{"id":3733,"date":"2003-08-01T09:41:05","date_gmt":"2003-08-01T01:41:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/?p=3733"},"modified":"2018-05-23T15:33:23","modified_gmt":"2018-05-23T07:33:23","slug":"from-spice-girls-to-enjo-kosai-formation-of-teenage-girls-sexualities-in-taiwan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/2003\/08\/from-spice-girls-to-enjo-kosai-formation-of-teenage-girls-sexualities-in-taiwan\/","title":{"rendered":"From Spice Girls to enjo kosai: formation of teenage girls’ sexualities in Taiwan"},"content":{"rendered":"

\uff08\u9019\u662f\u62112003\u5e74\u767c\u8868\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u60f3\u6307\u51fa\u7576\u4ee3\u9752\u5c11\u5973\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u5168\u7403\u617e\u671b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u88e1\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b\u53ea\u662f\u6574\u9ad4\u8da8\u52e2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u74b0\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u7279\u6b8a\u5316\u3001\u7f6a\u5211\u5316\u8655\u7406\u3002\u520a\u767b\u65bcInterAsia Cultural Studies<\/em> 4.2 (Aug. 2003): 325-336.\uff09<\/span>[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Impressions of teenage girls\u2019 sexuality in Taiwan have long been enveloped in stock descriptions of emerging social problems: unexpected and unwanted pregnancies by careless girls, brutal rapes or molestations of innocent girls by ruthless men or impulsive youths, or the selling of unfortunate girls into prostitution by heartless parents and traffickers.\u00a0 Within such a social context, the few girls who dared to demonstrate some degree of sexual adventurism or self-determination usually ended up being labeled as problem girls treading on dangerous grounds who were doomed for tragedy.\u00a0 Still, in the past few years a much more pervasive trend and a much wider range of teenage sexual expressions and activities have forced their way unto the Taiwanese scene.\u00a0 In fact, such demonstrations of teenage girls\u2019 sexualities have become so clearly in sight and so blatantly \u201cin your face\u201d that adult concerns are raging to rein in such energies.[2]<\/strong><\/a> \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

A detailed analysis of the historico-socio-economic conditions of possibility for such developments in female teenage sexuality would be a much larger project than the scope of the present paper.\u00a0 Instead, I would like to trace out some of the most visible formations of teenage girls\u2019 sexualities in present-day Taiwan that have sparked intense debates among feminists.\u00a0 Rather than adopting the usual exploitation and victim discourse that surrounds such phenomena, I am proposing that it is through these formations that teenage girls are exploring and thus forging their own sexualities out of limited social means, not to mention groping with the construction of their own reflexive project of the self (Giddens 1991: 52-55).\u00a0 In other words, the increasing visibility of teenage sexuality reflects not necessary a decay in moral values but the changing reality of sexuality in history.\u00a0 My analysis will examine (1) the popular entertainment\/commodity culture in which teenage girls have found materials for the construction of their own sexual selves, (2) the changing sex culture that they are helping to build as they forge new sexual values, identities, and practices, and (3) the increasingly individualized sex work industry that they are creating in their effort to find new forms of economic possibilities and social intercourse.<\/p>\n

Sexual Construction of the Self<\/strong><\/p>\n

In recent years educators and women\u2019s groups in Taiwan are all gladly adopting the feminist vocabulary of \u201cobjectification\u201d to criticize media images of teenage girls\u2014or to be more precise, media representations of teenage girls as sexual subjects who actively desire and pursue their targets\u2014claiming that the false consciousness thus produced would only serve to sustain existing gender stereotypes and long-standing gender inequality.\u00a0 While such images do stem mostly from profit-making motives, I believe teenage girls\u2019 encounters as well as fascination with such images and the commodities that embody them may have done much more than mesmerizing the girls into blind followers of whatever the newest fads may be.\u00a0 In fact, Michel Foucault\u2019s observation may be more insightful: it was through placing ourselves \u201cunder the sign of sex\u201d that we emerged as modern subjects (1980: 78).\u00a0 In other words, it may very well be that by organizing\/manipulating such media images and commodities and becoming themselves subjects of desire, teenage girls are beginning to arrive at a new self-consciousness, a new sense of subjectivity, that may prove instrumental for their overall growth and development.<\/p>\n

\"\u300c\u5f90\u82e5\u7444\u300d\u7684\u5716\u7247\u641c\u5c0b\u7d50\u679c\"The first inkling of a new image of teenage girls\u2019 sexuality hit the Taiwanese popular market in 1996 when Vivian Hsu (\u5f90\u82e5\u7444) published her first photo album titled \u201cVenus.\u201d\u00a0 Though packaged as adult material, the album was widely read and discussed by the public for it is the first time a teenage girl was featured in a photo album geared specifically toward the adult market yet displayed and sold in regular bookstores.[3]<\/strong><\/a> The producer of the photo album explains in an interview that Vivian was chosen as the model because \u201cshe represented a perfect mixture of teenage innocence and subtle but sophisticated sexual desire.\u201d\u00a0 While such a design may be targeting the market of adult males in East Asia, Vivian\u2019s special blend of innocence and sexuality unwittingly opened a new door to self-expression for teenage girls.\u00a0 Henceforth, innocence need not be divorced from sexuality; you can have the cake and eat it too.\u00a0 Nice teenage girls flocked to the studios to have their own photo albums made–\u201cYouth should not leave any page blank\u201d (\u9752\u6625\u4e0d\u8981\u7559\u767d), read the most popular ad slogan of the time.\u00a0 In one proud photo album after another, young teenage girls in the most ordinary jeans and T-shirts peered into the cameras with their own formulation of seductive looks.\u00a0 The more brave ones donned the most exposing lingerie and experimented with the various seductive postures they had long dreamed of trying.\u00a0 The booming personal photo album industry became the playground where numerous teenage girls fashioned their own dream story of stardom out of limited means but unlimited fantasies.<\/p>\n

Such dreams of stardom via the route of often X-rated photo shoots are in fact not all fantasy.\u00a0 Plenty of famous success stories\u2014including those of Marilyn Monroe and Madonna in the West\u2014have proven the channel both feasible and profitable.\u00a0 Local exemplars were not in short supply either.\u00a0 Vivian Hsu, now no longer posing semi-nude, has become not only a popular singer, a TV show host, but also a movie star who enjoys international fame even in the enviable Japanese entertainment business.\u00a0 More recently, Shu-Qi (\u8212\u6dc7), who had made her debut in a Hong-Kong made X-rated movie, is now a well-known movie star who is both award-winning and widely sought after by world-class directors such as Xiao-Xian Ho (\u4faf\u5b5d\u8ce2).\u00a0 Although not all who tried this route proved successful, still, the increasing likelihood, as well as the wide publicity of notable cases, has worked to erode the age-old belief that a girl\u2019s reputation and her future would be completely ruined if she becomes \u201cspoiled\u201d by association with anything sexual.[4]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\"\u300cNamieA subtle combination of innocence and sexuality in looks is further animated by the sexy dance moves of today\u2019s popular performers in Asia, from Korea\u2019s S.E.S and Park Ji-Yoon, to Japan\u2019s Namie Amuro and Hamasaki Ayumi, to Taiwan\u2019s A-Mei and Coco Lee.\u00a0 One immensely popular Japanese star Nami Amuro (\u5b89\u5ba4\u5948\u7f8e\u60e0) had been known to have sparked off a wave of cosmetic surgeries in 1997 as droves of Taiwanese teenage girls rushed to reproduce her child-like facial features on their own faces.[5]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Yet, to that child-likeness, Nami Amuro added 5-inch platform shoes and super short mini-skirts, not to mention a very sensual and energetic song and dance performance that seemed totally incongruent with her otherwise girly features.\u00a0 The sexual potency and suggestiveness of her swaying body thus provided another tangible form of sexual expression to the budding teenage girl population.[6]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 As a lateral development, super tight jeans, jeans that reveal the seductive contours of the girls\u2019 buttocks and thighs, have also become quite popular in Taiwan in these past few years\u2014another style of clothing that mediates between a social context highly suspicious and disdainful of girls wearing over-revealing outfits, and the teenage girls\u2019 own growing desire for sexual expression. \u00a0(I might add here that such tight jeans are also becoming popular among young males, signaling perhaps an increasingly visible concern with sexiness that goes beyond macho manhood.)\u00a0 If tight jeans prove to be too challenging for those schoolgirls who lack confidence in their lower body figures, many of them have chosen instead to wear colorful bras inside their white uniform shirts so that the blurry colorful insinuations could highlight their own upper-body figure and announce their sexual restlessness.[7]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\"\u300cspiceIn sharp contrast to these latter examples of reticence, there are many girls who are much less shy and quite straight-forward with their own sexuality.\u00a0 For them, world-renowned bad-girl Madonna and the UK Spice Girls after her, provided images of a female sexuality that is no longer contained within or geared toward a desire to please men, but instead, is highly energetic as well as obnoxiously provocative (Stoller 46).\u00a0 The songs of Madonna and the Spice Girls may still dwell upon the traditional themes of romance,[8]<\/strong><\/a> but their rhythm and dancing and, most important of all–\u201cattitude,\u201d certainly exemplify alternative ways for teenage girls to imagine how their own sexual feelings and attitudes could be conveyed, aside from the usual tame representations in Cosmopolitan<\/em> or Vogue<\/em>.\u00a0 The self-confidence of the almost lewd Madonna and the scantily dressed Spice Girls has also helped change Taiwanese teenage girls\u2019 images of their own body as well as the way they carry their sexual markings.\u00a0 Twenty years ago, teenage girls were constantly reprimanded for not straightening their backs; they were slouching in order to hide their growing breasts.\u00a0 Yet now girls are highly conscious of their breasts, so much that the latest news is that a 17-year-old girl has already spent US$30,000 on two breast implants, upgrading her size from A-cup to C-cup, with a target size of F-cup.[9]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Local mainstream feminists have criticized this fascination with full-size breasts but have not yet come up with any positive messages to radicalize such a sexualization of teenage girls\u2019 body consciousness.\u00a0 Lately, the fashion industries are expanding their market by producing special fashion designs for girls in their early teens so that they can also have choices other than the usual school uniforms or sexless athletic wear. \u00a0Department stores are likewise in the process of designating special floors for this newly created age grouping.[10]<\/strong><\/a> \u00a0It remains to be seen how this trend may help create a new sexual subjectivity and sexual self-consciousness in this younger population.[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Of course such tangible signs of teenage girls\u2019 sexuality will not go unnoticed; the morally righteous are always on hand to deliver the rant.\u00a0 Yet it is here too that two unexpected factors entered to complicate the scene: notably, nationalist politics and class politics.\u00a0 Encountering formidable difficulties in the official diplomatic circles, Taiwan\u2019s desire for international recognition has often hinged upon other means of cultural representation.\u00a0 Ironically, two scantily dressed and sexily animated young female performers lead the way.\u00a0 Quite symbolically, one singer of aborigine descent, A-Mei (\u5f35\u60e0\u59b9), who had held unprecedented massive concerts in both Taiwan and mainland China, acquired international fame when she sang the ROC national anthem at independence-oriented Taiwanese president Chen Shui-Bian\u2019s inauguration in 2000 and was consequently barred from representing products or giving performances in Mainland China for almost a year.\u00a0 In response, the Taiwanese government conferred an almost heroic status upon A-Mei, thus discouraging any local complaints about her exposing costumes and sexy dance moves on stage.[12]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Another singer, Coco Lee (\u674e\u739f), won a place in the US top 40 for her English album (albeit for a very brief moment), a first for any singer of Chinese descent, and later caught the eye of the world as she sang the theme song for the Oscar-winning movie \u201cCrouching Tigers and Hidden Dragons\u201d at the 2001 Academy Awards ceremony.\u00a0 She is perhaps better known among the local crowd as the sexiest body in the sexiest outfits, on top of her Rickie-Martin-style butt movements.\u00a0 The national as well as international fame of A-Mei and Coco Lee may have helped legitimate their extremely scanty dresses and seductive dance moves on stage geared mostly toward a teenage audience, but public outcry against such open displays of (teenage) female sexuality still needed an outlet.\u00a0 Here, the equally scantily dressed (but perhaps of a lower taste and class in style) betel nut girls, who sell betel nuts and stimulating beverages to passing truck-drivers and other blue-collar workers near freeway exits, ended up receiving the blunt of the blow.\u00a0 In other words, open displays of teenage girls\u2019 sexuality are permissible if they are seen as serving the noble cause of the nation-state building project, but displays of lower class teenage girls\u2019 sexuality will be read as obscene and disgraceful and thus have to face up to police fine and public humiliation.<\/p>\n

\"\u300c\u6843\u5712\u7c89\u7d72For those girls who do not dare to put their sexual expressions directly on display by sexualizing their appearances or body moves, they can always express themselves through their \u201cfanzie\u201d activities.\u00a0 In the past few years, fan clubs have risen in the names of all significant pop performers in Taiwan, and their demonstrations of strong loyalty and devotion often embody the fierce emotion one only feels toward one\u2019s love object.[13]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Historians of the American sex revolution have realized that one very prominent sign of an explosion of teenage sexuality was hundreds of girls screaming and fainting at the Beatle\u2019s public appearances in the 1960s.\u00a0 \u201cAmericans did not like to believe that twelve-year-old girls had any sexual feelings to repress.\u00a0 And no normal girl\u2014or full-grown woman, for that matter\u2014was supposed to have the libidinal voltage required for three hours of screaming, sobbing, incontinent, acute-phase Beatlemania\u201d (Ehrenreich et. al. 1986: 18).\u00a0 Right now the same scene is being replayed at CKS International Airport near Taipei whenever foreign rock performers grace Taiwan with their presence and performance; record companies have also made it common practice to publicize their new releases by creating occasions for such demonstrations of fervor.\u00a0 All of these occasions have provided ample opportunity for teenage girls to practice open displays of their amazing (sexual) energies.\u00a0 Adult TV viewers may shake their heads at the almost hysterical behavior of teenage girls as the latter descend upon their idols, but adults are equally dumb-founded to come up with a plausible explanation for the immense power and energy and determination of these seemingly fragile teenage girls.<\/p>\n

If teenage girls\u2019 sexual expressions have deviated from \u201cthe concept of feminine respectability\u201d in Taiwan, the objects of their heterosexual fascination have also stretched beyond the traditional ideals of masculinity (Frith 1991, 2001: 156-157). \u00a0Gender researchers in the West have long noted the androgynous affect of the Beatles, which was quickly overshadowed by the frank bisexuality of performers such as David Bowie, and then the more outrageous anti-masculinity of Boy George and Michael Jackson in the 1980s.\u00a0 But the situation in Taiwan went further beyond the usual gender division.\u00a0 In fact, the formidable attraction of Japanese Visual Shock artists Shazna, Glay, and Luna Sea for Taiwanese teenage girls can no longer be explained in terms of the muscular or masculine; for these \u201cmale\u201d performers are both aesthetic and fragile, two qualities rarely associated with traditional males.[14]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 In the meantime, the images of other male teen idols, such as the imminently popular local singer Jay Zhou (\u5468\u6770\u502b), are deliberately immersed in a subtle sense of self-pity and vulnerability even when he performs Chinese Kung-Fu in his latest music video.\u00a0 No one has yet studied the effect of such significant changes in gender representations, but the distinct contrast between the immense powers of the teenage girls and the somewhat fragile image of their idols poses an interesting problem for social and cultural researchers.<\/p>\n

The world of popular culture and commodities may have provided some raw material out of which teenage girls could fashion their own sexual representations and sexual subjectivities, yet their sexual construction of the self at the present moment encompasses much more than mere images and fantasies and commodities.\u00a0 In fact, for this generation of Taiwanese teenage girls, hands-on experience with sexual intercourse is no longer something totally alien.<\/p>\n

Changing Teenage Sex Values and Practices<\/strong><\/p>\n

In the past, teenage girls had mostly been shielded, other than the necessity of going to school, from any contact with the outside world by over-protective parents and other adults who are more than familiar with the possible \u201chazards\u201d of such contacts.\u00a0 But in recent years, new channels of communication that help escape parental surveillance have been created by modern technology (notably the internet and the cell phone); new opportunities for teenage gatherings have emerged out of politicians\u2019 effort to create new constituencies through providing some forms of entertainment outlet for teenage energies; and finally, new gender\/sexuality based social movements have also made possible a liberalization of sexual values and practices\u2014all of these socio-historical forces have converged to change the lived sexual realities of Taiwanese teenage girls.<\/p>\n

Dramatic increases in sexual activities among teenagers have been well noted in various studies in Taiwan.\u00a0 A 1998 survey reveals that as high as 43.5% of those who are under the age of 20 have had sexual experiences; and even more surprisingly, 11% of them are under the age of 15.[15]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 A more recent 2001 survey of young internet users further reveals that a good 40% of 15-year-olds have already had more than ten sexual partners.[16]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Unfortunately, neither study specifies the distribution of gender among the respondents. \u00a0But we may infer something from another study.\u00a0 In a longitudinal study, the percentage of females having pre-marital sex in 1988 was around 6.9%; by 1998 it has risen to an \u201calarming\u201d 26.7%;[17]<\/strong><\/a> and since heavy petting (of the lower part of the body) is often considered to be a prelude to actual sexual intercourse and is already practiced by 42.4 % of these women, a similar four-fold increase since 1988, it is likely that premarital sex for females will continue to increase.[18]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Although the sample population of this longitudinal study concentrates on the 20-29 age group, it is quite probable, by inference, that there may be a similar climb in sexual activities among the teenage female population, if only of a smaller magnitude.[19]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Other material developments during the same time frame are also highlighting the emerging presence of sexuality among the very young.\u00a0 To begin with, sexual awakening is taking place much earlier than before.\u00a0 With better nutrition and the encroachment of Western diets, 80% fifth-grade girls in Taiwan have started to grow breasts; 34% sixth-grade girls have experienced their first period; and 16% sixth-grade girls admit to having had romantic relationships, according to a 2000 survey.[20]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 These new developments have alarmed sex educators to such an extent that they have finally decided to distribute newly designed sex education materials to first-year students in junior high schools, something that they had resisted for years, believing that children should be protected from any talk of sex until late puberty.\u00a0 And as news broke out that two sixth-graders were caught having sex inside the health clinic in their elementary school during lunch hour, health officials are now considering distributing sex education material to the fifth and sixth graders of elementary schools.\u00a0 All of these measures further accelerate the process which Michel Foucault has termed the \u201cpedagogization of children\u2019s sex\u201d which seeks to manage, but will more than likely end up inciting, the sexual potentials of so-called underage youths (Foucault, 1980: 104).<\/p>\n

As the tug-of-war rages on between teenage sexual practices and their pedagogization, dramatic changes in teenagers\u2019 sexual attitudes are also becoming clear: the younger generation is developing sexual values quite different from the older generations.[21]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 In a survey with a sample size of 14,269 of 16- to 25-year-old internet users, at least 60% find sexual relationships acceptable if both parties agree to it, to the dismay of parents and sex educators.\u00a0 If pregnancy resulted, 38% youths would choose abortion; nearly 40% would choose marriage as a way out of the problem.\u00a0 Interestingly, the study also shows that the former group consists mainly of females while the latter group consists of males, signifying that today\u2019s young women, with the help of new products such as RU486 or other improved abortion procedures, would choose freedom over marriage even when faced with the embarrassing situation of unexpected pregnancy.\u00a0 As to the age-old question of premarital co-habitation, those youths who would go for it make up 45% of the sample group, yet half of the remaining 55% who are against co-habitation resist living together with their lovers simply because they want to \u201cretain some freedom for themselves\u201d even within such intimate relationships.\u00a0 Those who believe it \u201cimproper\u201d to try co-habitation make up not even 10% of the sample group.[22]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 The conclusion proposed by sex educators is that the double standard is eroding and women in Taiwan now desire to be their own masters, rather than servants, so that when they feel they can afford to have sex and have the ability to control their own bodies, premarital sex is no longer a taboo for them.[23]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

As the post-1994 sex revolution rages on, the liberalization of sexual values among women in Taiwan has created new room for another important mode of female teenage sexuality: lesbian relationships.\u00a0 Although lesbianism remains mostly invisible in this reproduction-oriented society, a recent survey of high school girls, conducted in September of 2000, reports that 12% of high school girls freely admit to being lesbians, and 63% find lesbianism an acceptable form of intimate relationship.[24]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Though taken from a rather small sample, the survey at least bespeaks an emerging self-affirmation as well as a significant change in general attitudes toward lesbianism that 10 years of struggle by the Taiwanese gay and lesbian community has been working for.\u00a0 Lesbian publications have gradually built up a discursive community whereby young lesbians could further constitute their identity in campus study groups.\u00a0 Three successive gay festivals (held between 2000 and 2002) were sponsored by a friendly Taipei city government eager to boost its own international image.\u00a0 The official seal of approval is a great encouragement for teenage girls to explore and even announce their own (perhaps non-heterosexual) relationships. \u00a0On October 13, 2001 Taipei city lesbians held their first-ever joint dance party with 300 university lesbians attending, and the event was favorably covered by the media.\u00a0 On the other hand, the increasingly neutral gender culture also made it easier for lesbians to physically announce their presence and sexuality through extremely short but stylish haircuts as well as breast-binding bras.\u00a0 One French-brand jeans has just aired its most recent commercial on Taiwanese TV, showing two girls traveling all over Europe as lovers\u2014and parting company gently and tenderly before they reach Paris.\u00a0 All of these contribute to an atmosphere in which lesbian desires and identities are becoming increasingly competitive amidst a highly heterosexual teenage culture.<\/p>\n

As sexual openness becomes the rule of the day for Taiwan in the new century, many advertisers are also capitalizing upon such a theme and the ingenious narratives presented in the ads have further lodged new sexual imaginings among teenagers.\u00a0 TV commercials for cell phones\u2014a most popular teen item\u2014have been characterizing this product as the newest means for managing multiple lovers.\u00a0 The commercial for one model of cell phones highlights its newest function as one in which the same romantic message could be sent to nine different receiving parties at one press of a button.\u00a0 Another model emphasizes its new caller-id function, which would light up the liquid crystal screen in different colors when different callers are on the line.\u00a0 The girl in the commercial is presented as utterly bored when the screen flashes colors denoting calls coming in from her best friend and even her own boyfriend.\u00a0 But when the screen flashes the color that announces the boyfriend of a best friend, the girl\u2019s face lit up.\u00a0 Such advertising is clearly taking advantage of the popular practice among teenagers of maintaining multiple relationships during the same period of time, but it also reflects an important change in sexual values as well as sexual practices for this age group.\u00a0 The clich\u00e9 critique of \u201csexual exploitation\u201d and \u201csexual objectification\u201d seems feeble in front of such tremendous powers of attraction and management.\u00a0 \u201cIf advertisers and marketing men manipulated teens as consumers, they also, inadvertently, solidified teen culture against the adult world\u2026. Defined by its own products and advertising slogans, teenhood became more than a prelude to adulthood; it was a status to be proud of\u2014emotionally and sexually complete unto itself\u201d (Ehrenreich et. al. 1986: 29).<\/p>\n

If teenage girls are already living in an environment with plenty of exposure to things sexual, if they are already becoming fluent in the language of desire, if their sexual values have already diverged from puritanical morality, and most importantly, if sexual adventurism (in the form of sex with multiple partners or sex with strangers) is experienced as the latest in-thing instead of a life-and-death matter for girls\u2014then it is little wonder that enjo-kosai<\/em> and other forms of teenage sex work would be taken rather lightly by teenage girls.\u00a0 It is simply another form of sexual exploration, and with tangible as well as sizable profits.<\/p>\n

Teenage Sex Work<\/strong><\/p>\n

As much as enjo-kosai<\/em> (casual teen prostitution) has been interpreted as an alarming phenomenon unique among teenage girls in East Asia (thus worthy of social panic), two points need to be made here concerning the case in Taiwan.\u00a0 First, enjo-kosai<\/em> has now become an umbrella term for all forms of individually-operated sex work in Taiwan, be it professional sex workers who are taking advantage of the term\u2019s amateurish connotation, [25]<\/a><\/strong> or occasional practitioners who are taking advantage of its imported cultural image. [26]<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0 And its practitioners are by no means limited to teenage girls.\u00a0 In fact, the most frequently reported cases in the past year or so in Taiwan have been young men who are offering themselves for sale out of curiosity or out of a desperate need for a quick income,[27]<\/strong><\/a> and other men who have recently become unemployed and thus forced to resort to enjo-kosai<\/em> in this economically difficult time.[28]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Second, enjo-kosai<\/em> has also become a new code-word for the popular but infamous game of one-night-stands on the internet.\u00a0 It not only adds a taboo fantasy dimension to the pre-game negotiations as well as the actual sexual encounter, but also leaves room for post-game demands for compensation should the encounter turns out to be unpleasant or unsatisfactory.\u00a0 In that sense, enjo-kosai<\/em> in the Taiwanese context is more of a space for sexual negotiations than a fixed set of sexual transactions.<\/p>\n

These new developments in no way deny the fact that there are quite a lot of teenage schoolgirls who are conducting enjo-kosai <\/em>in their after-school hours.\u00a0 The absence of work opportunities for teenage schoolgirls has only been ameliorated in the past 15 years by the arrival of the fast food industries and the convenience stores.\u00a0 And as the service industries began to expand as part of the transformation of Taiwanese economy, more schoolgirls entered karaokes, coffee-shops, tea-houses, nightclubs, etc. to work as part-time service crew.\u00a0 All of these jobs pay part-timers by the hour on the basis of a fixed hourly wage, and judging from the meager going rate (US$2 an hour), it is quite understandable why some girls would look into other lines of work, better-paying work.\u00a0 One 14-year-old girl who was caught by the police doing enjo-kosai<\/em> says that she had worked in a beauty parlor as an apprentice, and what she earned standing all day long could not even compare with half of what she earned \u201clying down\u201d for a brief while.\u00a0 She announces that she would go back to enjo-kosai<\/em> as soon as she gets out.[29]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 While women\u2019s groups beseech the police to rid the internet of enjo-kosai<\/em> ads so as to \u201cprotect\u201d the girls from exploitation by customers, perhaps women\u2019s groups should first of all take seriously the girls\u2019 complaints about the exploitation involved in the so-called respectable and normal jobs at McDonalds and other such business institutions.<\/p>\n

\"\u300c\u795e\u69d8\u3001\u3082\u3046\u5c11\u3057\u3060\u3051\u300d\u7684\u5716\u7247\u641c\u5c0b\u7d50\u679c\"Many have attributed the popularity of the term enjo-kosai<\/em> to the Japanese drama \u300c\u795e\u554a\uff01\u8acb\u591a\u7d66\u6211\u4e00\u9ede\u6642\u9593\u300d(\u300c\u795e\u69d8\u3001\u3082\u3046\u5c11\u3057\u3060\u3051\u300d\uff0ckami sama moo sukoshi da ke<\/em>) which aired in Taiwan from July to September 1999.\u00a0 Yet as early as March 1999, the movie \u300c\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b24\u5c0f\u6642\u300d had already caught the attention of the general public which was trying to come to grips with what some Taiwanese teenage girls were already doing then.\u00a0 One senior journalist describes what she saw as the convergence of enjo-kosai<\/em> with the Taiwanese \u201cspicy\/hot sisters\u201d (\u8fa3\u59b9), who were \u201cgirls under the age of eighteen but radiating sexiness as well as maintaining the innocence of a little girl, full of sex appeal.\u201d[30]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 The term, and its male counterpart \u201ccool dude\/brother\u201d (\u9177\u54e5), both captured the delicate combination of innocence\/detachment (out of reach) and enticing sexuality\/sophistication.\u00a0 The journalist worries that the emergence of a whole new generation of young people who were at ease with their own sexualities might provide fertile ground for the imported enjo-kosai<\/em> trend.\u00a0 Her worries were not unfounded, for the convergence was well-anticipated.<\/p>\n

The phenomenon now described as enjo-kosai<\/em> is not the first time Taiwanese teenage girls have come into contact with work that makes use of their bodily image and even sexuality.\u00a0 Many teenage girls have already had experience working as models, not only in the traditional sense of taking the catwalk as fashion models or joining various beauty pageants or talent shows; but also posing for various businesses, selling products as wide-ranging as cars, computer hardware and software, bathroom tiles, cell phones, sashimi, laundry detergent, soft drinks, body sculpturing products and services, chewing gums, etc.\u00a0 Scantily dressed teenage girls have served in restaurant chains imported from the West (i.e., Hooters), car shows, software exhibitions, wine tasting, local betel nut stands, male-dominated billiard parlors, businessmen-frequented tea-houses, gas stations, car-washes, and a wide range of other businesses.\u00a0 When these various kinds of body-display-related work border one another in gradation, and when the legitimacy\/respectability of \u201cwork\u201d eclipses the stigma of \u201csex\u201d in this age of heightened professionalism as well as sexual openness, it becomes increasingly futile to make a clear distinction between these other forms of work and enjo-kosai<\/em>, which for many is just one more line of work\u2014except that it is a kind of work that offers the highest degree of autonomy and flexibility, not to mention profit.\u00a0 In short, this convergence of teenage work and sex work (enjo-kosai<\/em> in particular) is in fact far less a matter of \u201cconfusion of values\u201d than a matter of \u201cprofusion of jobs.\u201d<\/p>\n

As much as child protection NGOs would like to describe the enjo-kosai<\/em> girls as nothing but vulnerable, vain and lazy, the girls themselves, however, are accumulating their own hands-on wisdom in this line of business.\u00a0 Contrary to the guileless girls who are mostly phobic and scared witless in emergency situations, some enjo-kosai <\/em>girls have become quite adept in reading people and handling complicated human interaction.\u00a0 To acquire their prospective clientele, they have learned to target only middle-aged men, not because these men are more lustful, but because these men, according to these girls, are more \u201cchicken-hearted\u201d; in other words, they would not make trouble for the girls should the transaction go awry\u2014the unlawfulness of the transaction, the mainstream social status of these men, and the stigma associated with cross-generational relationships would all work to the men\u2019s disadvantage should they make any trouble that attracts public attention.\u00a0 This pressure also ensures that the girls will be paid when the job is done.\u00a0 Significantly, statistics show that many of these girls are runaways, school drop-outs, night school students, cram school students, etc.\u2014in other words, girls who have been repeatedly humiliated by an education system that values only good grades and good behavior.\u00a0 One researcher remarks: \u201cMany girls do get a sense of achievement that they could not get from school work or their daily life.\u201d[31]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Lest the prejudice against delinquents should take root, it needs to be noted that many other enjo-kosai<\/em> girls come from perfectly functional families; their parents have good-paying jobs, and the kids have good grades in school\u2014and the girls use computers at home to get on the internet and negotiate transactions.\u00a0 Whichever the case, many of the enjo-kosai<\/em> girls prove to be by no means brainless.\u00a0 There was a case in which two girls in their early teens started their own enjo-kosai<\/em> business to avoid exploitation by the telephone dating service where they once worked.\u00a0 While doing enjo-kosai<\/em>, the girls kept a \u201cdesire diary\u201d detailing individual customers, personal tastes, prices charged, merchandise purchased with the payment, calculation of transactions needed for future purchases, etc.[32]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 Professionalism in such compensated companionship is neither casual nor rare.<\/p>\n

Teenage girls who had been protected and restrained by their parents had little chance of coming into contact with such forbidden information and practice, yet now with the advent of the internet, information and experiences about enjo-kosai<\/em> could be passed on easily and quickly.\u00a0 Consequently, values toward the hitherto little known world of sex work are also changing.\u00a0 A September 2001 survey of 16-26-year-olds reveals that 8% of them have looked for enjo-kosai<\/em> on the net, the most often given reasons being curiosity, desire to make friends, and seeking sexual partners.\u00a0 The same survey reports that sex work has become an acceptable form of work for 70% of the youths polled.\u00a0 And the younger the interviewees, the more strongly they side with the new sexual values.[33]<\/strong><\/a> \u00a0Such changes in sexual values were highly visible when Japanese porn star Ai Iijima (\u98ef\u5cf6\u611b) came to Taiwan to publicize her biography Platonic Sex <\/em>in 2000.\u00a0 As much as adults warned about her profession as a porn actress and one time sex worker, teenagers flocked to the book exhibition to catch a glimpse of the sex goddess they have seen so much of in the adult TV channels; many bought her biography and read her life story diligently as a story of courage and honesty.[34]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Many adults continue to lament this \u201cconfusion of values.\u201d\u00a0 But the real confusion that the arrival of enjo-kosai <\/em>brought forth has to be the following.\u00a0 In the past, the \u201cgood women\u201d were always dressed in nice and decent clothes while the sex workers dress lewdly; but now the \u201cnice girls\u201d are donning all the hot and sexy dresses for their albeit limited sexual self-expression, while the enjo-kosai<\/em> girls, the new generation of sex workers, carry on their business in their school uniforms with student id cards in their pockets.\u00a0 Whichever the case, teenage girls are actively striving to manage the delicate multiplicities and complexities of sexual desires, which most adults, born and raised in completely different social-sexual contexts, have little knowledge, much less experience, about.<\/p>\n

Final Words<\/h3>\n

In the above discussion, we have seen how Taiwanese teenage girls have fashioned their sexual selves out of media images and commodities, how their sexual values and practices are changing because of other profound changes in the social milieu surrounding them, and how sex work has become an acceptable and ordinary part of their lives\u2014at least for some of them.\u00a0 In view of all these concomitant happenings, to raise public outcry against the phenomenon known as enjo-kosai<\/em> serves only to flare up moral panic and to displace the wider issue of the continued suppression of teenage girls\u2019 sexuality in a world of allegedly increasing sexual openness.<\/p>\n

Casual teen sex work may have another layer of social significance that most people are not aware of.\u00a0 As the world we live in becomes \u201ca society of strangers,\u201d the art of socializing becomes more and more important for it provides the necessary means through which strangers (or acquaintances) may come together and develop further contacts and relationships.\u00a0 Historically, socializing in the public sphere in the Chinese society had been the exclusive activity of men.\u00a0 It was the prostitutes and other sex workers who first dared to challenge social decorum by entering public space in their own fashion.\u00a0 In fact, the first generation of women who enjoyed financial independence, who divorced freely, who roamed public sites freely, who dressed in the most glaring way, who smoked in public to express their characters and independence, who dated men freely, etc. were none other than the prostitutes.\u00a0 Their revolutionary move has made it possible for other women (non-sex-workers) to also enter the public space and negotiate their own social intercourse, maybe even sexual intercourse.[35]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Like women, teenagers have also suffered immense restrictions and repressions in relation to their entry and activities in public space.\u00a0 Under the triple bind of gender inequality, ageism, and sex negativism, enjo-kosai<\/em> functions as a form of \u201csocial intercourse\u201d that could open up opportunities for youths to explore themselves, to get to know members of other social groups, as well as to get to know the society of which they make up a very important part.\u00a0 Such social intercourse may very well amount to a nice afternoon of company, a passing one night stand, a short-term friendships, a romantic attachment, or even marriage\u2014and perhaps all in connection with some form of monetary gift.\u00a0 To reduce such multiplicities in enjo-kosai<\/em> to simple notions of lop-sided exploitation or commodification is to overlook the efforts of teenage girls to forge new possibilities out of limited space and means.<\/p>\n

Social intercourse and sexual intercourse are simply different forms of modern intercourse.\u00a0 In that sense, enjo-kosai<\/em> is a new form of social\/sexual intercourse in a sexually open society; and new modes of relations, emotions, and work are being created in this process by, first and foremost, our teenage enjo-kosai <\/em>girls.<\/p>\n

Endnotes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> The first draft of this paper was written for and delivered at the International Conference on \u201cTeenage Girls’ Sexualities and Sex Work in East Asia,\u201d held by Yonsei University, Korea on Nov. 2, 2001.\u00a0 The paper now appears in its moderately modified form.\u00a0 Photos of the celebrities mentioned in this paper can be found at http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/members\/ho\/teen_girl\/photo_togo_with.htm<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> For example, women\u2019s groups have publicized reports on the rampant \u201ccommodification\u201d and \u201cobjectification\u201d of teenage girls so as to call on the society to \u201csave\u201d these young girls.\u00a0 Educators and social workers likewise have warned parents to \u201cpay more attention\u201d to their teenage daughters and monitor the latter\u2019s activities and acquaintances.\u00a0 The easy association between teenage girls\u2019 sexuality and teenage sex work further invigorates the sense of urgency that may activate all kinds of social prejudice in relation to age, sexuality, sex work, etc. before the full scope of teenage sexuality had a chance to be discussed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> To avoid violating the age limit set by the law, the producer of the album made sure that Vivian was already 18 before embarking on the shooting.\u00a0 Still, Vivian was packaged as a 13-15 year old girl in all the pictures taken.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> In the meantime, Taiwan\u2019s highly competitive entertainment industry, boosted by a thriving and fluctuating cable TV market, is ever looking for new stars and new idols.\u00a0 Various contests are held all year round to find the most promising faces, voices, bodies, and personalities.\u00a0 The drive to continuously come up with new cultural products has thus opened up more doors for the new generation of teenage girls who are no longer content to be trapped in a life of anonymity.\u00a0 The fever has gotten so hot that in one contest for the title of \u201cHealthy Teenage Beauties,\u201d targeting 14 to 16 year-old girls, 1,200 teenage girls registered for the contest. (\uff1c\u4e00\u9583\u4e00\u9583\u4eae\u6676\u6676\uff0c\u661f\u6cb3\u6e67\u9032\u5c0f\u661f\u661f\uff1e1999\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583126\u7248)<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Part of the surgery procedure consists of wearing infra-red facial masks that allegedly shape the contours of the face. (\uff1c\u8a02\u4f5c\u5b89\u5ba4\u81c9\uff1f\u611b\u7f8e\u8acb\u4e09\u601d\uff1e1997\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58315\u7248)\u00a0 In addition, Nami Amuro\u2019s rather dark complexion also revolutionized Taiwanese girls\u2019 aversion to the sun, leading many of them to leave the shades and lead a much more active life outdoors.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Nami Amuro\u2019s impact on the teenage girl population in Taiwan has been so strong that when she suddenly announced her marriage in 1997 at the age of 20 and her prenuptial pregnancy, parents and teachers in Taiwan worried that the news would trigger off a wave of early marriages and pregnancies among local teenage girls.\u00a0 Again, teenage girls proved themselves smarter than what the adults expected.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \uff1c\u5c11\u5973\u5c11\u5973\u770b\u5167\u8863\u597d\u8272\uff1e1999\u5e745\u67088\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58318\u7248\u3002The explosion in Taiwanese lingerie business in recent years attests to the progress of the erotic revolution in which women are becoming more and more concerned about the aesthetic and erotic connotations of their intimate wear rather than the latter\u2019s practical use.\u00a0 And in response to the trend of increasingly colorful bras under white school uniforms, top-ranked Sun Yet-Sen Girls High School made a formal request in October 2003 asking that students avoid such clothing practices.\uff1c\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5973\u751f\u5167\u5728\u7f8e\u984f\u8272\u6df1\u6dfa\u5b78\u554f\u5927\uff1e\uff0c2003\u5e7411\u67083\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831A10\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> One classic study of rock music\u2019s relationship to sexuality, conducted within the framework advanced by scholars at the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS), believes that \u201cThe dominant mode of control in popular music\u2026is the ideology of romance, which is itself the icing on the harsh ideology of domesticity\u201d (Frith, 1991, 2001: 156).\u00a0 A similar reading can be found in McRobbie and Garber, 1993: 221.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \uff1c\u661f\u5922\u5c11\u5973\u4e09\u6b21\u9686\u4e73\uff1e2001\u5e743\u67087\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u58313\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> New fashion floors are being created in major department stores in Taiwan to target the 11-15 year-olds so that these junior high school girls could have other fashion choices beyond the usual school uniforms or sexless casual wear. (\uff1c\u5c0f\u5c0f\u5c11\u5973\u6d41\u884c\u4e0a\u8eab\uff1e1998\u5e742\u670826\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583134\u7248)<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \uff1c\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5973\u751f\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6551\u661f\uff1a\u6d41\u884c\u767c\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u7522\u696d\u6416\u9322\u6a39\uff1e1998\u5e743\u670814\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u583110\u7248\u3002It has been noticed that since 1993, high school girls have replaced college students to become the most important force in consumer spending in Japan.\u00a0 Having been born into a culture of affluence and consumption, these high school girls are now dominating the lucrative paraphernalia market, and all manufacturers are using these girls to test possible markets for new products.\u00a0 With the teenage consumption power set at a monthly total of US$15 billion dollars in Taiwan, it is most likely that more and more new merchandises and new services will explore and take advantage of such new teenage subjectivities. (\uff1c\u8f15\u9b06\u8cfa\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u4e94\u5343\u5104\uff1e1998\u5e7410\u6708\u9322\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c142-176)\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Her latest album released in 2001 features a song that takes very lightly the subject of \u201cone night stands,\u201d a subject that is quite touchy at the moment as one night stands negotiated through net communication came under fire from religious groups, educators, and women\u2019s groups.\u00a0 Still, the album went on sale unscathed.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Incidentally, the girls are not really die-hard loyalists when it comes to choice of idols; many of them go to various new album releases or concerts and demonstrate the same degree of ecstasy.\u00a0 Whether their idols were pop singers, rhythm and blues singers, or even lyrical singers, soloists or groups, the girls respond to their performances with the same screaming, clapping, and singing-along.\u00a0 Such occasions seem to serve only to provide a legitimate cause for such outbursts.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> The word \u201cmale\u201d is in parenthesis because these performers are also well-known for their transgendered looks and costumes.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \uff1c\u4f60\u8981\u70ba\u5b69\u5b50\u6e96\u5099\u4fdd\u96aa\u5957\u55ce\uff1f\uff1e1998\u5e7412\u67089\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583138\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \uff1c\u672a\u6eff18\u6b72\u7db2\u53cb4\u6210\u6709\u6027\u7d93\u9a57\uff1e2001\u5e749\u670829\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58318\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Significantly, the rise is much more dramatic than that of men of the same age group, which only rose from 35.2% to 37.5%.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \uff1c\u5c11\u5973\u5a5a\u524d\u6027\u884c\u70ba\uff0c10\u5e74\u589e3\u500d\uff1e1999\u5e741\u67089\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58315\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> My own observation is that the figures here may also be confounded by the fact that today\u2019s youths are much more candid about their sexual values and experiences than previous generations.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> \uff1c\u5c0f\u5b78\u751f\u65e9\u719f\uff0c\u6027\u77e5\u8b58\u8ddf\u4e0d\u4e0a\uff1e2000\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58315\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Such changes in attitudes toward sex are partly constituted by teenage girls\u2019 favorite kind of recreational reading: romance novels.\u00a0 In fact, a Feb. 2001 survey of romance novels in the market reveals that out of the four million romance novels presently circulating in bookstores, book rental places, and other channels of distribution, 90% of them included X-rated content, i.e., graphic depictions of sexual intercourse and other perversions.\u00a0 One trouble-shooting female politician was shocked to find that many of these novels even included sections on incest, sex in the presence of children, techniques to seduce men, and other unbelievable and highly unacceptable deviances that she found difficult to mention.\uff082001\u5e743\u67088\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u58316\u7248\uff1c\u674e\u6176\u5b89\uff1a\u8272\u60c5\u5c0f\u8aaa\u6c61\u67d3\u5973\u5b78\u751f\uff1e\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> \uff1c\u516d\u6210\u7db2\u8def\u65cf\u8a8d\u540c\u5a5a\u524d\u5617\u7981\u679c\uff1e1998\u5e743\u67088\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> \uff1c\u73a9\u7981\u5fcc\u904a\u6232\u722d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\uff1e1999\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u5831\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> \uff1c\u5341\u9918\u6821\u554f\u5377\u8abf\u67e512\uff05\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5973\u751f\u81ea\u627f\u662f\u540c\u6027\u6200\uff1e2001\u5e748\u670819\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58318\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> 2001\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u665a\u583123\u7248\uff1c\u61c9\u53ec\u7ad9\u4e0a\u7db2\u63f4\u4ea4\u652c\u5ba2\uff1e\uff1b2000\u5e7410\u67085\u65e5\u6771\u68ee\u65b0\u805e\u5831\uff1c\u7db2\u8def\u63f4\u4ea4\u5973\u771f\u8ca8\u77e5\u591a\u5c11\uff1e\uff0c\uff1c\u61c9\u53ec\u5973\u5192\u5145\u63f4\u4ea4\u5973\uff0c\u4e0a\u7db2\u5f8c\u8eab\u50f9\u7bc0\u7bc0\u9ad8\uff1e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> This wide appeal has a lot to do with the various appropriations that have been applied to the term.\u00a0 Whatever the original meaning may be in the Japanese language and culture, enjo-kosai<\/em> in its Taiwanese usage\u2014literally translated as \u201cassisted socializing\u201d\u2014describes both parties involved in the transaction.\u00a0 While old terms in relation to sex work or prostitution carry specific references to the distinction between the buyer and the seller, enjo-kosai<\/em> and its professional\/technical sounding image can refer to both parties, and it is not always clear who is \u201chelping\u201d whom, or who is in need of assistance in \u201csocializing.\u201d\u00a0 This fluidity in references provides the necessary space whereby those who are involved in the transaction could maneuver the anti-sex work culture that surrounds them.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> Just to give a few examples: \uff1c\u6cb9\u6f06\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0a\u7db2\u63f4\u4ea4\u9001\u8fa6\uff1e2001\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\uff1b\uff1c\u7c4c\u9322\u60f3\u8b8a\u6027\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u63f4\u4ea4\u88ab\u6355\uff1e2001\u5e7410\u67088\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\uff1b\uff1c\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u520a\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b\u7de9\u5211\uff1e2001\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583120\u7248\uff1b\uff1c\u5341\u4e94\u6b72\u7537\u751f\u63f4\u4ea4\uff1e2001\u5e748\u67084\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\uff1b\uff1c\u540c\u5b78\u9053\u76f8\u5831\uff0c\u9ad8\u8077\u7537\u751f\u63f4\u4ea4\uff1e2001\u5e747\u670830\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> 2001\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\uff1c\u5931\u696d\u7537\u5b50\u641e\u63f4\u4ea4\uff0c\u5973\u8b66\u55ac\u88dd\u902e\u5230\u4ed6\uff1e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> \uff1c\u76ae\u8089\u9322\u5361\u597d\u8cfa\uff0c\u4e09\u5c11\u5973\u58ae\u98a8\u5875\u00a0\uff1e1999\u5e7412\u67084\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583119\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> \u300c\u8fa3\u59b9\u540d\u8a5e\u5f9e\u8272\u60c5\u6587\u5316\u7368\u7acb\u51fa\u4f86\u5f8c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5a92\u9ad4\u8207\u6f14\u85dd\u5708\u6253\u51fa\u5065\u5eb7\u8fa3\u59b9\u5f62\u8c61\u53c8\u70ba\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u6240\u8907\u88fd\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\u8d85\u731b\u3001\u8d85\u9177\u3001\u8d85\u8fa3\u7684\u6253\u626e\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u672a\u6eff\u5341\u516b\u6b72\u7684\u5973\u751f\u5fc5\u9808\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u8981\u6709\u5c0f\u5973\u5b69\u822c\u7684\u5929\u771f\uff0c\u5168\u8eab\u5145\u6eff\u6027\u7684\u8a98\u60d1\u3002\u300d\uff1c\u8fa3\u59b9\u5411\u9322\u770b\uff0c\u8ff7\u5931\u6027\u904a\u6232\uff1e1999\u5e743\u670822\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58318\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[31]<\/a>\uff1c\u6211\u73fe\u5728\u7f3a\u9322\u7528\uff0c\u4f86\u53bb\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b\uff1e1999\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u52c1\u58313\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> \uff1c\u98df\u9ad3\u77e5\u5473\u5c11\u5973\u641e\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b\uff1e1999\u5e7411\u67087\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u58314\u7248\u00a0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> \uff1c\u516d\u6210\u7db2\u53cb\u4e0d\u8a8d\u540c\u63f4\u4ea4\uff1e2001\u5e749\u67086\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u72486\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> Another Japanese porn star Madoka Ozawa (\u5c0f\u6fa4\u5713) has made quite a few visits to Taiwan since 2002 and has been featured in car shows, wedding shows, and furniture shows among other non-profit oriented appearances.\u00a0 Some parents and teachers are worrying that Ozawa\u2019s image is now being white-washed to such a degree that being a porn star, a sex worker, would no longer carry the usual social stigma.<\/span><\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> Therein lies part of the buried story of the sex revolution in China.<\/span><\/p>\n

References in Chinese<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\uff1c\u4e00\u9583\u4e00\u9583\u4eae\u6676\u6676\uff0c\u661f\u6cb3\u6e67\u9032\u5c0f\u661f\u661f\uff1e\uff0c1999\u5e744\u67086\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583126\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5341\u4e94\u6b72\u7537\u751f\u63f4\u4ea4\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e748\u67084\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5341\u9918\u6821\u554f\u5377\u8abf\u67e512\uff05\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5973\u751f\u81ea\u627f\u662f\u540c\u6027\u6200\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e748\u670819\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58318\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u520a\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b\u7de9\u5211\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583120\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5c0f\u5c0f\u5c11\u5973\u6d41\u884c\u4e0a\u8eab\uff1e\uff0c1998\u5e742\u670826\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583134\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5c0f\u5b78\u751f\u65e9\u719f\uff0c\u6027\u77e5\u8b58\u8ddf\u4e0d\u4e0a\uff1e\uff0c2000\u5e745\u670831\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58315\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u516d\u6210\u7db2\u53cb\u4e0d\u8a8d\u540c\u63f4\u4ea4\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e749\u67086\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58316\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u516d\u6210\u7db2\u8def\u65cf\u8a8d\u540c\u5a5a\u524d\u5617\u7981\u679c\uff1e\uff0c1998\u5e743\u67088\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5c11\u5973\u5c11\u5973\u770b\u5167\u8863\u597d\u8272\uff1e\uff0c1999\u5e745\u67088\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58318\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5c11\u5973\u5a5a\u524d\u6027\u884c\u70ba\uff0c10\u5e74\u589e3\u500d\uff1e\uff0c1999\u5e741\u67089\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58315\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u5931\u696d\u7537\u5b50\u641e\u63f4\u4ea4\uff0c\u5973\u8b66\u55ac\u88dd\u902e\u5230\u4ed6\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e748\u670822\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u672a\u6eff18\u6b72\u7db2\u53cb4\u6210\u6709\u6027\u7d93\u9a57\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e749\u670829\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u76ae\u8089\u9322\u5361\u597d\u8cfa\uff0c\u4e09\u5c11\u5973\u58ae\u98a8\u5875\uff1e\uff0c1999\u5e7412\u67084\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583119\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u540c\u5b78\u9053\u76f8\u5831\uff0c\u9ad8\u8077\u7537\u751f\u63f4\u4ea4\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e747\u670830\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u4f60\u8981\u70ba\u5b69\u5b50\u6e96\u5099\u4fdd\u96aa\u5957\u55ce\uff1f\uff1e\uff0c1998\u5e7412\u67089\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u583138\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u6211\u73fe\u5728\u7f3a\u9322\u7528\uff0c\u4f86\u53bb\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b\uff1e\uff0c1999\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u52c1\u58313\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u674e\u6176\u5b89\uff1a\u8272\u60c5\u5c0f\u8aaa\u6c61\u67d3\u5973\u5b78\u751f\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e743\u67088\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u58316\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u6cb9\u6f06\u5de5\u4eba\u4e0a\u7db2\u63f4\u4ea4\u9001\u8fa6\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e7410\u670811\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5973\u751f\u5167\u5728\u7f8e\u984f\u8272\u6df1\u6dfa\u5b78\u554f\u5927\uff1e\uff0c2003\u5e7411\u67083\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831A10\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u73a9\u7981\u5fcc\u904a\u6232\u722d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\uff1e\uff0c1999\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u5831\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u661f\u5922\u5c11\u5973\u4e09\u6b21\u9686\u4e73\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e743\u67087\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u58313\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u8a02\u4f5c\u5b89\u5ba4\u81c9\uff1f\u611b\u7f8e\u8acb\u4e09\u601d\uff1e\uff0c1997\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58315\u7248<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u98df\u9ad3\u77e5\u5473\uff0c\u5c11\u5973\u641e\u63f4\u52a9\u4ea4\u969b\uff1e\uff0c\u00a01999\u5e7411\u67087\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u58314\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u9ad8\u4e2d\u5973\u751f\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u6551\u661f\uff1a\u6d41\u884c\u767c\u52d5\u6a5f\uff0c\u7522\u696d\u6416\u9322\u6a39\uff1e\uff0c1998\u5e743\u670814\u65e5\u4e2d\u6642\u665a\u583110\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u7db2\u8def\u63f4\u4ea4\u5973\u771f\u8ca8\u77e5\u591a\u5c11\uff1e\uff0c\uff1c\u61c9\u53ec\u5973\u5192\u5145\u63f4\u4ea4\u5973\u4e0a\u7db2\u5f8c\u8eab\u50f9\u7bc0\u7bc0\u9ad8\uff1e\uff0c2000\u5e7410\u67085\u65e5\u6771\u68ee\u65b0\u805e\u5831\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u8f15\u9b06\u8cfa\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u4e94\u5343\u5104\uff1e\uff0c1998\u5e7410\u6708\u9322\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c142-176\u9801\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u8fa3\u59b9\u5411\u9322\u770b\uff0c\u8ff7\u5931\u6027\u904a\u6232\uff1e\uff0c1999\u5e743\u670822\u65e5\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u58318\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u61c9\u53ec\u7ad9\u4e0a\u7db2\u63f4\u4ea4\u652c\u5ba2\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e748\u670815\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u665a\u583123\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\uff1c\u7c4c\u9322\u60f3\u8b8a\u6027\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\u63f4\u4ea4\u88ab\u6355\uff1e\uff0c2001\u5e7410\u67088\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u583118\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

References in English<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Ehrenreich, Barbara, Elizabeth Hess, & Gloria Jacobs (1986).\u00a0 Re-Making Love: the Feminization of Sex<\/em>.\u00a0 New York: Doubleday.<\/span><\/p>\n

Foucault, Michel (1980).\u00a0 The History of Sexuality: Volume I: An Introductio<\/em>n.\u00a0 Trans. by Robert Hurley.\u00a0 New York: Random House.<\/span><\/p>\n

Frith, Simon (1991, 2001).\u00a0 \u201cRock and Sexuality.\u201d\u00a0 Feminism and Youth Culture<\/em>.\u00a0 Second Edition.\u00a0 Ed. by Angela McRobbie.\u00a0 New York: Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

Giddens, Anthony (1991). \u00a0Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age<\/em>, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. \u00a0187-201<\/span><\/p>\n

McRobbie, Angela & Jenny Garber (1993).\u00a0 \u201cGirls and Subcultures: An Exploration.\u201d\u00a0 Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain<\/em>.\u00a0 Eds. by Stuart Hall & Tony Jefferson.\u00a0 London: Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

Stoller, Debbie (1999).\u00a0 “Feminists Fatale: BUST-ing the Beauty Myth.” \u00a0The Bust Guide to the New Girl Order<\/em>, eds. by Marcelle Karp & Debbie Stoller.\u00a0 New York: Penguin.\u00a0 41-47.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8f49\u8f09\u672c\u6587\u8acb\u4fdd\u7559\u7db2\u9801\u8a3b\u8a18<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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