u5fd7\u548c\u53cb\u5584\u8de8\u6027\u5225\u7684\u8077\u5834\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5728\u96c7\u50ad\u548c\u5347\u9077\u4e0a\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1Penney\u767e\u8ca8\u7684\u8cc7\u9063\u52d5\u4f5c\u548c\u53d6\u6d88\u92b7\u552e\u54e1\u7684\u4f63\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\u90fd\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u672c\u4f86\u5728\u8077\u5834\u4e0a\u5c31\u98fd\u53d7\u5c31\u696d\u3001\u5347\u9077\u3001\u85aa\u8cc7\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u54e1\u5de5\u3002Penney\u767e\u8ca8\u5176\u5be6\u61c9\u8a72\u4fe1\u5b88\u591a\u5143\u8077\u5834\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u56de\u5fa9\u4f63\u91d1\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u60f3\u8457\u5438\u5f15\u591a\u5143\u7684\u9867\u5ba2[40]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u9019\u985e\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u53ea\u662f\u76db\u8b9a\u50cf\u820a\u91d1\u5c71Levi\u725b\u4ed4\u8932\u70ba\u5b83\u7684\u570b\u5167\u54e1\u5de5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f34\u4fb6\u798f\u5229\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u53cb\u5584\u8077\u5834\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u537b\u5ffd\u7565Levi\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8a2d\u7f6e\u8840\u6c57\u5de5\u5ee0\u88fd\u9020\u725b\u4ed4\u8932\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6[41]<\/a>\u3002\u9664\u975e\u6027\u5225\u548c\u6027\u8b70\u984c\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5de6\u7ffc\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u5167\u5728\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5011\u540c\u6642<\/strong>\u95dc\u6ce8\u6027\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u9177\u5152\u5371\u5371\u6b32\u589c\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u72c0\u614b\u6c38\u9060\u90fd\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u5de5\u904b\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u548c\u5b78\u8005\u770b\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8a3b<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u201cLGBT\/Q\u201d\uff08\u540c\u5fd7\uff0f\u9177\u5152\uff09\u4f86\u5305\u542b\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u99b4\u548c\u6027\u4e0d\u99b4\u7684\u5ee3\u5927\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u4ee5\u201cLGBT\u201d\uff08\u540c\u5fd7\uff09\u4f86\u6307\u6d89\u540c\u5fd7\u904b\u52d5\uff08\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u9177\u5152\u904b\u52d5\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5f15\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u5831\u544a\u548c\u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u64da\u6642\u5247\u63a1\u7528\u539f\u6587\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Movement Advancement Project (MAP), \u201cNon-Discrimination Laws,\u201d July 21 2015, available at http:\/\/www.lgbtmap.org\/equality-maps\/non_discrimination_laws#sthash.Ye59keQW.dpuf<\/a>. This remains the case, even after the July 2015 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) ruling, which extended the jurisdiction of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include sexual orientation discrimination. The U.S. has no federal ban on workplace discrimination against actual or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity (such as ENDA) that would apply to private sector workers, although such legislation has been sought since 1974.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> M. V. Lee Badgett,\u00a0Money, Myths, and Change: The Economic Lives of Lesbians and Gay Men<\/em>\u00a0(Chicago: University Chicago Press, 2001); Amy Gluckman and Betsy Reed, eds., Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, and Lesbian and Gay Life<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Routledge, 1997).<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> MAP, \u201cA Broken Bargain for LGBT Workers of Color,\u201d 2013, available at\u00a0http:\/\/www.lgbtmap.org\/policy-and-issue-analysis\/workers-of-color<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Elizabeth M. Diaz and Joseph Gregory Kosciw,\u00a0Shared Differences: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Students of Color in Our Nation\u2019s Schools<\/em>\u00a0(Gay, Lesbian, & Straight Education Network, 2009), available athttp:\/\/www.glsen.org\/research<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Emily A. Greytak, Joseph G. Kosciw, and Elizabeth M. Diaz,\u00a0Harsh Realities: The Experiences of Transgender Youth in Our Nation\u2019s Schools<\/em>\u00a0(New York, 2009), available athttp:\/\/www.glsen.org\/research<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Alliance for Excellent Education, \u201cIssue Brief: The High Cost of High School Dropouts: What the Nation Pays for Inadequate High Schools,\u201d November 2011, available athttp:\/\/all4ed.org\/reports-factsheets\/the-high-cost-of-high-school-dropouts-what-the-nation-pays-for-inadequate-high-schools\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Jerome Hunt and Aisha Moodie-Mills,\u00a0The Unfair Criminalization of Gay and Transgender Youth<\/em>\u00a0(Center for American Progress, 2012), available athttps:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/lgbt\/report\/2012\/06\/29\/11730\/the-unfair-criminalization-of-gay-and-transgender-youth\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Laura E. Durso and Gary J. Gates,\u00a0Serving Our Youth<\/em>(True Colors Fund, The Palette Fund, The Williams Institute, 2012), available at\u00a0http:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/Durso-Gates-LGBT-Homeless-Youth-Survey-July-2012.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Hunt and Moodie-Mills,\u00a0The Unfair Criminaliza-tion of Gay and Transgender Youth<\/em>, 5.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Welfare Warriors Research Collaborative,\u00a0A Fabulous Attitude: Low-Income LGBTGNC People Surviving and Thriving on Love, Shelter, and Knowledge<\/em>\u00a0(Queers for Economic Justice, 2010), available athttp:\/\/queersurvivaleconomies.com\/resources\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Jaime M. Grant, Lisa A. Mottet, Justin Tanis, Jack Harrison, Jody L. Herman, and Mara Keisling,\u00a0Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey<\/em>\u00a0(National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2011), available athttp:\/\/www.thetaskforce.org\/static_html\/downloads\/reports\/reports\/ntds_full.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Jeff Krehely and Jerome Hunt,\u00a0Helping All of Our Homeless<\/em>\u00a0(Center for American Progress, 2011), available athttps:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/lgbt\/report\/2011\/01\/31\/8914\/helping-all-of-our-homeless\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> M. V. Lee Badgett, Laura E. Durso, and Alyssa Schneebaum,\u00a0New Patterns of Poverty in the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community<\/em>\u00a0(The Williams Institute, 2013), available athttp:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/category\/research\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Gary J. Gates,\u00a0Food Insecurity and SNAP Participation in LGBT Communities<\/em>\u00a0(Los Angeles: The Williams Institute, 2014); Badgett et al.,\u00a0New Patterns of Poverty<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Gates,\u00a0Food Insecurity and SNAP Participation in LGBT Communities<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Badgett et al.,\u00a0New Patterns of Poverty<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Grant et al.,\u00a0Injustice at Every Turn<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> M. V. Lee Badgett, Holning Lau, Brad Sears, and Deborah Ho,\u00a0Bias in the Workplace<\/em>\u00a0(Los Angeles: The Williams Institute, 2007).<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Grant et al.,\u00a0Injustice at Every Turn<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> In 2013, Latino\/a LGBT unemployment rates were 14 percent, black LGBT rates were 15 percent, Asian and Pacific Islander LGBT rates were 11 percent (MAP, \u201cA Broken Bargain for LGBT Workers of Color\u201d). In 2011, 14 percent of all trans people were unemployed; 28 percent of black, 24 percent of American Indian\/Alaska Native, and 18 percent of Latino\/a and multiracial trans respondents were unemployed (Grant et al.,Injustice at Every Turn<\/em>). The national average in 2011 was 7 percent.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> MAP, \u201cA Broken Bargain for LGBT Workers of Color.\u201d<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> National Employment Law Project,\u00a0The Low-Wage Recovery and Growing Inequality<\/em>\u00a0(New York: National Employment Law Project, 2012).<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> Stephanie Luce, Sasha Hammad, and Darrah Sipe,Short Shifted<\/em>\u00a0(New York: RAP, RWDSU, Murphy Institute, 2014), 5.<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Karen I. Fredriksen-Goldsen, Hyun-Jun Kim, and Susan E. Barkan, \u201cDisability among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults: Disparities in Prevalence and Risk,\u201d\u00a0American Journal of Public Health<\/em>\u00a0102, no. 1 (2012): e16-21.<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,\u00a0HIV Statistics<\/em>, available athttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/statistics\/basics.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> \u00a0Laura F. Redman, \u201cOuting the Invisible Poor: Why Economic Justice and Access to Health Care is an LGBT Issue,\u201d\u00a0Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy<\/em>\u00a027, no. 3 (Summer 2010): 451-87; Jeff Krehely,\u00a0How to Close the LGBT Health Disparities Gap<\/em>\u00a0(Center for American Progress, 2009), available athttps:\/\/www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/lgbt\/report\/2009\/12\/21\/7048\/how-to-close-the-lgbt-health-disparities-gap\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> Emily Bridges,\u00a0The Impact of Homophobia and Racism on GLBTQ Youth of Color<\/em>\u00a0(Advocates for Youth, 2007), available athttp:\/\/www.lgbt.ucla.edu\/documents\/ImpactofHomophobiaandRacism_000.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> Welfare Warriors Research Collaborative,\u00a0A Fabulous Attitude<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> Joseph DeFillippis, \u201cIntroduction: A New Queer Agenda,\u201dThe Scholar & Feminist 10<\/em>, 1-2 (2012). Available athttp:\/\/sfonline.barnard.edu\/a-new-queer-agenda\/introduction\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> Alan Sears, \u201cQueer Anti-Capitalism: What\u2019s Left of Lesbian and Gay Liberation?\u201d\u00a0Science & Society<\/em>\u00a069, no. 1 (January 2005): 108. See also Jeff Maskovsky, \u201cDo We All \u2018Reek of the Commodity?\u2019 Consumption and the Erasure of Poverty in Lesbian and Gay Studies,\u201d in\u00a0Out in Theory: The Emergence of Lesbian and Gay Anthropology<\/em>, ed. Ellen Lewin and William L. Leap (Urbana: University Illinois Press, 2002), 264-286.<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> Cathy J. Cohen, \u201cObama, Neoliberalism, and the 2012 Election,\u201d\u00a0Souls<\/em>\u00a014, no. 1-2 (2012): 21.<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> Jon C. Rogowski and Cathy J. Cohen,\u00a0Moving Beyond Marriage: What Young People of Color Think about the LGBT Agenda<\/em>\u00a0(Black Youth Project, 2014), available athttp:\/\/research.blackyouthproject.com\/2014\/07\/14\/byp-memo-moving-beyond-marriage-what-young-people-of-color-think-about-the-lgbt-agenda\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Grant et al.,\u00a0Injustice at Every Turn<\/em>, 178.<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Welfare Warriors Research Collaborative,\u00a0A Fabulous Attitude<\/em>.<\/p>\n

[36]<\/a> Allan B\u00e9rub\u00e9,\u00a0My Desire for History: Essays in Gay, Community, and Labor History<\/em>\u00a0(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011), 241.<\/p>\n

[37]<\/a> See Miriam Frank\u2019s pioneering\u00a0Out in the Union: A Labor History of Queer America<\/em>\u00a0(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2014).<\/p>\n

[38]<\/a> Excluded Workers Congress, \u201cUnity for Dignity,\u201d December 2010, available athttp:\/\/www.unitedworkerscongress.org\/uploads\/2\/4\/6\/6\/24662736\/ewc_rpt_final4.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[39]<\/a> Marnie Brady, \u201cAn Appetite for Justice: The Restaurant Opportunities Center of New York,\u201d in\u00a0New Labor in New York: Precarious Workers and the Future of the Labor Movement<\/em>, ed. Ruth Milkman and Ed Ott (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014), 240.<\/p>\n

[40]<\/a> RAP website http:\/\/retailactionproject.org\/2012\/06\/how-jc-penneys-elimination-of-commissions-affects-lgbtq-workers\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[41]<\/a> Rosemary Hennessy,\u00a0Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Routledge, 2000), 139.<\/p>\n

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