{"id":2330,"date":"2016-04-08T20:55:31","date_gmt":"2016-04-08T12:55:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/?p=2330"},"modified":"2018-01-02T09:00:24","modified_gmt":"2018-01-02T01:00:24","slug":"%e5%b7%a7%e5%af%a6%e5%8a%9b%e3%80%81%e4%ba%ba%e6%ac%8a%e8%88%87%e5%9c%8b%e9%9a%9b%e6%b3%95%ef%bc%9a%e5%be%8c%e5%b8%83%e5%b8%8c%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e7%be%8e%e5%b8%9d%e5%9c%8b%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e7%9a%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/2016\/04\/%e5%b7%a7%e5%af%a6%e5%8a%9b%e3%80%81%e4%ba%ba%e6%ac%8a%e8%88%87%e5%9c%8b%e9%9a%9b%e6%b3%95%ef%bc%9a%e5%be%8c%e5%b8%83%e5%b8%8c%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e7%be%8e%e5%b8%9d%e5%9c%8b%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e7%9a%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u3001\u4eba\u6b0a\u8207\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\uff1a\u5f8c\u5e03\u5e0c\u5e74\u4ee3\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65b0\u5305\u88dd\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2334 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20160423-009-randall-at-Hakka-Centr-talk.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"325\" height=\"488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20160423-009-randall-at-Hakka-Centr-talk.jpg 4000w, https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20160423-009-randall-at-Hakka-Centr-talk-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20160423-009-randall-at-Hakka-Centr-talk-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/20160423-009-randall-at-Hakka-Centr-talk-683x1024.jpg 683w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 325px) 100vw, 325px\" \/>\uff08\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7531\u7f8e\u570b\u5de5\u904b\u5b78\u8005Randall Williams\u81ea\u884c\u6458\u81ea\u5176\u5c08\u66f8<em>The Divided World: Human Rights and Its Violence<\/em>, University of Minnesota P, 2010, pp. 106-115\uff0c\u7531\u4f55\u6625\u8564\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u4e2d\u6587\uff0c\u5728\u4f5c\u80052016\u5e744\u6708\u4f86\u53f0\u767c\u8868<a href=\"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/activities\/2016\/0423\/index.html\">\u7cfb\u5217\u6f14\u8b1b<\/a>\u524d\u520a\u767b\u65bc<a href=\"http:\/\/www.coolloud.org.tw\/node\/84802\">\u82e6\u52de\u7db2<\/a>\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>\u3010\u8b6f\u8a3b\u3011\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u8005Williams\u70ba\u6587\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u51fa\u8eab\u537b\u9577\u5e74\u70ba\u5de5\u904b\u7d44\u7e54\u64d4\u4efb\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u7b56\u7565\u63a8\u52d5\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5c08\u66f8\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u9032\u6b65\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u9032\u6b65\u5b78\u8853\u6240\u64c1\u62b1\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u50f9\u503c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5c16\u92b3\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u6307\u51fa<strong>\u96d6\u7136\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6230\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u5f37\u8abf\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u6b0a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u537b\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5728\u5f37\u5316\u6b63\u5728\u4e0a\u5347\u4e2d\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u5168\u7403\u9738\u6b0a<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4eba\u6b0a\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u7f8e\u5e1d\u64f4\u5f35\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u63a5\u5408\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u6216\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u5408\u8b00\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u6b0a\u5171\u8b58\u5728\u6230\u5f8c\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u548c\u8faf\u8ad6\uff08\u5982\u806f\u5408\u570b\u548c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\uff09\u4e2d\u88ab\u5f62\u5851\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002<strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5c08\u66f8\u6aa2\u8996\u4e86\u4ee5\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u70ba\u672c\u7684\u570b\u969b\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u9650\u5236\u5176\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7121\u6cd5\u4f38\u5f35\u6b63\u7fa9\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u66b4\u9732\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u653f\u7b56\u5176\u5be6\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u5f37\u6b0a\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5171\u72af\u3002<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u901a\u4fd7\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8aaa\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u64c1\u62b1\u67d0\u7a2e\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u624d\u80fd\u514b\u670d\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u570b\u969b\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u7136\u800c<\/span>\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6Danilo Zolo\u537b\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6230\uff1a\u300c\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a08\u756b\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u4e0d\u662f\u9738\u9053\u800c\u66b4\u529b\u7684\uff1f\u300dZolo\u662f\u5728\u6aa2\u8996\u4e861815\u5e74\u7684\u795e\u8056\u806f\u76df\u30011920\u5e74\u7684\u570b\u969b\u806f\u76df\u30011945\u5e74\u7684\u806f\u5408\u570b\u7b49\u7b49\u6230\u5f8c\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8a18\u9304\u5f8c\u5f97\u5230\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c0\u5bdf\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u570b\u969b\u300d\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u7576\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u4f01\u5716\u9054\u6210\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\u7a69\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u91cd\u8981\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u662fZolo\u60f3\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c<strong>\u9019\u4e9b\u5927\u570b\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u969c\u6301\u4e45\u666e\u904d\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u800c\u6301\u7e8c\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u570b\u969b\u898f\u5283\u548c\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u539f\u5148\u7684\u4f01\u5716\u5982\u4f55\u300c\u771f\u5207\u300d\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u4e00\u5b9a\u90fd\u6703\u8207\u6230\u52dd\u570b\u9738\u6b0a\u52e2\u529b\u7684\u7dad\u6301\u548c\u64f4\u5f35\u5f62\u6210\u885d\u7a81<\/strong>\u3002\u7d50\u5c40\u5462\uff1f\u300c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u500b\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u898f\u5283\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u898b\u7684\u6210\u679c\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n<p>Zolo\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5f9e\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u6216\u8005\u6f5b\u5728\u64f4\u5927\u884d\u751f\u4e2d\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u4f86\u770b\uff0c<strong>\uff08\u516c\u958b\u5ba3\u793a\u7684\uff09\u300c\u6e34\u671b\u548c\u5e73\u300d\u548c\uff08\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\uff09\u300c\u978f\u56fa\u9738\u6b0a\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u65b0\u570b\u969b\u300d\u548c\u5404\u7a2e\u300c\u570b\u969b\u300d\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u529f\u80fd<\/strong>\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u6253\u9020\u570b\u969b\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u52dd\u5229\u570b\u7e3d\u662f\u4e00\u518d\u5617\u8a66\u9650\u5236\u90a3\u4e9b<span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u4e3b\u8981\u5f9e\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u8208\u8d77\u767c\u5c55\u3001\u4f46\u662f<\/span><span style=\"line-height: inherit;\">\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u97ff\u9738\u6b0a\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u548c\u6301\u7e8c\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u500b\u300c\u65b0\u7684\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f9e\u795e\u8056\u806f\u76df\u3001\u570b\u969b\u806f\u76df\u5230\u806f\u5408\u570b\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u90fd\u58ef\u5927\u4e86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u52dd\u5229\u570b\uff1a1813-1815\u5e74\u62ff\u7834\u5d19\u6230\u722d\u5f8c\u7684\u5967\u5730\u5229\u3001\u82f1\u570b\u3001\u666e\u9b6f\u58eb\u548c\u4fc4\u570b\uff1b1914-1919\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u3001\u6cd5\u570b\u3001\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u3001\u65e5\u672c\uff1b1941-1945\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u3001\u82f1\u570b\u3001\u8607\u806f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>1989\u5e74\u51b7\u6230\u7d50\u675f\u5f8c\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u5efa\u69cb\u5c31\u662f\u52dd\u5229\u570b\u7f8e\u570b\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u300d\u4f86\u91cd\u7533\u300c\u570b\u969b\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6ce2\u7063\u6230\u722d\u5230\u82f1\u7f8e\u5165\u4fb5\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u548c\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u91cd\u7533\u7684\u6548\u679c\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u9810\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u6574\u500b\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u7d50\u69cb\u300d\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u5916\u4ea4\u4e0a\u6e96\u5099\u958b\u6230\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u3001\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u6230\u722d\u300d\u3002\u5e1d\u570b\uff0d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u91ce\u5fc3\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ecd\u4e8b\uff0d\u653f\u6cbb\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u5316\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4f5c\u70ba\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u5c0d\u570b\u969b\u52e2\u529b\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u5247\u64f4\u5927\u5f37\u570b\u7684\u570b\u969b\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u5f37\u5316\u5176\u6bc0\u6ec5\u7684\u529b\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Zolo\u56e0\u6b64\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a<strong>\u5efa\u7acb\u300c\u666e\u4e16\u800c\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u300d\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u548c\u300c\u51cd\u7d50\u570b\u969b\u6a5f\u69cb\u5efa\u7acb\u6642\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u65e2\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u7248\u5716\u300d\u651c\u624b\u4e26\u9032\u7684<\/strong>\uff0c\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u548c\u5e73\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u53cd\u5c0d\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u4e5f\u96b1\u542b\u8457\u53cd\u5c0d\u6539\u9020\u793e\u6703\u3001\u53cd\u5c0d\u767c\u5c55\u3001\u53cd\u5c0d\u5efa\u8a2d\u6027\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u300d\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u51cd\u7d50\u73fe\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0cZolo\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u9ede\u8a00\u904e\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9738\u6b0a\u570b\u80fd\u5920\u5f37\u52e2\u7dad\u7e6b\u548c\u64f4\u5f35\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u548c\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9edeZolo\u5012\u662f\u8aaa\u5c0d\u4e86\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e0d\u540c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u52a0\u4ee5\u5dee\u5225\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u6703\u906d\u9047\u53cd\u9738\u6b0a\u7684\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u8faf\u8b49\u7684\u52d5\u529b\u662fZolo\u7684\u300c\u51cd\u7d50\u8aaa\u300d\u6240\u62b9\u6ec5\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u554f\uff1a\u4e0d\u7ba1\u6709\u610f\u8a2d\u8a08\u9084\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u53cd\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u6230\u5f8c\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u64f4\u5f35\u662f\u5426\u6253\u958b\u4e86\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u6b61\u8fce\u9032\u6b65\u6216\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\uff1f<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u53cd\u5c0d\u6cd5\u6cbb\uff1f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u82f1\u570b\u5947\u5e7b\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6China Mieville\u5728\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u975e\u865b\u69cb\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u5e73\u6b0a\u4e4b\u9593\uff1a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7406\u8ad6\u300b\uff08<em>Between Equal Rights: A Marxist Theory of International Law<\/em>, 2005\uff09\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u6240\u860a\u6db5\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u6216\u6fc0\u9032\u89e3\u653e\u6f5b\u529b\u3002\u5c31\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u6b77\u53f2\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8b49\u64da\u8aaa\u5b83\u6709\u6b64\u6f5b\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u62b1\u6301\u6e3a\u832b\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5373\u4fbf\u6b77\u53f2\u8a18\u9304\u5f88\u5dee\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u500b\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u5931\u6557\u53f2\uff0c\u4e5f\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u6279\u5224\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6cd5\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u9858\u610f\u653e\u68c4\u9019\u500b\u4ed6\u5011\u89ba\u5f97\u503c\u5f97\u7e7c\u7e8c\u596e\u9b25\u7684\u5834\u57df\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6f5b\u5fc3\u6295\u5165\u6316\u6398\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\uff0c\u627e\u5c0b\u53ef\u80fd\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u4ee5\u4fbf\u63a8\u52d5\u9032\u6b65\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u6279\u5224\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6B. S. Chimni\u4e00\u9762\u8aaa\u300c\u6fc0\u9032\u8b8a\u9769\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9818\u57df\u767c\u51fa\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u8aaa\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u63d0\u4f9b\u5404\u7a2e\u5de5\u5177\u4ee5\u8655\u7406\u4eba\u985e\u6240\u9762\u81e8\u7684\u5371\u96aa\u300d\u3002\u82ac\u862d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u8005Martti Koskenniemi\u5247\u66f4\u5de7\u5999\u800c\u59d4\u5a49\u7684\u8aaa\uff1a<strong>\u65e2\u7136\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u63d0\u4e0d\u51fa\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u901a\u76e4\u9023\u8cab\u7684\u6539\u5584\u4e16\u754c\u65b9\u91dd\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e2b\u5011\u5728\u52a0\u5165\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u8a08\u756b\u6642\u300c\u5c31\u61c9\u8a72\u76e1\u91cf\u6e1b\u7e2e\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u300d<\/strong>\u3002\u502b\u6566\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\u6559\u6388Peter Fitzpatrick\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u300c\u78ba\u5b9a\u5167\u5bb9\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u61c9\u4e86\u300c\u9738\u6b0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u300c\u900f\u904e\u5176\u5167\u5728\u7684\u502b\u7406\u800c\u5c0d\u4e3b\u5bb0\u529b\u5f62\u6210\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u7684\u6311\u6230\u300d\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u88abMieville\u7a31\u70ba\u8fd1\u671f\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u5b78\u8853\u5708\u5167\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u8cbb\u89e3\u7684\u5275\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u8b49\u64da\u652f\u6490\u9019\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u8853\u5708\u5167\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5177\u6709\u6279\u5224\u529b\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5316\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u90fd\u4ecd\u7136\u652f\u6301\u5c0b\u627e\u4e26\u8ffd\u6c42\u76ee\u524d\u5c1a\u672a\u5b58\u5728\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u6253\u958b\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u6216\u6fc0\u9032\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u7d93\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u9032\u8def\uff0c\u5dee\u7570\u4e5f\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5047\u8a2d\u9019\u500b\u7a7a\u9593\u6703\u5f9e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u5c0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5805\u6301\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u88e1\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u96d6\u7136\u77e5\u9053\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u7531\u5e1d\u570b\u52e2\u529b\u6240\u652f\u6490\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ecd\u7136\u5922\u60f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u52aa\u529b\u5f9e\u53f8\u6cd5\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5ba3\u7a31\u4e2d\u62c9\u51fa\u67d0\u7a2e\u5927\u904e\u5e1d\u570b\u52e2\u529b\u7684\u8d85\u6cd5\u5f8b\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6279\u5224\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b78\u8005\u96d6\u7136\u5df2\u7d93\u627f\u8a8d\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6839\u57fa\uff0c\u537b\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u500b\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u8d85\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6a5f\u69cb\u5fc5\u9808\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e1b\u4f4e\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u63a8\u9032\u6b63\u7fa9\u3002\u7406\u8ad6\u5bb6\u7576\u7136\u6703\u9019\u6a23\u60f3\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e16\u754c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9a\u7406\u4e0d\u65b7\u7684\u8986\u8aa6\u8457\u8a31\u591a\u653f\u6cbb\uff0d\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9580\u6abb\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u9019\u4e9b\u9580\u6abb\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff08\u6216\u62b5\u6297\uff09\u6700\u7d42\u90fd\u6703\u6dea\u5165\u6df7\u4e82\u6216\u865b\u7121\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u9054\u6210\u6b63\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u5805\u5b9a\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7834\u58de\u6700\u9ad8\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u4e0d\u5408\u502b\u7406\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Mieville\u5df2\u7d93\u5beb\u904e\u8a31\u591a\u865b\u69cb\u5c0f\u8aaa\u4f86\u8b93\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53ef\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u6771\u897f\u986f\u73fe\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c<strong>\u6211\u5011\u6700\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u73fe\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5f8b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d55\u5c0d\u4fb7\u9650<\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u56e0\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53cd\u9738\u6b0a\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7121\u529b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u884c\u52d5\u53bb\u63a8\u52d5\u300c\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u300d\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u5728\u7d50\u69cb\u4e0a\u5c31\u7121\u529b\u6210\u70ba\u8ffd\u6c42\u6b63\u7fa9\u3001\u6539\u8b8a\u793e\u6703\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u9078\u64c7\u652f\u6301\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u90e8\u4efd\u4f46\u662f\u53ea\u8b74\u8cac\u5176\u4ed6\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6c92\u628a\u5b83\u7576\u6210\u6574\u9ad4\u4f86\u770b\u5f85\uff1b<\/li>\n<li>\u628a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u52dd\u5229\u7576\u6210\u53ef\u4ee5\u9054\u5230\u7121\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0d\u55ae\u7a7a\u6cdb\u865b\u7121\uff0c\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u5f88\u6839\u672c\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u66b4\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u6b63\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b66\u529b\u548c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u662f\u88ab\u5c0d\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\uff1b\u5275\u9020\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u6b63\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u79e9\u5e8f\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5c31\u662f\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d6\u4ee3\u6b66\u529b\u3002Mieville\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u4e3b\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u5168\u7403\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u88e1\uff0c\u90a3\u7a2e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u5c31\u662f\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u4f86\u81ea\u53f8\u6cd5\u5e73\u7b49\uff1a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c<strong>\u773e\u591a\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4e00\u900f\u904e\u5176\u5f37\u5236\u529b\u9053\uff08\u5176\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7c60\u7f69\uff09\u5f9e\u53f8\u6cd5\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u5275\u5efa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/strong>\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u6709\u8457\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u6b63\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u81ea\u6c7a\u3002\u5728\u6700\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u50cfMieville\u8aaa\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u570b\u969b\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u969b\u6703\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u2500\u2500<strong>\u6c92\u6709\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u3002<\/strong>\u300d<\/p>\n<p>[\u7565\u2026]<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u53cd\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\uff1f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5b78\u8005\u548c\u904b\u52d5\u4efd\u5b50\u73fe\u5728\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u8f49\u5411\u4eba\u6b0a\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0b\u627e\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u9032\u6b65\u5de6\u6d3e\u632a\u7528\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u4f46\u662fMieville\u63d0\u9192\uff1a\u300c\u5c31\u7b97\u6211\u5011\u540c\u610f\u4eba\u6b0a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b0a\u529b\u52a0\u4ee5\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6240\u505a\u7684\u53ef\u4e0d\u53ea\u9019\u4e9b\u2026\u2026\u5c31\u7b97\u80fd\u62c9\u51fa\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u6548\u61c9\uff0c\u4eba\u6b0a\u88ab\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u632a\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u9060\u8d85\u904e\u88ab\u6fc0\u9032\u632a\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u300d \u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u5c0d\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u6c92\u6cd5\u88ab\u9650\u5b9a\u53ea\u70ba\u9032\u6b65\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6240\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u65e6\u88ab\u9738\u6b0a\u91cd\u65b0\u632a\u7528\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u4ed8\u4e0a\u7684\u4ee3\u50f9\u5c31\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u904e\u81ea\u7531\u5de6\u6d3e\u7684\u5c0d\u6297\u6027\u632a\u7528\u6240\u80fd\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u2026\u4eba\u6b0a\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5167\u6db5\u5176\u5be6\u8d85\u904e\u8207\u4eba\u6b0a\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u632a\u7528\u300d\u6240\u5408\u7406\u5316\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u52a9\u7d02\u70ba\u8650\u6216\u8005\u63a9\u84cb\u958b\u812b\u9055\u53cd\u4eba\u6b0a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u65e9\u5df2\u88ab\u5fb9\u5e95\u6279\u5224\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u9ad8\u5927\u4e0a\u7684\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u6709\u6642\u5019\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u4e5f\u5728\u8a66\u5716\u632a\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u7bc4\u7587\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0cMieville\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u300c\u7121\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\uff0c<strong>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u63a8\u52d5\u6539\u9769\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u9032\u6b65\u300d\u7e3d\u662f\u300c\u88ab\u5012\u9000\u6240\u9650\u5236\u300d\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u900f\u904e\u4eba\u6b0a\u4f86\u63a8\u52d5\u77ed\u66ab\u7684\u3001\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u632a\u7528\u5176\u5be6\u6a5f\u6703\u6e3a\u832b\uff0c\u6536\u7a6b\u751a\u5c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u4ed8\u4e0a\u91cd\u5927\u4ee3\u50f9\uff0c\u5408\u7406\u5316\u4e86\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5b83\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64Mieville\u5efa\u8b70\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u5f9e\u4e0b\u5f80\u4e0a\u596e\u9b25\uff0c\u653e\u68c4\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6297\u62d2\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\u7565 . . . ]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u8207\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5305\u88dd<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>2009\u5e74\u9084\u662f\u570b\u52d9\u537f\u63d0\u540d\u4eba\u7684\u5e0c\u62c9\u854a\uff0e\u514b\u6797\u9813\u9762\u5c0d\u53c3\u8b70\u9662\u5be9\u67e5\u6642\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u65b0\u6846\u67b6\u300d\u4f86\u601d\u8003\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5f8c\u51b7\u6230\u3001\u5f8c\u5e03\u5e0c\u6642\u4ee3\u63a8\u9032\u7f8e\u570b\u5728\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u9019\u500b\u91cd\u7d44\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a08\u756b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5c31\u662f2004\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u99d0\u806f\u5408\u570b\u524d\u526f\u4ee3\u8868Suzanne Nossel\u6240\u5275\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u300c\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u300d\uff08smart power\uff09\uff0c\u5e0c\u62c9\u854a\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\uff1a<strong>\u5229\u7528\u300c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5de5\u5177\u2500\u2500\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u7684\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7684\u2500\u2500\u91dd\u5c0d\u6bcf\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u9078\u64c7\u6700\u9069\u5408\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u300d<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a>\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5e1d\u570b\u300c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u300d\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8981\u5c0d\u6bd4\u5e03\u5e0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff1a\u5e0c\u62c9\u854a\u8a8d\u70ba\u5e03\u5e0c\u592a\u501a\u8cf4\u8ecd\u4e8b\u6b66\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\u300c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d66\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7d44\u5047\u9078\u64c7\uff1a\u6b66\u529bvs.\u5916\u4ea4\uff0c\u55ae\u908avs.\u591a\u908a\uff0c\u786c\u5be6\u529bvs.\u8edf\u5be6\u529b\u300d\u3002\u5979\u500b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u300c\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u9078\u64c7\u7576\u6210\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4e8c\u9078\u4e00\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5728\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e0a\u975e\u9ed1\u5373\u767d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u7f8e\u570b\u53cd\u800c\u6c92\u6cd5\u9748\u6d3b\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u7a2e\u5de5\u5177\u4ee5\u4fbf\u6210\u529f\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4e16\u754c\u300d<a href=\"#_edn2\" name=\"_ednref2\">[ii]<\/a>\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c<strong>\u5e0c\u62c9\u854a\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u300d\u548c\u904e\u53bb\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u6b66\u529b\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u77e5\u9053\u300c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u548c\u570b\u969b\u7d44\u7e54\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u9f13\u5439\u4e26\u63a8\u52d5\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u6703\u9650\u5236\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u3002\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u300d\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u8005Suzanne Nossel\u986f\u7136\u5f88\u6eff\u610f\u5e0c\u62c9\u854a\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u904b\u7528\uff1a\u300c\u5e0c\u62c9\u854a\u592a\u68d2\u4e86\uff0c\u5979\u5207\u5be6\u7684\u9762\u5c0d\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u53c8\u5f88\u6a02\u89c0\u3002\u5979\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u5354\u8abf\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u5411\u4e0b\u6c88\u6dea\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ffb\u8f49\u3002\u5979\u6703\u8b93\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u8b8a\u5f97\u5f88\u9177\u70ab\u3002\u300d<a href=\"#_edn3\" name=\"_ednref3\">[iii]<\/a>2004\u5e74Nossel\u525b\u5275\u9020\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u6642\u9084\u662f\u4e00\u5bb6\u5a92\u9ad4\u5927\u4f01\u696d\u7684\u5546\u696d\u767c\u5c55\u90e8\u4e3b\u4efb\uff0c\u4e4b\u524d\u5979\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u7f8e\u570b\u99d0\u806f\u5408\u570b\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u6539\u9769\u5927\u4f7f\u7684\u526f\u624b\uff081999-2001\uff09\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5247\u5df2\u7d93\u8b8a\u6210\u4eba\u6b0a\u89c0\u5bdf\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u57f7\u884c\u9577\u3002<a href=\"#_edn4\" name=\"_ednref4\">[iv]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Nossel\u7684\u898f\u5283\u662f\uff0c\u5de7\u5be6\u529b\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u300c\u8b93\u81ea\u7531\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u518d\u8d77\u300d\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u5e03\u5e0c\u653f\u6b0a\u300c\u628a\u4eba\u6b0a\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4fee\u8fad\u7cfe\u7e8f\u5728\u55ae\u908a\u4fb5\u7565\u7b56\u7565\u88e1\u300d\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d66\u67d3\u4e86\u8272\uff0c\u300c\u9032\u6b65\u4eba\u58eb\u2026.\u5fc5\u9808\u91cd\u65b0\u6846\u67b6\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u7167\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u63a8\u52d5\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u8cbf\u6613\u3001\u548c\u4eba\u6b0a\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u9577\u671f\u4fdd\u969c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u5c0d\u6297\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5a01\u8105\u300d<a href=\"#_edn5\" name=\"_ednref5\">[v]<\/a>\u3002\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u64d4\u5fc3\u7f8e\u570b\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u6539\u8b8a\u65b9\u5411\uff0cNossel\u5247\u5411\u4ed6\u5011\u4fdd\u8b49\uff1a\u300c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u5bec\u5ee3\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u8feb\u4f7f\u7f8e\u570b\u653e\u68c4\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u300d (137)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u7e3d\u7d71\u5247\u6070\u5982\u5176\u5206\u7684\u51fa\u9762\u80af\u5b9a\u7f8e\u570b\u5728\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u5e03\u5e0c\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5f8c\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u5efa\u5e1d\u570b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5ba3\u4f48\u8a08\u756b\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u653f\u5e9c\u7955\u5bc6\u6388\u6b0a\u4f7f\u7528\u9177\u5211\uff0c\u9019\u9055\u53cd\u4e86\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u4e5f\u56b4\u91cd\u5371\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u5e03\u5e0c\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u6839\u672c\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u9177\u5211\u2026.\u9019\u4f7f\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u4f4d\u4e0b\u964d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5347\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7576\u7136\u61c9\u8a72\u7aed\u76e1\u5168\u529b\u641c\u5c0b\u4e26\u902e\u6355\u6216\u8655\u6c7a\u6050\u6016\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9177\u5211\u4e0d\u662f\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8fa6\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u544a\u8a34\u5168\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u62d2\u65a5\u9177\u5211\uff0c\u7d55\u7121\u4f8b\u5916\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u6a21\u7a1c\u5169\u53ef\u2026.\u6211\u82e5\u662f\u7576\u4e0a\u7e3d\u7d71\uff0c\u7d55\u4e0d\u6703\u79c1\u4e0b\u9055\u53cd\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6703\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u5766\u8aa0\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5fe0\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u3002<a href=\"#_edn6\" name=\"_ednref6\">[vi]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u64d4\u8ca0\u8457\u5728\u570b\u5167\u548c\u570b\u969b\u9593\u300c\u626d\u8f49\u7f8e\u570b\u4e0b\u6c88\u9839\u52e2\u300d\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\uff0c\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u653f\u5e9c\u5f88\u5feb\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u4fee\u98fe\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6bdb\u908a\uff0c\u4e0a\u4efb\u7b2c\u4e00\u5929\u5c31\u7c3d\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u884c\u653f\u660e\u4ee4\uff0c\u95dc\u9589\u8a2d\u7f6e\u5728\u53e4\u5df4\u95dc\u5854\u90a3\u6469\u7063\u7684\u9177\u5211\u76e3\u7344\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8209\u52d5\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u8ecd\u65b9\u9ad8\u7d1a\u5c07\u9818\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6279\u8a55\u524d\u4efb\u5e03\u5e0c\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9177\u5211\u7b56\u7565\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u300c\u904e\u91cf\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u5728\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5c31\u540c\u6642\u628a\u7f8e\u570b\u4f54\u9818\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u548c\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u7684\u5404\u9805\u57fa\u672c\u884c\u52d5\u90fd\u6b63\u5e38\u5316\u3001\u4f8b\u884c\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u4e0d\u8b93\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u9019\u500b\u8c61\u5fb5\u6027\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u6050\u6016\u5a01\u8105\u6642\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u6c23\u52e2\u592a\u5f31\uff0c\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u4e5f\u6f84\u6e05\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u300c\u5411\u6050\u6016\u958b\u6230\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u5834\u9000\u537b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u6230\u7565\u91cd\u7d44\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u8981\u5c07\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u4efb\u52d9\u9ad8\u5ea6\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5316\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u50b3\u64ad\u5230\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u6c7a\u5fc3\u5c07\u6b64\u523b\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u6050\u6016\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u2500\u2500\u8d77\u8a34\u5230\u5e95\u3002\u300d\u5982\u679c\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u5426\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u8f49\u5411\u9084\u6709\u7591\u616e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u53ea\u8981\u770b\u770b4\u5929\u5f8c\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u55ae\u908a\u6388\u6b0a\u4e86\u5c0d\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u767c\u52d5\u5169\u8d77\u98db\u5f48\u653b\u64ca\u3001\u70b8\u6b7b22\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u5fc3\u4e86\u3002<a href=\"#_edn7\" name=\"_ednref7\">[vii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u5e0c\u4e0b\u53f0\uff0c\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u4e0a\u53f0\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u98db\u5f48\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u300c\u53cd\u6050\u653b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7559\u7528\u3002\u65b0\u7e3d\u7d71\u4e0a\u4efb\u5169\u9031\u5167\u5c31\u767c\u4f48\u4e86\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u6388\u6b0a\u4e2d\u60c5\u5c40\u7e7c\u7e8c\u300c\u6293\u6355\u884c\u52d5\u300d\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u7d93\u904e\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u5730\u7955\u5bc6\u902e\u6355\u5acc\u72af\uff0c\u9001\u5230\u8a2d\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7955\u5bc6\u770b\u5b88\u5730\u9ede\uff09<a href=\"#_edn8\" name=\"_ednref8\">[viii]<\/a>\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u53cd\u5c0d\u8072\u6d6a\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u653f\u5e9c\u660e\u986f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6293\u6355\u8a08\u756b\u5c0d\u300c\u5411\u6050\u6016\u958b\u6230\u300d\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684<a href=\"#_edn9\" name=\"_ednref9\">[ix]<\/a>\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u533f\u540d\u7684\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u5167\u95a3\u95a3\u54e1\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u986f\u7136\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u67d0\u4e9b\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4f60\u9084\u662f\u8981\u6293\u6355\u90a3\u4e9b\u58de\u86cb\u3002\u6211\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9867\u554f\u7814\u7a76\u904e\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5708\u5b50\u88e1\uff0c\u6293\u6355\u6709\u4e9b\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u5728\u6b50\u6d32\u4e5f\u5f15\u767c\u98a8\u66b4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u505a\u6cd5\u9084\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_edn10\" name=\"_ednref10\">[x]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u300c\u8d85\u7d1a\u5408\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u9084\u6709\u5225\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u7684\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u8981\u6c42\u8a2d\u7f6e\u7279\u5225\u5de5\u4f5c\u5c0f\u7d44\uff0c\u4ee5\u78ba\u8a8d\u6293\u6355\u300c\u4e0d\u6703\u9020\u6210\u4eba\u54e1\u88ab\u9001\u81f3\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u9762\u5c0d\u9177\u5211\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f71\u97ff\u4eba\u6b0a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u4eba\u6b0a\u689d\u7d04\u7684\u57f7\u884c\u3002\u5728\u570b\u969b\u7d81\u67b6\u884c\u70ba\u4e0a\u9644\u52a0\u9019\u500b\u5947\u602a\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u5df2\u7d93\u8db3\u5920\u4f7f\u67d0\u4e9b\u5728\u5e03\u5e0c\u6642\u4ee3\u5f88\u5147\u72e0\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u8f49\u70ba\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u76e3\u7763\u300d\u7d44\u7e54\uff08Human Rights Watch\uff09\u83ef\u76db\u9813\u5730\u5340\u7684\u5021\u8b70\u4e3b\u4efbTom Malinkowski\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u884c\u653f\u547d\u4ee4\u5c31\u5ba3\u544a\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u6709\u9650\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u6293\u6355\u6709\u5176\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u6211\u5f9e\u7e3d\u7d71\u547d\u4ee4\u88e1\u6e05\u695a\u807d\u5230\u4ed6\u627f\u8afe\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e00\u500b\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u518d\u9020\u6210\u4eba\u54e1\u88ab\u9001\u5f80\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u63a5\u53d7\u9177\u5211\u3002\u300d<a href=\"#_edn11\" name=\"_ednref11\">[xi]<\/a>\u5982\u679c\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u7684\u5e1d\u570b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7167\u9810\u671f\u7684\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u5c55\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u76e3\u7763\u300d\u5c0d\u6293\u6355\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5c31\u592a\u9a5a\u4eba\u4e86\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u8ad6\u5bb6\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u5927\u578b\u4eba\u6b0a\u7d44\u7e54\u6240\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u5687\u5230\uff0c\u9019\u986f\u793a\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u4e00\u7d44\u975e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u6240\u5305\u88f9\uff0c\u5b83\u5047\u8a2d\u4eba\u6b0a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u67cf\u62c9\u5716\u5f0f\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u800c\u4e0d\u88ab\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5076\u7136\u56e0\u7d20\u6216\u6d88\u9577\u6240\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4e00\u63ed\u9732\u4eba\u6b0a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8108\u7d61\u6216\u5177\u9ad4\u653f\u6cbb\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4eba\u6b0a\u5021\u8b70\u8005\u7684\u4e0b\u5df4\u5c31\u5f97\u6389\u4e00\u6b21\u3002<a href=\"#_edn12\" name=\"_ednref12\">[xii]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u548c\u5b78\u8005\u904e\u53bb\u4ee5\u70ba\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9032\u6b65\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u64cb\u5f97\u4f4f\u5e03\u5e0c\u5e74\u4ee3\u300c\u904e\u5ea6\u7684\u300d\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u55ae\u908a\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u6b64\u523b\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u91cd\u65b0\u5305\u88dd\u537b\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u68d8\u624b\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u63a1\u7528\u9748\u5de7\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u300c\u53cd\u6050\u5de5\u5177\u300d\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u300d\uff0c<strong>\u4e00\u65e6\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08the Law of the International\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\uff08\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u518d\u5ea6\u6210\u70ba\u65b0\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u504f\u597d\u7684\u5916\u8863<\/strong><a href=\"#_edn13\" name=\"_ednref13\">[xiii]<\/a>\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u5176\u8868\u88e1\u4e0d\u4e00\u548c\u6df1\u523b\u77db\u76fe\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8a2d\u8a08\u51fa\u4f86\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u70ba\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u7406\u300c\u89c0\u611f\u300d\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u7f8e\u570b\u50b3\u9001\u7d66\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7dad\u7e6b\u90a3\u500b\u552f\u4e00\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u539f\u5247\u2500\u2500\u63a8\u9032\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5229\u76ca\u2500\u2500\u7e7c\u7e8c\u904b\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u91cd\u65b0\u63a1\u7528\u9748\u5de7\u800c\u9177\u70ab\u7684\u9472\u98fe\uff0c\u5728\u4fee\u8fad\u4e0a\u8868\u793a\u5c48\u670d\u65bc\u300c\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u7b56\u7565\u4e0a\u5076\u723e\u63a1\u7528\u591a\u908a\u653b\u52e2\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u6975\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8b93\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4efd\u5b50\u91cd\u56de\u7f8e\u570b\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u61f7\u62b1\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u4f7f\u4efb\u4f55\u60f3\u8981\u7528\u300c\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u300d\u6216\u300c\u55ae\u908a\u300d\u7684\u7406\u7531\u4f86\u8b74\u8cac\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6d77\u5916\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b56\u7565\u611f\u5230\u56f0\u64fe\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u60f3\u5f9e\u53f8\u6cd5\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u6279\u5224\u7f8e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u5371\u6a5f\u5728\u65bc\u6b50\u5df4\u99ac\u653f\u6b0a\u5c31\u50cf1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u514b\u6797\u9813\u653f\u6b0a\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u300c\u591a\u908a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6709\u6548\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u5c31\u548c\u55ae\u908a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e00\u6a23\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u4f73\uff09\u300d<a href=\"#_edn14\" name=\"_ednref14\">[xiv]<\/a>\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u90a3\u4f4d\u7121\u6065\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005Nossel\u5c31\u6beb\u7121\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u591a\u908a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6c38\u9060\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f5c\u70ba\u65b0\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u76e4\u7b97\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\uff1a\u300c\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5927\u696d\u4ea4\u7d66\u591a\u908a\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u53ef\u884c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5212\u7b97\u3002\u300d<a href=\"#_edn15\" name=\"_ednref15\">[xv]<\/a>\u9762\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f48\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u8a08\u756b\u2500\u2500\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u611a\u7b28\u6216\u9748\u5de7\u3001\u6b98\u66b4\u6216\u4ec1\u5584\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u63a8\u52d5\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u5e1d\u7684\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f48\u6027\u5c07\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u8a8d\u6e05\u4e86\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u62fc\u547d\u60f3\u8981\u627e\u65b0\u63a9\u98fe\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9867\u554f\u7684\u982d\u8166\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6709\u8457\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u591a\u7a2e\u5dee\u7570\uff08\u800c\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5c0d\u6297\u9738\u6b0a\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u88e1\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u52a0\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u53c3\u8003\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u50b3\u7d71\u2500\u2500\u5f9e\u570b\u969b\u5de5\u4eba\u5354\u6703\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u58c7\uff0c\u5f9e\u6cdb\u975e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005DuBois\u5230\u6cd5\u570b\u9ed1\u4eba\u9769\u547d\u5bb6Fanon\u5230\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7684Zolo\u548cMieville\u2500\u2500\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u770b\u5230\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1a\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u570b\u969b\u6b63\u7fa9\u662f\u6c38\u9060\u7121\u6cd5\u4e26\u5b58\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8a3b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a> Hendrik Hertzberg, \u201cSmart Power,\u201d <u>The New Yorker<\/u>, January 26, 2009.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" name=\"_edn2\">[ii]<\/a> http:\/\/www.asil.org\/il08\/clinton.html.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" name=\"_edn3\">[iii]<\/a> Nossel coined the phrase in 2004. Suzanne Nossel, \u201cSmart Power,\u201d <u>Foreign Affairs<\/u> (March\/April 2004): 131-142. The more recent Nossel quote is from Hertzberg, \u201cSmart Power.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" name=\"_edn4\">[iv]<\/a> In 2002, the Germany-based Bertelsmann Company admitted that they had lied about their ties to the Nazi party, which included making profits from slave labor and publishing propaganda. The revelations about Bertelsmann\u2019s sordid past came to light during their successful attempt to takeover the publishing giant Random House in 1998 as Bertelsmann rewrote the companies\u2019 history in order to avoid troubling the deal. \u201cBertelsmann Admits Nazi Past,\u201d <u>BBC<\/u>, (October 8, 2002).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" name=\"_edn5\">[v]<\/a> Nossel, \u201cSmart Power,\u201d 132.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" name=\"_edn6\">[vi]<\/a> Obama, \u201cTorture and Secrecy Betray Core American values,\u201d October 4, 2007. http:\/\/www.barackobama.com\/2007\/10\/04\/obama_torture_and_secrecy_betr.php.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" name=\"_edn7\">[vii]<\/a> From August 2008 to January 2009 the U.S. launched 38 missile strikes inside Pakistan killing an estimated 132 people.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" name=\"_edn8\">[viii]<\/a> Tom Hayden, \u201cCIA Secret Rendition Policy Backed by Human Rights Groups?\u201d <u>Huffington Post<\/u> (February 1, 2009).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\" name=\"_edn9\">[ix]<\/a> Popular opposition to U.S. renditions emerged in earnest in Italy in 2003 when it came to light that the CIA, with full knowledge and cooperation from the Berlusconi government, abducted an Egyptian cleric who was flown to Egypt and tortured. And then, shortly after the cleric\u2019s abduction, another story followed in which \u201can Egyptian citizen, Khalid Masri, was grabbed by men wearing ski masks, stripped, blindfolded, placed in diapers, shackled and flown from Macedonia to Albania. He was released five months later as a case of mistaken identity.\u201d (Hayden, \u201cCIA Secret Rendition Policy Backed by Human Rights groups?\u201d) The European Parliament subsequently condemned renditions as \u201can illegal instrument used by the United States.\u201d Greg Miller, \u201cObama preserves renditions as counter-terrorism tool.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\" name=\"_edn10\">[x]<\/a> Anonymous Obama administration official, quoted in Greg Miller\u2019s \u201cObama preserves renditions as counter-terrorism tool,\u201d <u>Los Angeles Times<\/u> (February 1, 2009). As in this account, it should be clear that no action is ever undertaken by the Supercolonial State without first going through an extensive legal vetting process. In the crucial but complex cases, this process is engaged not in order to determine the legality or illegality of a particular course of action, but rather its legalizability (a category most easily defined as the \u2018not-illegal\u2019).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\" name=\"_edn11\">[xi]<\/a> Tom Malinkowski, cited in \u201cObama lets CIA keep controversial renditions tool,\u201d Greg Miller, <u>Chicago Tribune<\/u> (January 31, 2009).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" name=\"_edn12\">[xii]<\/a> A good example of liberal shock at the \u2018abuse\u2019 of human rights can be found in Afua Hirsch\u2019s, \u201cDo Hedge Funds have human rights?\u201d <u>Guardian<\/u> (London, January 28, 2009). After the lawyers for two large hedge funds (RAB Special Situations and SRM Global Master Fund) argued in a British court that the 2008 nationalization of the British bank Northern Rock amounted to a violation of their human rights under the first protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights, Hirsch mused: \u201cthere seems to be something deeply counter-intuitive about this incarnation of human rights claims, rooted not in protecting such sacred freedoms as the right to life or a private and family life, but mitigating loss of profits.\u201d In contrast to Hirsch\u2019s liberal apoplexy, however, human rights historian Upendra Baxi actually anticipated this type of development in the closing chapter of his book, <u>The Future of Human Rights<\/u>, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). At that time Baxi was already exploring resistance strategies \u201cto the onset of the trade-related, market-friendly paradigm of human rights, which takes the form of full reassertion of the UDHR paradigm in relation to corporate governance and business conduct.\u201d(276) Baxi was not at all surprised by these developments within human rights, given that any non-idealized account of human rights has long had to reckon with the fact that the concept of human rights is extraordinarily broad and subject to virtually unlimited appropriation.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\" name=\"_edn13\">[xiii]<\/a> It should be pointed out, as a curious fact of no small import, that the articulation of \u2018our\u2019 imperial interests <u>in the frame of the international<\/u> continues to be cast in the older language of nationalism, as under the terms and conditions of \u2018our laws and constitution\u2019 and \u2018our core values.\u2019 This again gives credence to Alexander\u2019s theorization of palimpsestic time (see chapter 5), as well as underscoring the inordinate power of the Supracolonial State to control the very language of \u2018the international.\u2019<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\" name=\"_edn14\">[xiv]<\/a> China Mi\u00e9ville, \u201cMultilateralism as Terror: Haiti, Imperialism and (International) Law,\u201d paper delivered at the Critical Legal Conference, University of Glasgow, (September 5, 2008).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" name=\"_edn15\">[xv]<\/a> Nossel, \u201cSmart Power,\u201d 132.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u8f49\u8f09\u672c\u6587\u8acb\u4fdd\u7559\u7db2\u9801\u8a3b\u8a18<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"url2330\" class=\"posturl\" value=\"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/2016\/04\/%e5%b7%a7%e5%af%a6%e5%8a%9b%e3%80%81%e4%ba%ba%e6%ac%8a%e8%88%87%e5%9c%8b%e9%9a%9b%e6%b3%95%ef%bc%9a%e5%be%8c%e5%b8%83%e5%b8%8c%e5%b9%b4%e4%bb%a3%e7%be%8e%e5%b8%9d%e5%9c%8b%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e7%9a%84\/\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" id=\"com2330\" class=\"postcom\" value=\"0\" \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uff08\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7531\u7f8e\u570b\u5de5\u904b\u5b78\u8005Randall Will<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[83],"tags":[232],"class_list":["post-2330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-83","tag-232"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2330","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2330"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2330\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4988,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2330\/revisions\/4988"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2330"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2330"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2330"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<!-- BEGIN: X Secure Pixel Stream -->
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