{"id":4449,"date":"1999-06-01T20:47:51","date_gmt":"1999-06-01T12:47:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/?p=4449"},"modified":"2017-01-15T20:53:29","modified_gmt":"2017-01-15T12:53:29","slug":"%e7%a6%bd%e7%8d%b8%e4%b9%8b%e8%85%b9%ef%bc%9a%e8%a7%a3%e8%ae%80%e7%94%b7%e3%80%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8d%e6%9a%b4%e5%8a%9b%ef%bc%88%e7%bf%bb%e8%ad%af%e6%a0%a1%e8%a8%82%ef%bc%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/jo_article\/1999\/06\/%e7%a6%bd%e7%8d%b8%e4%b9%8b%e8%85%b9%ef%bc%9a%e8%a7%a3%e8%ae%80%e7%94%b7%e3%80%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8d%e6%9a%b4%e5%8a%9b%ef%bc%88%e7%bf%bb%e8%ad%af%e6%a0%a1%e8%a8%82%ef%bc%89\/","title":{"rendered":"\u79bd\u7378\u4e4b\u8179\uff1a\u89e3\u8b80\u7537\u300c\u6027\u300d\u66b4\u529b\uff08\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6821\u8a02\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"

\uff08\u672c\u6587\u4fc2\u82f1\u570b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u8005Lynne Segal\u7684”The Belly of the Beast II: Explaining Male Violence,”<\/span> Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men<\/em> (New Brunswick, NY: Rutgers UP, 1990), chapter 9,\u00a0\u7d93\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6b0a\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002<\/span>\u8449\u5fb7\u5ba3\u8b6f\uff0c\u4f55\u6625\u8564\u6821\u8a02\uff0c\u520a\u767b\u65bc\u300a\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u300c\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3001\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u4e4b\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u300d\u5c08\u865f\uff0c\u7b2c5\u30016\u671f\u5408\u520a\uff0c1999\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u980162-103\u3002\u7576\u6642\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u52a0\u7dca\u901f\u5ea6\u63a8\u52d5\u7684\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u9632\u6cbb\u7acb\u6cd5\u611f\u5230\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u4e5f\u767c\u73fe\u518d\u5730\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5341\u5206\u55ae\u8584\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u62fc\u547d\u7684\u627e\u5c0b\u76f8\u95dc\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u9032\u884c\u7ffb\u8b6f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u5c55\u73fe\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6027\uff0c\u547c\u7c72\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u518d\u63a1\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u518a\u5c08\u984c\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u6210\u679c\u539a\u9054\u4e94\u767e\u591a\u9801\uff0c\u53ef\u60dc\u6548\u61c9\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u9858\u7a4d\u7d2f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u80fd\u6709\u4e9b\u7528\u8655\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u300c\u6211\u5f9e\u4e0d\u66fe\u5016\u514d\u65bc\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u3002\u300d1971\u5e74Susan Griffin\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u520a\u8f09\u65bc\u52a0\u5dde\u57fa\u9032\u96dc\u8a8c\u300a\u9632\u885b\u300b(Ramparts<\/em>)\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5982\u662f\u5ba3\u7a31\u3002\u5979\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u88dc\u5145\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5f9e\u4e0d\u554f\u7537\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f37\u66b4\uff1b\u6211\u50c5\u50c5\u628a\u5b83\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4eba\u6027\u8af8\u591a\u4e0d\u89e3\u4e4b\u8b0e\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u6a01\u3002\u300d[1]<\/strong><\/a> \u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5c07\u8fd1\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u9019\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e00\u518d\u5730\u8ffd\u554f\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4ee5\u7121\u6578\u7684\u66f8\u7c4d\u548c\u6587\u7ae0\u7bc7\u5e45\u4f86\u8a66\u5716\u627e\u5c0b\u7b54\u6848\u2014\u2014\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6b98\u9177\u5c0d\u5f85\u4ecd\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8b0e\u5718\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u6e1b\u4f4e\u5176\u795e\u7955\u3002Griffin\u81ea\u5df1\u5012\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u7236\u6b0a\u6587\u5316\u88e1\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8cea\u7d20\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7570\u6027\u6200\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\uff1a\u300c\u5c08\u9580\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u7570\u6027\u6200\u8005\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u4e3b\u8981\u53ea\u662f\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u7f77\u4e86\u3002\u300d[2]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u88ab\u6559\u5c0e\u3001\u88ab\u9f13\u52f5\u4ee5\u5f37\u66b4\u5973\u6027\u4f5c\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u8c61\u5fb5\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u9042\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u6050\u6016\u7d71\u6cbb\u300d(a kind of terrorism)\uff0c\u4f7f\u7537\u6027\u5f97\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u5973\u6027\u4e26\u4f7f\u5176\u4f9d\u8cf4\u5c48\u5f9e\u3002\u300c\u5f37\u66b4\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6587\u660e\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u3002\u300d[3]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u5a66\u5973\u89e3\u653e\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u767c\u8a00\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u7f8e\u570b\u7684Kate Millett\u548cShulamith Firestone\u2014\u2014\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u50cfGriffin\u4e00\u6a23\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f37\u66b4\u548c\u7537\u6027\uff08\u6027\uff09\u66b4\u529b\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u4e26\u7dad\u7e6b\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0a\u626e\u6f14\u95dc\u9375\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1b[4]<\/strong><\/a> Germaine Greer\u7684\u901a\u4fd7\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u6566\u4fc3\u5973\u4eba\u81ea\u5f37\u3001\u81ea\u723d\u3001\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u6bc5\u7136\u5730\u5426\u5b9a\u7537\u4eba\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u5225\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff1b[5]<\/strong><\/a> \u82f1\u570b\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6587\u672c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982Juliet Mitchell\u548cSheila Rowbotham\u7684\u7d93\u5178\u4e4b\u4f5c\uff09\u5728\u5176\u5c0d\u6027\u7684\u52de\u52d9\u5206\u5de5\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u61c9\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u5982\u4f55\u9020\u5c31\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u548c\u5973\u6027\u5c48\u5f9e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e26\u672a\u8ce6\u4e88\u7537\u6027\uff08\u6027\uff09\u66b4\u529b\u591a\u5927\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002[6]<\/strong><\/a> \u76f4\u52301975\u5e74Susan Brownmiller\u66a2\u92b7\u570b\u969b\u7684\u300a\u975e\u543e\u8f29\u6240\u9858\u300b\uff08Against Our Will<\/em>\uff09\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5c0d\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u65b0\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c07\u5f37\u66b4\u8207\u7537\u6027\uff08\u6027\uff09\u66b4\u529b\u7f6e\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u554f\u984c\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u624d\u5728\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u6f6e\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u3002[7]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u56de\u9996\u904e\u5f80\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u975e\u5e38\u9a5a\u8a1d\u5730\u9ad4\u8a8d\u5230\uff1a\u5f37\u66b4\u4ee5\u53ca\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u900f\u904e\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u95dc\u6ce8\u624d\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u3002\u6240\u6709\u56db\u5341\u6b72\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u90fd\u9084\u8a18\u5f97\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u73a9\u7b11\u8a71\u4e2d\u7e3d\u662f\u8f15\u63cf\u6de1\u5beb\u7684\u8aaa\u5973\u4eba\u5176\u5be6\u5728\u5167\u5fc3\u6df1\u8655\u662f\u6e34\u671b\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u3002\u9019\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u50c5\u50c5\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u90fd\u9084\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u2500\u2500\u4e0d\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u662f\u8ab0\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5831\u7ae0\u6a19\u984c\u4e0a\u7684\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u662f\u591a\u9ebc\u53ef\u6015\u8207\u6b98\u66b4\u3002\u7576\u6642\u5728\u6211\u5c31\u8b80\u7684\u96ea\u68a8\u5927\u5b78\u5fc3\u7406\u7cfb\u88e1\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u6559\u8077\u54e1\u5011\u6700\u6d25\u6d25\u6a02\u9053\u7684\u7b11\u8a71\u90fd\u74b0\u7e5e\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u591c\u534a\u6df1\u66f4\u722c\u9032\u5973\u751f\u5be2\u5ba4\u59e6\u6bba\u5973\u751f\u3001\u88ab\u7a31\u4f5c\u300c\u5272\u5589\u4e4b\u72fc\u300d(The Slasher)\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u5f8c\u4f86\u5a92\u9ad4\u958b\u59cb\u5831\u5c0e\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u622a\u80a2\u4e4b\u9b54\u300d(The Mutilator)\u5728\u6df1\u591c\u7684\u96ea\u68a8\u516c\u5712\u4e2d\u5c0d\u300c\u7537\u6027\u300d\u7684\u4e0b\u9ad4\u9032\u884c\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u539f\u5148\u7684\u73a9\u7b11\u98a8\u6c23\u624d\u544a\u505c\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u7537\u6027\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u5ba3\u544a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5224\u6c7a\u3001\u91ab\u6cbb\u53d7\u50b7\u5973\u6027\u3001\u5beb\u4f5c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u8ad6\u6587\u3001\u548c\u540c\u5115\u8ac7\u7b11\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u8f15\u770b\u5973\u6027\u5728\u7537\u6027\u624b\u4e2d\u6240\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u5145\u65a5\u8457\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6587\u5316\u300c\u6068\u5973\u5fc3\u7406\u300d(misogyny)\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u518d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u548c\u524d\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u7d93\u610f\u7684\u5ba3\u7a31\u81ea\u5df1\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u8655\u5883\u4e00\u7121\u6240\u77e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u518d\u5c0d\u7537\u6027\u5411\u5973\u6027\u6240\u8868\u9054\u7684\u53ad\u60e1\u548c\u9119\u8996\u7e7c\u7e8c\u9032\u884c\u300c\u7121\u90aa\u7684\u300d\u5171\u8b00\uff1b\u5982\u4eca\u4ed6\u5011\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u505a\u7684\u60e1\u884c\u662f\u6789\u9867\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u8a31\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u6709\u610f\u5e72\u72af\u2014\u2014\u7121\u6578\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5c0d\u6297\u7537\u6027\u8af8\u591a\u66b4\u884c\u6642\u6240\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u6297\u8b70\u548c\u6709\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5206\u6790\u7684\u9996\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u53bb\u63ed\u6aeb\u74b0\u7e5e\u65bc\u5f37\u66b4\u53ca\u7537\u6027\uff08\u6027\uff09\u66b4\u529b\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u8af8\u822c\u8ff7\u601d\u2014\u2014\u800c\u9019\u4efd\u5de5\u4f5c\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e86\u76f8\u7576\u53ef\u89c0\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u8ff7\u601d\uff1a\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996(sexist)\u8207\u53cd\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996(anti-sexist)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u8fc5\u901f\u63ed\u9732\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u8ff7\u601d\u5c31\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f37\u66b4\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u4e26\u4e0d\u5e38\u898b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u75c5\u614b\u7684\u6027\u9951\u6e34\u72c2\u4eba\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u76f8\u7576\u666e\u904d\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u6709\u9810\u8b00\u7684\uff0c\u65bd\u66b4\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u5df2\u6709\u59bb\u5ba4\u6216\u5973\u53cb\uff0c\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u5e38\u662f\u539f\u5148\u5c31\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u5973\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u5f37\u66b4\u8ff7\u601d\u5247\u5047\u8a2d\u7537\u6027\u6703\u6709\u617e\u671b\u4fdd\u8b77\u5973\u6027\u514d\u65bc\u66b4\u529b\u4fb5\u5bb3\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u8b66\u5bdf\u3001\u91ab\u9662\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f8\u6cd5\u5be9\u5224\u5c0d\u5f85\u5f37\u66b4\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u537b\u5f80\u5f80\u6d41\u9732\u51fa\u5c0d\u53d7\u5bb3\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6575\u610f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6bd4\u8f03\u50be\u5411\u4fdd\u8b77\u65bd\u66b4\u8005\u7684\u6b0a\u76ca\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\u4fdd\u8b77\u4ed6\u500b\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8072\u7a31\u628a\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u62d2\u65a5\u300c\u8aa4\u8b80\u300d\u70ba\u540c\u610f\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u751a\u65bc\u7dad\u8b77\u5973\u4eba\u5c0d\u6027\u8aaa\u300c\u4e0d\u300d\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u8ad6\u4f55\u6642\u4f55\u5730\u3002\u5728\u73fe\u4eca\u6c57\u725b\u5145\u68df\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6211\u50c5\u50c5\u8209\u51fa\u4e00\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u4f86\u8a0e\u8ad6\u2014\u2014Elizabeth Stanko\u51fa\u7248\u65bc1985\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u89aa\u5bc6\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u300b(Intimate Intrusions<\/em>)\uff1b\u6839\u64da\u5979\u5c0d\u82f1\u7f8e\u5169\u5730\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u6cd5\u5ead\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff08\u91cd\uff09\u653b\u64ca\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5f80\u5f80\u767e\u822c\u5201\u96e3\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5a66\u5973\u96e3\u4ee5\u5c0d\u65bd\u66b4\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u63a7\u544a\uff0c\u4e5f\u96e3\u4ee5\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u5b9a\u7f6a\uff1a\u300c\u6700\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5be9\u8a0a\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u2014\u2014\u5f9e\u8b66\u5bdf\u5230\u6aa2\u5bdf\u5b98\u5230\u6cd5\u5b98\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u653b\u64ca\u6027\u3002\u300d[8]<\/strong><\/a> \u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u74b0\u7e5e\u65bc\u5176\u4e0a\u7684\u8ff7\u601d\uff1a\u9019\u4e9b\u8ff7\u601d\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5973\u4eba\u300c\u9080\u8acb\u300d\u6216\u6311\u8d77\u653b\u64ca\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u7537\u4eba\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u8d85\u5f37\u7684\u6027\u9a45\u529b\u7684\u300c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u300d\u3002\u800c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5247\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7537\u6027\u617e\u529b\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u9f13\u52f5\u7537\u6027\u7528\u6027\u6d3b\u52d5\u4f86\u300c\u5f81\u670d\u300d\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u5141\u8a31\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6beb\u4e0d\u64d4\u5fc3\u61f2\u7f70\u5730\u76e1\u60c5\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u65bd\u52a0\u6027\u525d\u524a\u8207\u8eab\u9ad4\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3002[9]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u5f37\u66b4\u8ff7\u601d\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u5404\u6d3e\u5225\u5c1a\u672a\u6d88\u6ec5\u7684\uff1b\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u4e00\u76f4\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u8ff7\u601d\u80cc\u66f8\u3002\u6bd4\u5982Griffin\u5c31\u5766\u7387\u7684\uff08\u4e5f\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\uff09\u76f4\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u3002\u300d[10]<\/strong><\/a> \u96d6\u7136\u5f8c\u4f86Brownmiller\u5c0dGriffin\u4e4b\u5206\u6790\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u92ea\u9673\u5ee3\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u537b\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee5\u67d0\u4e9b\u8d77\u78bc\u8d0a\u540c\u90e8\u5206\u5f37\u66b4\u4fe1\u5ff5\u53ca\u8ff7\u601d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8207\u524d\u63d0\u70ba\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u7684\uff1b\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6703\u5f37\u66b4\uff0c\u800c\u5973\u6027\u4e0d\u6703\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u751f\u7269\u7684\u610f\u5916\u300d(accident of biology)\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7576\u7537\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5f37\u66b4\u5225\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u76f4\u63a5\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u7d50\u76df\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u7531\u4e00\u7fa4\u7537\u6027\u63a0\u596a\u8005\u5c0d\u4e00\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u9032\u884c\u8f2a\u66b4\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u4e0d\u4f46\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7537\u6027\u7279\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u7537\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u5979\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4ecb\u3002[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u610f\u5411\u4e0d\u8db3\u6216\u6b66\u5668\u53d6\u5f97\u4e0d\u6613\u5916\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u9084\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u56e0\u7d20\u4f7f\u5f97\u5973\u4eba\uff08\u6216\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u5973\u6027\u63a0\u596a\u8005\uff09\u4e0d\u6703\u62ff\u9152\u74f6\u3001\u62f3\u982d\u6216\u820c\u982d\u53bb\u6050\u5687\u7537\u6027\u6216\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u7537\u6027\u4ee5\u53e3\u4ea4\u9054\u5230\u9ad8\u6f6e\u5462\uff1f\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u7537\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6700\u666e\u904d\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u8981\u5973\u6027\u9078\u64c7\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u5973\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7bc4\u570d\u4e4b\u5167\u7684\u3002\uff08\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5728\u5f88\u4e45\u4ee5\u524d\u4fbf\u62d2\u7d55\u5c07\u300c\u5f37\u66b4\u300d\u50c5\u50c5\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u9670\u8396\u5c0d\u9670\u9053\u7684\u5f37\u8feb\u63d2\u5165\u3002\uff09\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u4e5f\u78ba\u5be6\u9078\u64c7\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u96b1\u7d04\u8a18\u5f97\u6709\u4e00\u5169\u500b\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u66fe\u505a\u51fa\u5982\u662f\u5ba3\u7a31\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u82e5\u771f\u8981\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u52a0\u4ee5\u8abf\u67e5\u8d77\u8a34\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5973\u4eba\u4e5f\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u57fa\u65bc\u81ea\u6211\u8faf\u8b77\u800c\u8aaa\uff1a\u96e3\u9053\u7537\u4eba\u4e0d\u90fd\u5e7b\u60f3\u8457\u88ab\u5973\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u55ce\uff1f\u6211\u4e0d\u540c\u610fBrownmiller\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u6709\u300c\u80fd\u529b\u300d\u5f37\u66b4\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u6709\u300c\u50be\u5411\u300d\u5f37\u66b4\u6216\u8005\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u6709\u50be\u5411\u5bec\u6055\u65bd\u66b4\u6c92\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u95dc\u9023\uff1b\u5c31\u50cf\u5973\u6027\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u70f9\u98ea\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f55\u6709\u4e9b\u59bb\u5b50\u6703\u5728\u4e08\u592b\u7684\u665a\u9910\u88e1\u4e0b\u6bd2\u800c\u5176\u5979\u5973\u6027\u9084\u5728\u6b4c\u8b20\u88e1\u7a31\u980c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002[12]<\/strong><\/a> \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u7537\u6027\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u5f37\u66b4\u5973\u6027\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u7537\u6027\u6709\u751f\u7269\u689d\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f37\u66b4\u5973\u6027\u4e4b\u5916\uff0cBrownmiller\u9084\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5979\u81ea\u5df1\u6df1\u4fe1\u4e0d\u7591\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff1a\u7537\u4eba\u5f37\u66b4\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u3001\u96c6\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u6587\u5316\u754c\u9650\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u78ba\u4fdd\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5c48\u5f9e\u3002\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u662f\u7236\u6b0a\u7684\u300c\u7a81\u64ca\u90e8\u968a\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u7537\u6027\u652f\u914d\u7d71\u5fa1\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u3002[13]<\/strong><\/a> \u6216\u8a31\u6709\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u6703\u53bb\u5f37\u66b4\u5225\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u900f\u904e\u66ff\u4ed6\u5011\u92ea\u8def\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u4f86\u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff1a\u5f37\u66b4\u300c\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u606b\u5687\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5b83\uff0c\u300e\u6240\u6709\u300f\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u300e\u6240\u6709\u300f\u5973\u6027\u6046\u5e38\u8655\u65bc\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u4e2d\u300d\u3002[14]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Brownmiller\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e4b\u529b\u9053\u4f86\u81ea\u5979\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u7537\u4eba\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u6c88\u9ed8\u4ee5\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u53d7\u66b4\uff0c\u55ae\u55ae\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5df2\u7d93\u8db3\u4ee5\u91d0\u6e05\u5f37\u66b4\u53f2\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u9762\u5411\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6c88\u9ed8\u56fa\u7136\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u5e7e\u4e4e\u7121\u6cd5\u8b49\u5be6\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u8981\u8aaa\u2500\u2500\u4f8b\u5982\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u7684\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u2500\u2500\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6709\u5f37\u66b4\u5176\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5b\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u96d6\u7136\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u884c\u70ba\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u81f3\u4eca\u6700\u8907\u96dc\u7cbe\u7d30\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c07\u5176\u7562\u751f\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4eba\u985e\u6027\u617e\u8207\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u537b\u5e7e\u53ef\u8b02\u96bb\u5b57\u672a\u63d0\u2014\u2014\u9664\u53bb\u5728\u95e1\u91cb\u610f\u8b58\u8207\u7121\u610f\u8b58\u52d5\u6a5f\u5dee\u7570\u6642\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u8fa8\u4e0a\u63d0\u904e\u4e00\u7b46\u4e4b\u5916\u3002[15]<\/strong><\/a> \u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u91d1\u8cfd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u91d1\u8cfd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u6027\uff08\u5b78\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u96d6\u57281940-50\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ea4\u8a2a\u554f\u904e\u6210\u5343\u4e0a\u842c\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u537b\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u8511\u8996\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u610f\u7fa9\u548c\u6050\u6016\u611f\uff1b\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u5f37\u66b4\u300d\u6848\u4f8b\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5973\u6027\u5728\u4f01\u5716\u63a9\u98fe\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6027\u6d3b\u52d5\u800c\u5df2\uff1b\u4ed6\u5011\u4e26\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5ba3\u7a31\uff0c\uff08\u7537\u6027\uff09\u5c0d\u5e74\u8f15\u5973\u5b69\u7684\u6027\u89aa\u8fd1\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u800c\u5373\u4f7f\u771f\u7684\u767c\u751f\u4fb5\u72af\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u50b7\u5bb3\u53ef\u80fd\u61c9\u8a72\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u300c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5236\u7d04\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9019\u500b\u7d93\u9a57\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7279\u8cea [16]<\/strong><\/a> \u3002Brownmiller\u548c\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u51fa\u7248\u524d\u5f8c\u70ba\u6578\u773e\u591a\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u5f37\u66b4\u6163\u5e38\u6709\u8457\u4ee4\u4eba\u5fc3\u5bd2\u7684\u4f4e\u5831\u6848\u7387\u3001\u9ad8\u767c\u751f\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff08\u591a\u6578\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u7684\uff09\u6b0a\u5a01\u548c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5e38\u5e38\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u602a\u7f6a\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u50ac\u5316\u4e86\u53d7\u5bb3\u2014\u2014\u4ea6\u5373\u8087\u59cb\u7537\u4eba\u65bd\u66b4\u65bc\u5df1\u3002Brownmiller\u2014\u2014\u548c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u2014\u2014\u5982\u4eca\u90fd\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u6210\u56e0\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a34\u8af8\u65bc\u500b\u5225\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u7684\u500b\u5225\u884c\u70ba\uff1b\u552f\u6709\u5728\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u666e\u904d\u8f15\u9119\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u624d\u80fd\u88ab\u56b4\u8085\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u548c\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0cBrownmiller\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u5f31\u9ede\u6b63\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u6b66\u65b7\u6982\u62ec\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5316\u8ad6\u65b7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5404\u65b9\u8b49\u64da\u5df2\u7136\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u904d\u76db\u884c\u65e2\u975e\u81ea\u53e4\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u8209\u4e16\u7686\u7136\u3002Peggy Reeves Sanday\u5ee3\u88ab\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u6703\u88e1\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u8457\u6975\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u5979\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e86\u50cf\u897f\u8607\u9580\u7b54\u81d8\u9019\u7a2e\u76f8\u5c0d\u8aaa\u4f86\u300c\u7121\u5f37\u66b4\u300d\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u300c\u5177\u5f37\u66b4\u50be\u5411\u300d\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u570b\u3002\u6839\u64da\u5979\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u8005\u793e\u6703\u88e1\uff0c\u5a66\u5973\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u793e\u7fa4\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u53c3\u8207\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52d9\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u5169\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u5c0d\u7b49\u548c\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\uff0c[17]<\/strong><\/a> \u9019\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u4f4e\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u524d\u5de5\u696d\u793e\u6703\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6216\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6027\u66b4\u529b\uff0cMargaret Mead\u5c0d\u963f\u62c9\u5e15\u8a31(Arapesh) \u5df4\u5e03\u4e9e\u65b0\u5e7e\u5167\u4e9e\u5cf6\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u7814\u7a76\u96d6\u7136\u73fe\u5728\u70ba\u722d\u8b70\u6240\u56f0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u8a18\u8f09\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6eab\u548c\u3001\u4e0d\u5177\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u3001\u514d\u65bc\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u548c\u6587\u5316\u3002[18]<\/strong><\/a> \u6211\u5011\u624b\u908a\u95dc\u65bc\u975e\u6d32\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ee5\u72e9\u7375\u63a1\u96c6\u70ba\u751f\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u986f\u793a\u66b4\u529b\u767c\u751f\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e\uff0c\u66f4\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5f37\u66b4\u548c\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u8b49\u64da\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u537b\u96b1\u7136\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u65bd\u52a0\u65bc\u5973\u4eba\uff08\u6216\u7537\u4eba\uff09\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u6027\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u6574\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5f37\u5ea6\u7dca\u5bc6\u5730\u76f8\u95dc\u3002[19]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u5f37\u66b4\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u6027\u3002Roy Porter\u66fe\u4ed4\u7d30\u7684\u7be9\u6aa2\u82f1\u570b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u5973\u6027\u5728\u65e5\u8a18\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u66f8\u5beb\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u8b49\u64da\u986f\u793a\u524d\u5de5\u696d\u6642\u671f\u7684\u82f1\u570b\u5973\u6027\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u611f\u5230\u6050\u61fc\u2014\u2014\u5979\u5011\u5012\u662f\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u7a2e\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u3002[20]<\/strong><\/a> \u5f9eMary Astell\u5230Mary Wollstonecraft\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u90fd\u56b4\u53b2\u8b74\u8cac\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u82e6\u5f85\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u5f37\u66b4\uff1b\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ee5\u66f8\u5beb\u548c\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u4f86\u53cd\u5c0d\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7ae5\u5993\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5a3c\u5993\u7684\u5f37\u5236\u91ab\u6aa2\uff09\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u4e0d\u66fe\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u8ff0\u5c0d\u65bc\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7126\u616e\u4e0d\u5b89\u3002Porter\u64da\u6b64\u63a8\u60f3\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5973\u4eba\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u5728\u7576\u6642\u6216\u8a31\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u50cf\u4eca\u65e5\u4e00\u6a23\u5f62\u6210\u986f\u8981\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff1b\u548cBrownmiller\u6240\u69cb\u60f3\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u53f2\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u5f81\u670d\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8cea\u7591\u7537\u6027\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u58d3\u8feb\u548c\u525d\u524a\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4f46\u662fPorter\u60f3\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u592a\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u606b\u5687\u624b\u6bb5\u4f86\u7dad\u7e6b\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u6b0a\uff1a\u300c\u7537\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u4f86\u6572\u908a\u9f13\uff0c\u4ee5\u7dad\u7e6b\u4ed6\u5011\u51cc\u99d5\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u64c1\u6709\u8cc7\u7522\u8005\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u85c9\u7531\u9f13\u52f5\u7aca\u76dc\uff0c\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u5316\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u300d[21]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Barbara Lindemann\u5c0d\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u9ebb\u585e\u8af8\u585e\u5dde\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6[22]<\/strong><\/a> \u3002\u57281729\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6bcf\u5341\u5e74\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u8d77\u5f37\u66b4\u6848\u4ef6\u9054\u5230\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u300c\u6848\u300d\u53ef\u67e5\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u8a18\u9304\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\u90fd\u7dad\u6301\u5728\u5f88\u4f4e\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u6bcf\u5169\u5e74\u5e73\u5747\u6709\u4e00\u5b97\uff1b\u5118\u7ba1\u6230\u722d\u5e36\u4f86\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u3001\u7121\u804a\u4e14\u5bc2\u5bde\u7684\u82f1\u7f8e\u8ecd\u65c5\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u7d93\u6fdf\u5371\u6a5f\u548c\u7121\u6839\u6f02\u6d41\u7684\u98e2\u56f0\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u66fe\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u6709\u6848\u53ef\u67e5\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u7387\u3002Lindemann\u6bd4Porter\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u8003\u616e\u5230\uff0c\u9019\u5176\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u727d\u6d89\u4e86\u5f37\u66b4\u800c\u672a\u5831\u6848\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff09\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u904e\u5206\u72f9\u7a84\u2014\u2014\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8207\u7fd2\u4fd7\u8a8d\u5b9a\u5f37\u66b4\u50c5\u50c5\u6307\u6d89\u5973\u4eba\u596e\u529b\u62b5\u6297\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u5979\u6c92\u6709\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u6216\u4f54\u6709\u6b0a\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u3002Lindemann\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u5f37\u66b4\u6848\u4f8b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5c11\u898b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u539f\u56e0\u4fbf\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u5c64\u6216\u4e2d\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5176\u5973\u6027\u50d5\u5f79\u6240\u65bd\u52a0\u7684\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u8a8d\u5b9a\u70ba\u5f37\u66b4\uff0c\u9023\u53d7\u5bb3\u7684\u5973\u6027\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u8a8d\u70ba\u90a3\u662f\u5f37\u66b4\u3002\u5f37\u66b4\u662f\u7576\u6642\u7537\u6027\u7528\u6027\u4f86\u5ba3\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u505a\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u6291\u6216\u505a\u50d5\u4eba\u7684\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6191\u85c9\u53ef\u8cc7\u81ea\u885b\u6216\u81ea\u6551\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u8003\u91cf\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\uff0cLindemann\u9084\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\ufe30\u300c\u5728\u6b64\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7121\u53ef\u8ff4\u907f\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\ufe30\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u9ebb\u7701\u8d77\u8a34\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u6848\u4ef6\u7e3d\u6578\u76f8\u8f03\u65bc\u4eca\u65e5\u4f86\u8aaa\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5c31\u4eba\u53e3\u6bd4\u4f8b\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u767c\u751f\u7387\u5f88\u4f4e\u3002\u300d[23]<\/strong><\/a> \u5979\u628a\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u6b78\u56e0\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5c0d\u9032\u884c\u5a5a\u5916\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6216\u5973\u6027\u90fd\u4e00\u6a23\u52a0\u4ee5\u983b\u7e41\u7684\u8b74\u8cac\u548c\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7576\u6642\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\u5973\u6027\u548c\u7537\u6027\u4e00\u6a23\u5c0d\u6027\u6df1\u5177\u8208\u8da3\uff1a\u300c\u7576\u6642\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u5169\u6027\u95dc\u4fc2\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u5178\u578b\u5f37\u66b4\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\ufe30\u5973\u6027\u767c\u52d5\u6311\u9017\u3001\u6b32\u62d2\u9084\u8fce\u7684\u6297\u62d2\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d42\u7a76\u88ab\u7537\u6027\u5f81\u670d\u3002\u300d[24]<\/strong><\/a> \u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7236\u6b0a\u7a69\u56fa\u4f46\u4e0d\u9f13\u52f5\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u5c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u6a5f\u6703\u4f7f\u5f37\u66b4\u5f97\u4ee5\u8f15\u6613\u767c\u751f\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u5b83\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5247\u5f37\u8abf\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u7537\u6027\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5c55\u73fe\u4e5f\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002Ellen Ross\u66fe\u7d93\u7814\u7a761870\u52301940\u5e74\u9593\u502b\u6566\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u592b\u59bb\u9593\u767c\u751f\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u9ad8\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u90a3\u6642\u8a31\u591a\u59bb\u5b50\u6703\u300c\u6beb\u4e0d\u7336\u8c6b\u5730\u75db\u6253\u5979\u5011\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u300d\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u722d\u57f7\u4e2d\u59bb\u5b50\u53d7\u5230\u50b7\u5bb3\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u9084\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u5927\uff09\uff0cRoss\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6d6e\u73fe\u548c\u7576\u6642\u7531\u65bc\u7537\u6027\u5931\u696d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bb6\u5ead\u9577\u671f\u8ca7\u56f0\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e0d\u548c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7537\u6027\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u8b8a\u52d5\u6709\u95dc\u3002[25]<\/strong><\/a> \u7537\u5973\u96d9\u65b9\u4e4b\u9593\u9019\u7a2e\u660e\u986f\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u6575\u610f\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u91d1\u9322\u800c\u8d77\uff1b\u7537\u6027\u672a\u80fd\u6216\u7121\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u59bb\u5b50\u5152\u5973\u6eab\u98fd\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u5973\u6027\u958b\u59cb\u6311\u6230\u7537\u6027\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u4e08\u592b\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u64c1\u6709\u75db\u6bc6\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u300c\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\uff0cRoss\u9084\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u502b\u6566\u7684\u9152\u9928\u6587\u5316\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6230\u524d\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u4e16\u4ee3\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ca\u5b83\u65e5\u5f8c\u6240\u6f14\u8b8a\u5f97\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u60e1\u6bd2\u5730\u618e\u6068\u5973\u4eba(poisonously misogynous)\u300d\u3002Ross\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6027(sexuality)\u5728\u7576\u6642\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u50cf\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u90a3\u6a23\u6f14\u5316\u6210\u70ba\u5bb6\u5ead\u548c\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6230\u5834\uff0c\u4e5f\u9084\u672a\u6210\u70ba\u5f37\u52e2\u80af\u5b9a\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5834\u57df\u3002\u300d[26]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u7316\u7357\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u6027\u4e5f\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u6975\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff1a\u6bd4\u65b9\u8aaa\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u5831\u6848\u7387\u5c31\u6bd4\u82f1\u570b\u591a\u4e0d\u53ea\u5169\u500d\u800c\u662f\u5341\u4e03\u500d\u4e4b\u591a\uff081979\u5e74\u7f8e\u570b\u6bcf\u5341\u842c\u4eba\u4e2d\u5c31\u670934.5\u8d77\u5f37\u66b4\uff0c\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u57281981\u5e74\u6bcf\u5341\u842c\u4eba\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u5169\u8d77\u5f37\u66b4\uff09\u3002[27]<\/strong><\/a> \u9019\u6a23\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u5f37\u66b4\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7537\u6027\u7528\u4ee5\u78ba\u7acb\u5973\u6027\u5f9e\u5c6c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5fc5\u5099\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7537\u6027\u5728\u6027\u5225\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5287\u70c8\u8b8a\u52d5\u4ee5\u53ca\u96a8\u4e4b\u800c\u4f86\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5df2\u5230\u9054\u9ad8\u5cf0\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6027\u5225\u8eab\u4efd\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u8207\u4e0d\u5b89\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u63a1\u53d6\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6975\u7aef\u626d\u66f2\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff1f\u5c31\u50cfPorter\u66fe\u7d93\u6316\u82e6\u7684\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u73fe\u5728\u9084\u300c\u5047\u5b9a\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u66fe\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u4e00\u6a23\u300d\uff0c[28]<\/strong><\/a> \u90a3\u53ef\u662f\u932f\u7f6e\u6642\u7a7a\u4e86(anachronism)\uff1b\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u8b8a\u5f97\u8ddf\u7f8e\u570b\u4e00\u6a23\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5931\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f8c\u679c\u6975\u70ba\u4e0d\u582a\u8a2d\u60f3\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u53ea\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u5982\u6b64\uff01<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u767c\u5c55\u53cd\u5f37\u66b4\u548c\u53cd\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u50cfBrownmiller\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f8c\u4f86\u773e\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u90a3\u6a23\u62d2\u7d55\u5340\u5206\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u4e0d\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u591a\u5927\u7684\u52a9\u76ca\u3002\u5979\u5011\u9019\u500b\u505a\u6cd5\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6700\u6df1\u6c88\u7684\u60b2\u89c0\u653f\u6cbb\u3002Brownmiller\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u756a\u8a71\u5177\u9ad4\u5448\u73fe\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u7537\u6027\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5973\u6027\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u65e5\u76ca\u662d\u7136\u82e5\u63ed\u6642\u6240\u611f\u5230\u8207\u6642\u4ff1\u589e\u7684\u7d55\u671b\uff1a\u300c\u5f9e\u4f86\u4e0d\u6703\u627f\u8a8d\u81ea\u8eab\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u6211\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9663\u71df\u88e1\u7684\u59ca\u59b9\u5011\u903c\u8457\u53bb\u6b63\u8996\u5b83\u3002\u300d[29]<\/strong><\/a> \u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7316\u72c2\u548c\u6050\u61fc\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u898b\u5ea6\u2500\u2500\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u81f4\u529b\u65bc\u5e6b\u52a9\u5f37\u66b4\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u8655\u7406\u5275\u50b7\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u800c\u8a00\u2500\u2500\u624d\u5347\u9ad8\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u8207\u61a4\u6012\u3002\u300c\u6240\u6709\u7537\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u300d\u6210\u4e8670\u5e74\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u548c80\u5e74\u4ee3\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u4efd\u5b50\u53e3\u4e2d\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e0d\u5b89\u7684\u53e3\u865f\u3002\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u9130\u5bb6\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u662f\u8ab0\uff1b\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6795\u908a\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u7236\u89aa\uff0c\u662f\u90a3\u500b\u8ca0\u8cac\u300c\u7e73\u623f\u79df\u300d\u7684\u4eba\u3002[30]<\/strong><\/a> \u5982Ann Snitow\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u300c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u5e7e\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u547d\u540d\u6642\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7d42\u7d50\u5973\u4eba\u7684\uff08\u81ea\u6211\uff09\u5426\u5b9a\u6642\uff0c\u537b\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u66f4\u5687\u5230\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u300d[31]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u96e3\u9053\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u771f\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u55ce\uff1f\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u7b54\u6848\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u662f\u300d\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u300c\u6f5b\u5728\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u773c\u5177\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5be6\u8cea\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u6240\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u55ce\uff1f\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u5147\u96aa\u6703\u6bd4\u5176\u5979\u5973\u4eba\u4f86\u5f97\u5927\u3002\u7136\u800c\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u9673\u8ff0\u5728\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\u90fd\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u5177\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u5177\u6709\u7206\u70b8\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u9700\u8981\u6700\u4ed4\u7d30\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u7206\u70b8\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5206\u6790\u81f3\u4eca\u9084\u662f\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u63a2\u8a0e\u70ba\u4f55\u6709\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u6210\u70ba\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\uff0c\u6703\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u537b\u4e0d\u6703\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u9858\u505a\u51fa\u5982\u6b64\u5340\u5206\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u76f8\u7576\u91cd\u8981\ufe30\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5340\u5206\u88ab\u5979\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5728\u5f37\u66b4\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8655\u7406\u4e0a\u56de\u6b78\u5230\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u2500\u2500\u800c\u975e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u2500\u2500\u5c64\u6b21\u3002\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5f9e\u764c\u75c7\u5230\u5f37\u57f7\u6027\u660f\u53a5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u88c2\u75c7(catatonic schizophrenia)\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u8868\u9762\u770b\u4f86\u591a\u9ebc\u300c\u500b\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u985e\u554f\u984c\u53ef\u4ee5\u812b\u96e2\u5176\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u800c\u88ab\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u548c\u77ad\u89e3\u3002\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u9ebc\u5340\u5206\u7537\u4eba\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5927\u5bb6\u8f49\u800c\u602a\u7f6a\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u5728\u7537\u4eba\u4e2d\u505a\u5340\u5206\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u627e\u4e0a\u4e86\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5728\u7537\u6027\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\uff09\u5c08\u696d\u8005\u548c\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9817\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u505a\u9019\u7a2e\u5340\u5206\u6703\u66ff\u7537\u4eba\u812b\u7f6a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7537\u6027\u7576\u7136\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u618e\u6068\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6c1b\u570d\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u591a\u5c11\u9ed8\u8a31\u4e26\u6f20\u8996\u65bd\u52a0\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u5c11\u6578\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u5f9eJohn Stuart Mill\u5230\u4eca\u65e5\u89aa\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7537\u6027\u5011\u2014\u2014\u76ee\u524d\u4eba\u6578\u9084\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u4e2d\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6c1b\u570d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7537\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u6642\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u9ad4\u548c\u4e0d\u9023\u7e8c\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u70ba\u4e86\u652f\u6301\u300c\u300e\u6240\u6709\u300f\u7537\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0cBrownmiller\u548c\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u4ef0\u8cf4\u7684\u5c31\u662fMenachim Amir\u5728\u300a\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u300b(Patterns of Forcible Rapes<\/em>)\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u5979\u5011\u65cb\u5373\u62d2\u65a5\u4e86Amir\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6578\u4e0d\u5c11\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u6848\u4f8b\u6642\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u300c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u4e43\u548e\u7531\u81ea\u53d6\u300d\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\uff09Amir\u7814\u7a761958\u52301960\u5e74\u9593\u5728\u8cbb\u57ce\u66fe\u56e0\u5f37\u66b4\u800c\u906d\u902e\u6355\u76841292\u540d\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u548c\u5728\u4ed6\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f88\u76f8\u4f3c\ufe30\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u770b\u4f86\u300c\u5fc3\u7406\u6b63\u5e38\u300d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u5973\u53cb\uff08\u300c\u5373\u4e0d\u4e4f\u6027\u5ba3\u6d29\u7ba1\u9053\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u5f88\u8cbc\u8fd1\u4e0d\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6b21\u6587\u5316\u3002[32]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u4ed6\u6240\u9078\u53d6\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u6a23\u672c\u88e1\uff0c90%\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u300c\u4e0b\u5c64\u968e\u7d1a\u6216\u5730\u4f4d\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u548c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7686\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u56db\u500d\u3002\u9019\u500b\u76e3\u7344\u4eba\u53e3\u4e2d\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u5e74\u9f61\u591a\u534a\u4ecb\u65bc\u5341\u4e94\u548c\u5341\u4e5d\u6b72\u9593\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u5177\u6709\u66b4\u529b\u7279\u8cea\u7684\u300c\u6bcd\u300d\u6b21\u6587\u5316\u3002[33]<\/strong><\/a> \u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u96d6\u7136Amir\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u9577\u6b64\u4ee5\u4f86\u88ab\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u63d0\u793a\u6240\u6709\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u5f37\u66b4\u50be\u5411\uff0cAmir\u81ea\u5df1\u537b\u5c0e\u5f15\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u4e0d\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\uff08\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5011\uff09\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u300c\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u72af\u4e0b\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7e3d\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5f37\u66b4\u7387\u537b\u53d7\u5230\u6587\u5316\u5e38\u6a21\u6240\u81f4\u7d04\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u6240\u5f9e\u5c6c\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u662f\u7d44\u7e54\u5065\u5168\u6216\u9b06\u6563\u6df7\u4e82\u800c\u5236\u7d04\u3002\u300d[34]<\/strong><\/a> Amir\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u5178\u578b\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u6642\u6240\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u662f\u793e\u6703\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u75c5\u614b\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5fd8\u8a18\u5728\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u548c\u975e\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u5340\u5206\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u88e1\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u4e26\u4e0d\u7279\u5225\u90fd\u662f\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u6703\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u76dc\u8cca\u3001\u5438\u6bd2\u8005\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800cAmir\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u9084\u662f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5b58\u5728\u3002Amir\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u5f8c\u7684Brownmiller\u5728\u5f37\u8abf\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u7d55\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7686\u70ba\u9ed1\u4eba\u53ca\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6642\u5019\u90fd\u88ab\u6307\u70ba\u6709\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u548c\u968e\u7d1a\u6b67\u8996\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5728\u6307\u51fa\u6975\u4f4e\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u5831\u6848\u7387\u6642\u5c31\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u53ca\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u7537\u6027\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u8f03\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u902e\u6355\u53ca\u61f2\u7f70\u7684\u6975\u5c0f\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u7537\u4eba\u7f77\u4e86\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u76841979\u5e74\u5317\u7f8e\u570b\u5bb6\u72af\u7f6a\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f30\u8a08\u53ea\u670950%\u7684\u8105\u8feb\u5f37\u66b4\u66fe\u7d93\u5831\u8b66\uff0c\u800c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u5247\u986f\u793a\u4e0d\u5831\u8b66\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8f03\u5b98\u65b9\u8aaa\u6cd5\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cDiana Russell\u66fe\u57281978\u5e74\u5c0d\u96a8\u6a5f\u53d6\u6a23\u7684930\u540d\u820a\u91d1\u5c71\u5a66\u5973\u9032\u884c\u8a2a\u8ac7\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u670941%\u8868\u793a\u66fe\u6b77\u7d93\u904e\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u6b21\u672a\u9042\u5f37\u66b4\u6216\u5be6\u8cea\u5f37\u66b4\uff08\u9019\u9084\u4e0d\u7b97\u53e6\u5916\u6709\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u8072\u7a31\u66fe\u88ab\u5a5a\u59fb\u914d\u5076\u5f37\u66b4\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bcf\u5341\u4ef6\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4ef6\u66fe\u5831\u8b66\u8655\u7406\uff1b[35]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u82f1\u570b\uff0c75%\u66fe\u5411\u300c\u502b\u6566\u5f37\u66b4\u5371\u96e3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300d\u7533\u8a34\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5a66\u5973\u4e8b\u5f8c\u4e26\u672a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u9a5a\u52d5\u8b66\u65b9\u3002[36]<\/strong><\/a> 1982\u5e74Ruth Hall\u66fe\u70ba\u300c\u5a66\u5973\u53cd\u66b4\u7d44\u7e54\u300d(Women Against Rape)\u9032\u884c\u904e\u4e00\u9805\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u51fa\u7248\u70ba\u300a\u96a8\u4fbf\u554f\u54ea\u500b\u5973\u4eba\uff1a\u502b\u6566\u5f37\u66b4\u8207\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u8abf\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u6bcf\u516d\u540d\u5a66\u5973\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u540d\u8868\u793a\u66fe\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u8d85\u904e\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u88ab\u4e08\u592b\u6240\u5f37\u66b4\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6bcf\u4e94\u540d\u5a66\u5973\u5c31\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u66fe\u7d93\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u672a\u9042\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53ea\u67098%\u7684\u53d7\u66b4\u5a66\u5973\u66fe\u5411\u8b66\u65b9\u5831\u6848\u3002[37]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Hall\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u88ab\u6279\u8a55\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u9078\u64c7\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u6563\u767c\u7684\u5169\u5343\u4efd\u554f\u5377\u4e2d\u53ea\u67091236\u4efd\u662f\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u6709\u6548\u554f\u5377\uff0c\u800c\u4e14Hall\u537b\u8072\u7a31\u5979\u7684\u6a23\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u7576\u300c\u5fe0\u5be6\u5730\u300d\u4ee3\u8868\u6574\u9ad4\u4eba\u53e3\uff1b\u4e8b\u5be6\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\uff0c\u586b\u5beb\u554f\u5377\u8005\u986f\u7136\u6bd4\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u53e3\u5e74\u8f15\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5c31\u5730\u7406\u5206\u5e03\u4f86\u8aaa\u4ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u502b\u6566\u57ce\u5340\u5167\uff0c[38]<\/strong><\/a> \u518d\u52a0\u4e0aHall\u6a23\u672c\u4e2d\u6709\u4e94\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u8868\u793a\u5728\u5e7c\u6642\u66fe\u7d93\u6b77\u904e\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u90e8\u5206\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5979\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u548c\u5b98\u65b9\u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u5b57\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u5dee\u7570\u3002\uff081983\u5e74\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u8abf\u67e5\u5728\u4e00\u842c\u4e00\u5343\u540d\u7537\u5973\u53d6\u6a23\u4e2d\u53ea\u767c\u73fe\u4e8610\u500b\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u9805\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53d6\u6a23\u5c0d\u8c61\u5305\u542b\u6240\u6709\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7576\u6642\u50c5\u50c5\u554f\u53ca\u7576\u4e8b\u8005\u5728\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u4e4b\u5167\u7684\u7d93\u6b77\u3002[39]<\/strong><\/a> \uff09\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u7d93\u9a57\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u5ea6\u6709\u591a\u9ad8\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u906d\u53d7\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u9ad8\u6bd4\u4f8b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f4e\u5831\u8b66\u7387\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8af1\u8a00\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5411\u8b66\u65b9\u5831\u6848\u7684\u5a66\u5973\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\uff1a\u5979\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u8b66\u65b9\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0d\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u5bc4\u4e88\u540c\u60c5\u6216\u4f38\u51fa\u63f4\u624b\u3002[40]<\/strong><\/a> \u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\u6709\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u652f\u6490\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u8b49\u64da\u751a\u81f3\u4f86\u81ea\u90a3\u4e9b\u5df2\u7d93\u300c\u6d17\u5fc3\u9769\u9762\u300d\u7684\u8b66\u54e1\u672c\u8eab\u3002[41]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u666e\u904d\uff08\u5f88\u5927\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u6c92\u6709\u5831\u6848\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5211\u6cd5\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4e2d\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4f86\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u8cac\u96e3\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c[42]<\/strong><\/a> \u90fd\u4fc3\u4f7f\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8a8d\u5b9a\uff0c\u8b66\u65b9\u767b\u8a18\u6709\u6848\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u2500\u2500\u4ea6\u5373Brownmiller\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u300c\u9130\u5bb6\u7537\u5b69\u300d\u2500\u2500\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u6240\u6709\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u548c\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u7537\u6027\u3002\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u6700\u8fd1\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u63a2\u8a0e\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u904b\u4f5c\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u7684\u5c0e\u8ad6\u5c31\u505a\u51fa\u5982\u4e0b\u9673\u8ff0\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5728\u77ad\u89e3\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u6642\uff0c\u300c\u968e\u7d1a\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u5be6\u5728\u4e0d\u662f\u8db3\u4ee5\u6307\u8a8d\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u6216\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u5730\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u6709\u529b\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f55\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6703\u767c\u751f\u3002\u5766\u767d\u8aaa\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u548c\u95dc\u65bc\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5f0f\u8a9e\u8a00\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6beb\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u3002[43]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/sup><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u7136\u800c\u9019\u7bc7\u5c0e\u8ad6\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5011\u537b\u5426\u8a8d\u9019\u500b\u5ba3\u7a31\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u9700\u8981\u4efb\u4f55\u8b49\u64da\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u63d0\u8b49\u64da\u6216\u8a31\u4e5f\u5c0d\u5979\u5011\u6bd4\u8f03\u597d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8001\u5be6\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624b\u908a\u6240\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u660e\u78ba\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u6e90\u90fd\u6697\u793a\u4e8b\u5be6\u6b63\u597d\u548c\u5979\u5011\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u601d\u8003\u9084\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7537\u4eba\u90fd\u7576\u6210\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u72af\uff0c\u4e5f\u628a\u6240\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u90fd\u7576\u6210\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u300d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u5ef6\u4f38\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u4e0d\u4f46\u5ee3\u6cdb\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5206\u5e03\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u9ad4\u300d(“continuum of sexual violence”)\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u7684\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u5f9e\u8272\u60c5\u5716\u50cf\u6bcf\u5929\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u525d\u524a\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u5230\u51fa\u65bc\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u7b11\u8a71\uff0c\u5230\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\uff0c\u5230\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e2d\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u9858\u4f46\u9806\u61c9\u4f34\u4fb6\u800c\u9032\u884c\u7684\u5a5a\u5167\u6027\uff0c\u7d42\u81f3\u90a3\u4e9b\u300c\u975e\u4f8b\u884c\u300d\u7684\u5076\u767c\u5f37\u66b4\u3001\u4e82\u502b\u3001\u6bc6\u6253\u3001\u548c\u6027\u8b00\u6bba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982Elizabeth Stanko\u5c31\u628a\u7537\u4eba\u52a0\u8af8\u65bc\u5973\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6a23\u884c\u70ba\u90fd\u6b78\u70ba\u8105\u8feb\u6027\u6216\u66b4\u529b\u6027\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u63d0\u9192\u5973\u4eba\u81ea\u8eab\u6613\u53d7\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff1a\u300c\u5118\u7ba1\u5973\u6027\u76e1\u529b\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u9810\u671f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5a01\u8105\u6216\u606b\u5687\u6027\u7684\u7537\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u6703\u5728\u4f55\u6642\u5347\u9ad8\u6210\u70ba\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u300d[44]<\/strong><\/a> Liz Kelly\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u5c0d\u7537\u6027\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5168\u9762\u7d9c\u89bd\u6642\u4ea6\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5979\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u652f\u6490\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u95dc\u9375\u8981\u9ede\uff1a\u591a\u6578\u5973\u4eba\u66fe\u7d93\u6b77\u904e\u6027\u66b4\u529b\uff1b\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u5728\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u9ad4\u4e0a\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u9023\uff1b\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u5c31\u662f\u7537\u6027\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u5973\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u61c9\u62b5\u6297\u3002[45]<\/strong><\/a> \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u5f37\u66b4\u53ea\u662f\u7537\u6027\u900f\u904e\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u4f86\u7dad\u7e6b\u5176\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u7537\u6027\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u60f3\u7576\u7136\u723e\u300d\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u884c\u70ba\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u8077\u5834\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u2014\u2014\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u7537\u6027\u7684\u6027\u5225\u512a\u52e2\u6b0a\u529b\u51cc\u99d5\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\uff08\u5982\u8001\u5e2b\u548c\u5b78\u751f\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\uff09\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002[46]<\/strong><\/a> Kelly\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u88dc\u5145\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u72f9\u9698\u5b9a\u7fa9\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6703\u4f7f\u5f97\u7537\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u96c6\u9ad4\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u8457\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u504f\u5dee\u7684\u300d\u5c11\u6578\u7537\u6027\u548c\u300c\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u300d\u591a\u6578\u7537\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5340\u5206\u800c\u53d7\u76ca\u3002[47]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u65bc\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u6709\u5176\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u76ca\u8655\u3002\u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\u7684\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u90a3\u7a2e\u4fb5\u7565\u5f0f\u7684\u51dd\u8996\u3001\u78b0\u89f8\u3001\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u7b11\u8a71\u3001\u4e43\u81f3\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u7cdf\u7684\u8868\u9054\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4f7f\u5f97\u5973\u6027\u611f\u5230\u6975\u7aef\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u6027\u968e\u5c64\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u7537\u6027\u5171\u540c\u5728\u5167\u5fc3\u81ea\u89ba\u662f\u6709\u4e3b\u898b\u3001\u4e3b\u5c0e\u3001\u4e3b\u52d5\u7684\u6027\u5225\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u5730\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u7121\u5bb3\u7684\u300d\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u66b4\u9732\u4e0b\u9ad4\u3001\u5077\u6478\u5973\u6027\u80f8\u90e8\u3001\u6216\u7325\u893b\u96fb\u8a71\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u56e0\u70ba\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u6700\u8cbc\u8eab\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u7a7a\u9593\u7a81\u7136\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fb5\u72af\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u9a5a\u61fc\uff0c\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u5973\u6027\u5f62\u6210\u9577\u671f\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u2014\u2014\u4f7f\u5f97\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u4e5f\u6210\u4e86\u5177\u6709\u6575\u610f\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u53cd\u601d\u5230\uff0c\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7a2e\u7a2e\u4e0b\u6d41\u5351\u52a3\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5171\u901a\u9ede\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u5011\u6240\u884d\u751f\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u8ff7\u601d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ff7\u601d\u4e0d\u4f46\u4f01\u5716\u8b93\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u7121\u5bb3\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u51fa\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8ff7\u601d\u7acb\u523b\u8f49\u800c\u602a\u7f6a\u5973\u6027\u672a\u80fd\u9632\u60a3\u65bc\u672a\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f9e\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u4f4e\u5831\u6848\u7387\u4f86\u63a8\u60f3\u6240\u6709\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5c07\u5f9e\u7537\u6027\uff08\u800c\u975e\u5973\u6027\uff09\u6240\u767c\u52d5\u7684\u7570\u6027\u6200\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u76f4\u5230\u5f37\u66b4\u548c\u6027\u8b00\u6bba\u90fd\u7576\u6210\u7537\u6027\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u6709\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u81f3\u5c11\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u5617\u8a66\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4e26\u4f01\u5716\u904f\u963b\u7537\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u6642\u5c31\u6703\u78b0\u5230\u554f\u984c\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8655\u7406\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6587\u737b\u88e1\u4e0d\u66fe\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u8b49\u64da\u537b\u986f\u793a\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u65bd\u4ee5\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7537\u6027\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u6027\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u7c97\u66b4\u7537\u6027\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u70ba\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u90fd\u6709\u6975\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u8a66\u8457\u77ad\u89e3\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5ffd\u7565\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u8655\u7406\u66b4\u529b\u554f\u984c\u548c\u627e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u4f46\u9069\u7576\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u9632\u6b62\u7537\u6027\u8a34\u6c42\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u6bcb\u5be7\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u90fd\u662f\u8ca7\u56f0\u3001\u6216\u90fd\u662f\u975e\u88d4\u6216\u90fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u88d4\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5982\u6b64\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u7537\u6027\u537b\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u89f8\u72af\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u975e\u5a5a\u5f37\u66b4\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8ca7\u6c11\u5340\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u90a3\u4e9b\u88abAmir\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7fa4\u6216\u8005\u88ab\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u5317\u7f8e\u5730\u5340\u5df2\u5b9a\u7f6a\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c[48]<\/strong><\/a> \u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u74b0\u7e5e\u8457\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u5931\u696d\u8207\u8ca7\u7aae\u554f\u984c\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u66b4\u529b\u6b21\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u5728\u6578\u91cf\u4e0a\u4e0d\u65b7\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u6709\u767d\u4eba\u4e5f\u6709\u9ed1\u4eba\uff08\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5247\u6cf0\u534a\u70ba\u9ed1\u4eba\uff09\u3002Robert Staples\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u90fd\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u8ca1\u5bcc\u8207\u5730\u4f4d\u65b9\u80fd\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u4e0a\u6700\u96e3\u5f97\u5230\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u8ddd\u96e2\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u53ef\u656c\u300d\u5730\u4f4d\u6216\u8eab\u4efd\u6700\u9060\u3002[49]<\/strong><\/a> \u82f1\u570b\u8b66\u65b9\u8a18\u9304\u4e2d\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u7684\u5178\u578b\u63cf\u7e6a\uff0c\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u63cf\u7e6a\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Richard Wright\u5c0d1972\u52301976\u5e74\u9593\u516d\u500b\u6771\u5357\u65b9\u7e23\u90e1\uff08\u4e0d\u542b\u502b\u6566\uff09\u4e2d292\u500b\u5f37\u66b4\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5acc\u7591\u72af\u591a\u534a\u662f\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\uff08\u5728\u8f2a\u66b4\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u8d85\u904e\u4e8c\u5341\u6b72\uff09\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5168\u90fd\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u5c08\u696d\u6280\u8853\u7684\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5931\u696d\uff0c70%\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u524d\u79d1\u3002[50]<\/strong><\/a> Wright\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u5373\u5acc\u7591\u72af\u4e2d\u5f88\u5c11\u4e0d\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4f46\u662f\u907a\u61be\u7684\u662f\u4ed6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u76f8\u95dc\u975e\u767d\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u5206\u5e03\u6578\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u98fd\u53d7\u8b66\u65b9\u76e3\u63a7\u8207\u902e\u6355\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u3002\u7d71\u8a08\u6578\u64da\u8b49\u660e\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u8f03\u9ad8\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u548c\u6bc6\u6253\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u9019\u7a2e\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u5c0d\u6211\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6c38\u7121\u4f11\u6b62\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u95dc\u72af\u7f6a\u6578\u64da\u672c\u8eab\u504f\u898b\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c07\u77db\u982d\u6307\u5411\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u88e1\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u78ba\u5f88\u60e1\u8cea\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u6bd4\u4f8b\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u8ff4\u907f\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u591a\u6578\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u90fd\u662f\u767c\u751f\u5728\u540c\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c\u9996\u7576\u5176\u885d\u6210\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\uff0c\u7121\u7591\u6b63\u662f\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5979\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8b66\u5bdf\u548c\u6cd5\u5ead\u6700\u6709\u5fc3\u60f3\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u8b66\u5bdf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63d0\u51fa\u63a7\u8a34\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1Staples\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u7576\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u73fe\u7ba1\u9053\u2500\u2500\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u6536\u5165\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u2500\u2500\u53d7\u5230\u963b\u7919\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u5c31\u6703\u900f\u904e\u50b7\u5bb3\u5973\u6027\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u5176\u632b\u6298\u611f\u548c\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u3002\u300d[51]<\/strong><\/a> \u9019\u7a2e\u7537\u4eba\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u72af\u4e0b\u8f2a\u66b4\uff0c\u800c\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4e92\u7af6\u722d\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u4fbf\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u53d7\u5230\u6700\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002[52]<\/strong><\/a> \u53e6\u5916\u5fc5\u9808\u88dc\u5145\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7fa4\u7537\u4eba\u4e5f\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u632b\u6298\u8207\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u767c\u6d29\u5728\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u6027\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u70ba\u4e0a\uff0c\u773c\u4e0b\u65e5\u6f38\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u55d1\u85e5\u3001\u81ea\u6bba\u3001\u548c\u5147\u6bba\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u8da8\u52e2\u3002Porter\u66fe\u7d93\u6697\u793a\uff1a\u300c\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u662f\u2026\u2026\u7236\u6b0a\u7684\u5ee2\u68c4\u7269\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u7236\u6b0a\u7684\u7a81\u8972\u968a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u4efb\u6027\u7684\u5152\u5b50\uff1b\u4e0d\u662f\u7236\u6b0a\u7684\u547d\u8108\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u7f79\u75c5\u7684\u7d2f\u8d05\u3002\u300d[53]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u9019\u7a2e\u5206\u6790\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u89e3\u91cb\u5f8c\u96f7\u6839\u6642\u671f\u7f8e\u570b\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b64\u523b\u90fd\u5e02\u4e2d\u5df2\u9010\u6f38\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u9ad4\u5e0c\u671b\u53ef\u4ee5\u812b\u96e2\u4ed6\u5011\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u800c\u9032\u5165\u5c31\u696d\u7684\u300c\u4e0b\u5c64\u968e\u7d1a\u300d\u3002\u6307\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u968e\u7d1a\u4e2d\u6709\u6975\u9ad8\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u8a34\u8af8\u66b4\u529b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u6027\u66b4\u529b\uff09\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6703\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6697\u793a\u9019\u7a2e\u66b4\u529b\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u767c\u751f\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u9ad8\u6a5f\u7387\u5728\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u53e3\u7fa4\u4e2d\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u9019\u500b\u7531\u767d\u4eba\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u6709\u8457\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u525d\u524a\u548c\u58d3\u8feb\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u66fe\u7d93\u8a0e\u8ad6\u904e\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7576\u7136\u64d4\u5fc3\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u906d\u53d7\u7a2e\u65cf\u504f\u898b\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4e00\u6627\u9003\u907f\u800c\u4e0d\u9762\u5c0d\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u5730\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7a2e\u65cf\u504f\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6211\u5011\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u66b4\uff0c\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u50b3\u7d71\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u5f37\u66b4\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u548c\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u7684\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u6709\u95dc\u7344\u4e2d\u7537\u6027\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u4f86\u5f97\u5230\u652f\u6490\u3002\u6839\u64daKen Plummer\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\uff0c\u300c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u6240\u8b02\u300e\u540c\u6027\u6200\u300f\u7684\u7537\u6027\u3002\u300d[54]<\/strong><\/a> \u00a0<\/sup><\/strong>Donald West\u540c\u6a23\u5f9e\u72af\u7f6a\u6578\u5b57\u63a8\u8ad6\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u540c\u6027\u6200\u300c\u4fb5\u72af\u7f6a\u300d(offences)\u300c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u8b8a\u5730\u300d\uff0898%\uff09\u662f\u5e74\u904e\u5341\u516d\u6b72\u7684\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u300c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u90fd\u662f\u300d\u5728\u96d9\u65b9\u540c\u610f\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0899%\uff09\u3002[55]<\/strong><\/a> \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u5f37\u66b4\u5e7e\u4e4e\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6bcf\u4e00\u6240\u5317\u7f8e\u7684\u7537\u6027\u76e3\u7344\u53ca\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u7ba1\u6559\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u7537\u6027\u5f37\u66b4\u767d\u4eba\u7537\u6027\u3002[56]<\/strong><\/a> \u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7686\u986f\u793a\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u66b4\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c55\u73fe\u6b0a\u529b\u548c\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1bScacco\u5f15\u8ff0\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7537\u6027\uff1a\u300c\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e79\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u3002\u300d[57]<\/strong><\/a> Plummer\u56e0\u6b64\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u7344\u4e2d\u5f37\u66b4\u53ca\u5973\u6027\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u7537\u6027\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u8106\u5f31\u6613\u50b7\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6709\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u53c8\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u6027\u4f86\u5f97\u66f4\u70ba\u8106\u5f31\uff1a\u300c\u5c0d\u52de\u52d5\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5371\u6a5f\u611f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u4f4d\u8655\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5e95\u5c64\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u967d\u525b\u66f4\u986f\u70ba\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u3002\u300d[58]<\/strong><\/a> Plummer\u96a8\u5373\u88dc\u5145\u4e86\u61c9\u8a72\u7b97\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u660e\u986f\u4f46\u662f\u88ab\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u5beb\u4f5c\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5011\u62d2\u7d55\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff1a\u8aaa\u7537\u6027\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b89\u5168\u611f\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u7b49\u65bc\u5bec\u4f91\u4ed6\u5011\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u884c\u5f91\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u77ad\u89e3\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5617\u8a66\u3002<\/p>\n

\u60f3\u8981\u5617\u8a66\u56b4\u8085\u8655\u7406\u7531\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u6240\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u7316\u7357\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u55ae\u55ae\u5728\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u4e0a\u653b\u64ca\u73fe\u884c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u618e\u60e1\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u63a8\u884c\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u6703\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u653f\u7b56\u5fc5\u9808\u548c\u96f7\u6839\u53ca\u67f4\u5951\u723e\u653f\u6b0a\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u80cc\u9053\u800c\u99b3\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u524a\u6e1b\u4e86\u793e\u5340\u652f\u51fa\u3001\u522a\u6e1b\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u798f\u5229\u3001\u4e26\u4e14\u6232\u5287\u6027\u5730\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u548c\u65e5\u76ca\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u8857\u982d\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u62c9\u76ae\u689d\u3001\u8ce3\u6deb\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u7b49\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8ca7\u7aae\u53ca\u6df7\u4e82\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u88ab\u5831\u6848\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u5247\u662f\u7531\u89aa\u621a\u6216\u719f\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u72af\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u3002Paul Wilson\u5c0d\u6fb3\u6d32\u672a\u5831\u6848\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u6240\u9032\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5f80\u5f80\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u89aa\u621a\u6216\u719f\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u72af\uff0c[59]<\/strong><\/a> \u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u4e2d\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u65bd\u66b4\u8005\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u5e38\u88ab\u902e\u5230\u6216\u61f2\u7f70\u2014\u2014\u8f03\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u53ca\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f37\u66b4\u6216\u60c5\u5883\u5f0f\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\u4ee5\u6b0a\u529b\u6216\u8a6d\u8a08\u4f86\u8feb\u4f7f\u5973\u4eba\u5c31\u7bc4\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u5728\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u4e2d\u4e5f\u898b\u5f97\u5230\u3002[60]<\/strong><\/a> \u89c0\u5bdf\u7f8e\u570b\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u7d04\u6703\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u670950%\u7684\u5973\u6027\u8868\u793a\u7537\u4f34\u66fe\u9032\u884c\u6027\u4fb5\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u7d0420%-25%\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u5247\u627f\u8a8d\u66fe\u7d93\u63a1\u53d6\u5177\u6709\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u884c\u5f91\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5e7e\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e0d\u66fe\u5411\u8b66\u65b9\u5831\u6848\u3002[61]<\/strong><\/a> Mary Koss\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u8fd1\u5169\u5343\u540d\u7537\u6027\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u9032\u884c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5927\u7d0422%\u66fe\u5229\u7528\u53e3\u982d\u4e0a\u7684\u5a01\u8feb\u4f86\u8981\u5973\u4f34\u5c31\u7bc4\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u7d045%\u5247\u8a34\u8af8\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u3002[62]<\/strong><\/a> \u4e0d\u904e\u6839\u64daDonald West\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7684\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5373\u4fbf\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u8eab\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u592a\u6703\u50cf\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u5f37\u66b4\u6216\u8f2a\u66b4\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u6b98\u66b4\u548c\u6709\u6bba\u50b7\u529b\u3002[63]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u5805\u6c7a\u76f8\u4fe1\u5973\u4eba\u6709\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u300c\u62d2\u7d55\u6b0a\u300d\uff0cWest\u9084\u662f\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\u9019\u7a2e\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u5b83\u5011\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u7537\u670b\u53cb\u6240\u505a\u7684\u8a0e\u53ad\u4e8b\u60c5\u300d\u3002[64]<\/strong><\/a> \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cWest\u4e0b\u9762\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u547c\u61c9\uff08\u800c\u975e\u8b74\u8cac\uff09\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u300c\u7537\u6027\u5929\u7136\u5c31\u64c1\u6709\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u9ad4\u300d\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\ufe30\u300c\u9019\u4e9b\u4fb5\u72af\u60c5\u4e8b\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u7537\u5973\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u5e38\u5e38\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u8a98\u60d1\u8a00\u884c\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u6b3e\u5f85\u3001\u4e26\u9858\u610f\u966a\u4f34\u5979\u7684\u7537\u4f34\u56de\u623f\uff0c\u5c31\u7b49\u65bc\u662f\u6027\u6311\u9017\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u6311\u9017\u4e0d\u4f46\u9080\u8acb\u4e26\u4e14\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u5f97\u5230\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u56de\u61c9\u3002\u300d[65]<\/strong><\/a> West\u56e0\u6b64\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u653b\u64ca\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u6e9d\u901a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u628a\u5b83\u8996\u70ba\u7537\u4eba\u6163\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u4f86\u62b9\u6bba\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u81ea\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u9084\u662f\u8a8d\u70baWest\u5c07\u9019\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\u985e\u578b\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u719f\u4eba\u4fb5\u72af\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u6bcf\u5929\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u6212\u614e\u6050\u61fc\u90a3\u9ebc\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6211\u770b\u4f86\uff0cWest\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u4f34\u4fb6\u5011\u9078\u64c7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u4e26\u672a\u540c\u610f\u505a\u611b\uff09\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u88e1\uff0c\u9632\u7bc4\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u61c9\u8a72\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u7528\u4ee5\u9632\u7bc4\u5973\u4eba\u6700\u70ba\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u3001\u6beb\u7121\u9810\u8b66\u7684\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u548c\u7d04\u6703\u5f37\u66b4\u6216\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u5f37\u66b4\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u7537\u6027\u5100\u5f0f\u3001\u88f8\u5973\u6708\u66c6\u3001\u5e36\u6709\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u73a9\u7b11\u3001\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u7b49\u7b49\uff1a\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u5e73\u5e38\u7684\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u63a5\u89f8\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u90fd\u8cb6\u6291\u5973\u6027\u3001\u516c\u958b\u7684\u980c\u63da\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u5473\u300d\u3001\u4e26\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u7570\u6027\u6200\u98ed\u4ee4\u548c\u7279\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8981\u6311\u6230\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u7d04\u6703\u60c5\u5883\u88e1\u7684\u81ea\u4fe1\u638c\u63a7\uff0c\u4e26\u80af\u5b9a\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u62d2\u7d55\u6b0a\uff0c\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5b78\u7fd2\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u4e2d\u5b78\u3001\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u8077\u5834\u3001\u5de5\u6703\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u6709\u793e\u6703\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7fa4\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f86\u70ba\u5404\u7a2e\u5e74\u9f61\u7684\u7537\u7537\u5973\u5973\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u53cd\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u610f\u8b58\u63d0\u5347\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u8f14\u52a9\u884c\u52d5\u5c31\u662f\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u8b49\u64da\u986f\u793a\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u65bd\u52a0\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\uff0c\u4fbf\u8655\u4ee5\u7f70\u6b3e\u3001\u9000\u5b78\u3001\u6216\u89e3\u96c7\uff08\u6bd4\u65b9\u8aaa\u5728\u6fb3\u6d32\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8aaa\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u610f\u5473\u7684\u8a71\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u79d1\u4ee5\u6975\u91cd\u7684\u7f70\u91d1 [66]<\/strong><\/a> \uff09\u3002\u5728\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5b78\u6821\u548c\u8a31\u591a\u5de5\u6703\u90fd\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u7a4d\u6975\u63a1\u53d6\u6b65\u9a5f\uff0c\u76ee\u6a19\u662f\u6d88\u5f2d\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6027\u633e\u8feb\u3002[67]<\/strong><\/a> \u4ee5\u4e0a\u9019\u4e9b\u63aa\u65bd\u9084\u61c9\u8a72\u4f50\u4ee5\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e0a\u7684\u51fa\u64ca\uff0c\u4ee5\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u6311\u6230\u90a3\u4e9b\u652f\u6490\u300c\u7537\u6027\u662f\u63a0\u98df\u8005\u800c\u5973\u6027\u662f\u7375\u7269\u300d\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e26\u9700\u8981\u7121\u60c5\u7684\u5632\u5f04\u4e26\u6253\u64ca\u90a3\u7a2e\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u5fcd\u4e0d\u4f4f\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u627f\u53d7\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5728\u5df2\u5b9a\u7f6a\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0a\u8207\u8aee\u5546\u8f14\u5c0e\u5408\u4f5c\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u627e\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u7acb\u5373\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u4f86\u9632\u7bc4\u524d\u9762\u8a0e\u8ad6\u904e\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u6bd4\u8f03\u96a8\u6a5f\u3001\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u5f37\u66b4\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u975e\u5e38\u8271\u96e3\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u7fa4\u7537\u4eba\u5916\u5728\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ce6\u4e88\u4ed6\u5011\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5831\u511f\u7684\u6b63\u898f\u5efa\u5236\uff0c\u624d\u5728\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u6fc0\u767c\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u52d5\u529b\u3002\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5426\u8a8d\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u8ad6\u793e\u6703\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u70ba\u4f55\u2014\u2014\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u72af\u4e0b\u7684\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\u8ca0\u8d77\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u9632\u7bc4\uff08\u800c\u975e\u8b74\u8cac\uff09\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5305\u542b\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5c64\u9762\u52a0\u4ee5\u4ecb\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6027\u7f6a\u72af\u4e2d\u6700\u4e0d\u5c0b\u5e38\u4e5f\u6700\u4e0d\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u5973\u4eba\u5c0d\u5f37\u66b4\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u2014\u2014\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\uff0cWest, Roy, Nicols\u4ee5\u53ca Levine, Koenig\u7b49\u5169\u7d44\u4eba\u90fd\u66fe\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002[68]<\/strong><\/a> \u9019\u4e9b\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6703\u4e0a\u982d\u689d\u65b0\u805e\u3001\u55ae\u7368\u884c\u52d5\u3001\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\u72af\u6848\u7d2f\u7d2f\u3001\u4e26\u4e14\u4f7f\u7528\u6975\u5ea6\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u53ca\u8650\u5f85\u7684\u50a2\u4f19\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u5f8c\u7e3d\u6703\u8b00\u6bba\u6216\u5617\u8a66\u8b00\u6bba\u5176\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u5247\u6cf0\u534a\u662f\u7d20\u4e0d\u76f8\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u5728\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u88e1\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u985e\u7684\u7537\u6027\u88ab\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u591a\u534a\u4f86\u81ea\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u662f\u88ab\u66b4\u529b\u6559\u990a\u6210\u4eba\uff0c\u5c0d\u6027\u62b1\u6301\u8457\u6975\u7aef\u7684\u7121\u77e5\u548c\u7f6a\u60e1\u611f\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u5247\u61f7\u62b1\u8457\u61a4\u6068\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u9084\u593e\u5e36\u8457\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u632b\u6557\u611f\u548c\u7121\u529b\u611f\u3002\u800c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5169\u7d44\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u62b1\u6301\u5f37\u70c8\u7591\u616e\u3001\u6050\u61fc\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u4e26\u5229\u7528\u6027\u4f86\u78ba\u7acb\u5176\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\uff1a\u300c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u5c0d\u6027\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u8981\u505a\u300e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u300f\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u57f7\u884c\u6027\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u624d\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u540c\u5115\u9593\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u4e26\u589e\u5f37\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u300d[69]<\/strong><\/a> \u9019\u5169\u4efd\u7814\u7a76\u63cf\u7e6a\u51fa\u56e0\u70ba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u800c\u906d\u5230\u63f6\u63c4\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u611f\u5230\u8106\u5f31\u3001\u7121\u80fd\u3001\u4f9d\u8cf4\uff0c\u800c\u51fa\u81ea\u9019\u4e9b\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u4e4b\u53e3\u7684\u5178\u578b\u9673\u8ff0\uff0c\u90fd\u63d0\u5230\u9577\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u6027\u7684\u6232\u5f04\u8207\u6b3a\u8ca0\uff0c\uff08\u56e0\u800c\uff09\u7522\u751f\u7f6a\u60e1\u611f\u3001\u61a4\u6012\u3001\u548c\u7121\u80fd\u611f\uff1a\u300c\u9019\u8b93\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u50cf\u500b\u5a18\u5a18\u8154\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0d\u592a\u50cf\u7537\u4eba\u300d[70]<\/strong><\/a> \uff1b\u300c\u6211\u5728\u60f3\uff0c\u300e\u6211\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u6027\u6200\uff1f\u300f\u4e5f\u8a31\u6211\u559c\u6b61\u7684\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u6211\u8a66\u904e\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u767c\u73fe\u6bd4\u8d77\u5f37\u66b4\u4e00\u500b\u5973\u5b69\u4f86\uff0c\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u89aa\u71b1\u66f4\u70ba\u5641\u5fc3\u300d[71]<\/strong><\/a> \uff1b\u300c\u6211\u60f3\u6211\u7576\u6642\u89ba\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u5f88\u58de\u3001\u5f88\u8ce4\u3001\u5f88\u8cca\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6211\u6709\u597d\u591a\u597d\u591a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7955\u5bc6\u4e0d\u80fd\u8b93\u5225\u4eba\u77e5\u9053\u300d\u3002[72]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7684\u500b\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u547c\u61c9\u4e86Robert Brittain\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u300c\u8650\u5f85\u6bba\u624b\u300d\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u81e8\u5e8a\u89c0\u5bdf\u5831\u544a\u3002\u4ed6\u6240\u63cf\u7e6a\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u5f88\u5167\u5411\u3001\u4e0d\u5584\u4ea4\u969b\u3001\u6027\u559c\u5984\u60f3\u3001\u6eab\u548c\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\u4e0d\u7c97\u66b4\u3001\u5728\u6027\u4e8b\u4e0a\u904e\u65bc\u626d\u634f\u3001\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5225\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\u986f\u5f97\u5973\u6027\u5316\u2014\u2014\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u548c\u524d\u9762Amir\u6240\u51f8\u986f\u7684\u5178\u578b\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u6709\u8457\u986f\u8457\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002[73]<\/strong><\/a> Brittain\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e5f\u6070\u6070\u7b26\u5408\u82f1\u570b\u6700\u8fd1\u4e14\u5f15\u767c\u9a5a\u99ed\u6b77\u6642\u6700\u4e45\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u6027\u6bba\u4eba\u72afPeter Sutcliffe \u2014\u2014 \u4ed6\u5728\u82f1\u683c\u862d\u5317\u90e8\u8ffd\u8e64\u4e26\u9a37\u64fe\u5973\u6027\u9054\u516d\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u6bba\u5bb3\u4e26\u80a2\u89e3\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5341\u4e09\u4f4d\uff0c\u56b4\u91cd\u5730\u50b7\u5bb3\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e03\u4f4d\u3002\u6709\u95dcSutcliffe\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u50b3\u8a18\u90fd\u628a\u4ed6\u63cf\u5beb\u6210\u81ea\u5c0f\u5373\u7e96\u5f31\u3001\u5bb3\u7f9e\u3001\u6eab\u548c\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u4e00\u4f4d\u7c97\u66b4\u5982\u6d41\u6c13\u7684\u7236\u89aaJohn Sutcliffe\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u4f4d\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5b78\u6821\u88e1\u88ab\u5632\u5f04\u8feb\u5bb3\uff0c\u4e0d\u5927\u9858\u610f\u6253\u67b6\uff0c\u548c\u4ed6\u5468\u906d\u5f37\u608d\u3001\u7a4d\u6975\u4fb5\u7565\u7684\u5317\u65b9\u7537\u6027\u52de\u52d5\u968e\u7d1a\u4e16\u754c\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\uff1a\u300c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5abd\u5abd\u4e00\u5411\u8a00\u807d\u8a08\u5f9e\u300d\uff0c[74]<\/strong><\/a> \u4ed6\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u9019\u9ebc\u544a\u8a34\u7814\u7a76\u8005Gordon Burn\u3002Peter\u81ea\u59cb\u81f3\u7d42\u90fd\u662f\u500b\u6eab\u67d4\u7684\u4e08\u592b\u2014\u2014\u81f3\u5c11\u4ed6\u5144\u5f1f\u662f\u9019\u9ebc\u63cf\u8ff0\u4ed6\u548c\u59bb\u5b50Sonya\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a\u300c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0d\u5979\u8aaa\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u8a71\u2026\u2026\u6211\u8aaa\ufe30\u300e\u90a3\u5c31\u96a8\u4f60\u4fbf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u6703\u544a\u8a34\u5979\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f60\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u8a71\u76f4\u8aaa\u3002\u300f\u2026\u2026\u8981\u662f\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u60c5\u9700\u8981\u505a\uff0c\u4ed6\u90fd\u6703\u5e6b\u5979\u505a\u3002\u300d[75]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u770b\u4f86Sutcliffe\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4ed6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u90a3\u7a2e\u5177\u6709\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u7684\u7537\u6027\u50f9\u503c\u3002\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u96e2\u958b\u5b78\u6821\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u78ba\u70ba\u6642\u5df2\u665a\u5730\u8a66\u5716\u900f\u904e\u5b64\u7368\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u5065\u8eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u6469\u6258\u8eca\u7684\u6c88\u8ff7\u4f86\u7372\u5f97\u300c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u300d\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u2014\u2014\u64da\u8aaa\u4ed6\u5c07\u6700\u5fc3\u611b\u7684\u6a5f\u8eca\u5f15\u64ce\u4fdd\u85cf\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e8a\u4e0b\u3002\uff09[76]<\/strong><\/a> \u66ff\u4ed6\u5beb\u50b3\u8a18\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50b3\u8a18\u5bb6Nicole Ward Jouve\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cSutcliffe\u5c0d\u5973\u5b69\u5b50\u8208\u5473\u7d22\u7136\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u500b\u6027\u50cf\u5973\u5b69\u5b50\u3001\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6bd4\u8f03\u6eab\u548c\u7684\u7537\u5b69\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8de1\u8c61\u90fd\u986f\u793a\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u3001\u4f46\u662f\u88ab\u58d3\u6291\u4e14\u9119\u8996\u7684\u540c\u6027\u6200\u50be\u5411\u3002[77]<\/strong><\/a> Sutcliffe\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u7576\u7136\u975e\u5e38\u6025\u5207\u5730\u60f3\u78ba\u7acb\u4ed6\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u300c\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u626d\u62b3\u4f5c\u614b\u4e4b\u8655\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u8b93Ward Jouve\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u4f4d\u7236\u89aa\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5be7\u9858\u81ea\u5df1\u5152\u5b50\u662f\u500b\u9023\u7e8c\u6bba\u4eba\u72af\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u4ed6\u662f\u500b\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3002Jouve\u4f5c\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u5316\u50be\u5411\u7684\u7981\u5fcc\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u65bc\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7981\u5fcc\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u4e4b\u5c0f\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8a55\u65b7\u6a19\u6e96\u2026\u2026\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u662f\u6700\u4f4e\u4e0b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5728\u54ea\u88e1\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u6c38\u9060\u90fd\u4e0d\u5f97\u7ffb\u8eab\u3002\u6bd4\u8d77\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u5c31\u662f\u6bba\u4eba\u50be\u5411\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6e90\u982d\u3002[78]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u5c31\u67d0\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cSutcliffe\u548c\u4ed6\u5468\u906d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u50f9\u503c\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5438\u53d6\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5e6b\u52a9\u4ed6\u6467\u6b98\u5176\u5973\u6027\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u6467\u6bc0\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e45\u4e45\u4e0d\u6ec5\u7684\u6050\u6016\u5e36\u9032\u82f1\u570b\u7121\u6578\u5a66\u5973\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

Sutcliffe\u662f\u500b\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u5f4c\u6492\u88e1\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u6578\u5e74\u7684\u8f14\u796d\u4e4b\u7ae5\uff0c\u9019\u8b93\u4ed6\u300c\u76f8\u4fe1\u300d\u6027\u548c\u7f6a\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u4ed6\u300c\u76f8\u4fe1\u300d\u662f\u590f\u5a03\u5c07\u7f6a\u60e1\u5e36\u5165\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u5973\u6027\u60c5\u617e\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5145\u6eff\u9b45\u60d1\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u300c\u4ee4\u4eba\u618e\u53ad\u300d\u3002\u6839\u64daBurn\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0cSutcliffe\u5b9a\u671f\u9020\u8a2a\u83ab\u5eb7\u4f2f\u881f\u50cf\u9928\uff0c\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u548c\u771f\u4eba\u4e00\u822c\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u5b55\u5a66\u6216\u75c5\u5a66\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0a\u88ab\u5256\u958b\u7684\u809a\u5b50\u3001\u80ce\u5152\u3001\u7621\u75a4\u53ca\u75db\u695a\u4e45\u4e45\u51dd\u8996\u3002[79]<\/strong><\/a> \u6027\u5c31\u662f\u7f6a\u60e1\uff0c\u7f6a\u60e1\u7e3d\u662f\u919c\u602a\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u881f\u50cf\u9928\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e9b\u7dad\u591a\u5229\u4e9e\u53e4\u8463\u6240\u662d\u793a\u7684\u8b66\u8a9e\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e1f\u958b\u4ed6\u5728\u5be9\u5224\u4e2d\u7684\u507d\u88dd\u4e0d\u8ac7\uff0cSutcliffe\u4e5f\u98fd\u53d7\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5(psychosis)\u7684\u6298\u78e8\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u5e7b\u89ba\u8207\u5e7b\u807d\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4ed6\u7684\u5e7b\u89ba\u662f\u7531\u4ed6\u5468\u906d\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u6700\u666e\u904d\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u6240\u69cb\u7bc9\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\ufe30\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u662f\u597d\u7684\uff08\u7d14\u6f54\u800c\u7121\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\uff08\u7f6a\u60e1\u800c\u6709\u617e\uff09\u3002\u5973\u6027\u60c5\u617e\u5728\u652a\u64fe\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5a01\u8105\u8457\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u4f7f\u7537\u6027\u98fd\u5690\u8a98\u60d1\u8207\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u7f6a\u9b41\u798d\u9996\uff0c\u800c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u4e0d\u557b\u662fSutcliffe\u8eab\u908a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6709\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u8072\u97f3\u7684\u8ff4\u97ff\u2014\u2014\u9019\u4e9b\u8072\u97f3\u4f86\u81ea\u5a92\u9ad4\u3001\u8b66\u65b9\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u6aa2\u5bdf\u5b98\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8072\u97f3\u5168\u90fd\u5982\u540cSutcliffe\u672c\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7537\u6027\u6703\u300c\u60f3\u8981\u300d\u6bba\u6b7b\u5993\u5973\u3002\u90a3\u500b\u53ebSutcliffe\u53bb\u2500\u2500\u7528\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8a71\u8aaa\u2500\u2500\u300c\u6bba\u6b7b\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u53eb\u505a\u4eba\u6e23\u3001\u6c92\u8fa6\u6cd5\u5411\u793e\u6703\u8b49\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u5b58\u5728\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u8072\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728Sir Michael Havers\u5c0d\u88abSutcliffe\u6bba\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u8a55\u65b7\u4e4b\u8072\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5c0f\u5730\u8ff4\u97ff\u8457\uff1a\u300c\u6709\u4e9b\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u662f\u5993\u5973\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u500b\u6848\u4f8b\u6700\u60b2\u54c0\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u6216\u8a31\u6b63\u662f\u2014\u2014\u6709\u4e9b\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5993\u5973\u3002\u300d[80]<\/strong><\/a> \u7d04\u514b\u590f\u90e1\u8b66\u5bdf\u5c40\u526f\u5c40\u9577\u66fe\u7d93\u767c\u8a00\uff1a\u300c\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5728\u9ea5\u7576\u8afe\u5c0f\u59d0\u9019\u500b\u6848\u5b50\u88e1\u2026\u2026\u4ed6\u3014Sutcliffe\u3015\u72af\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u932f\u8aa4\u2026\u2026\u3014\u6bba\u5bb3\u4e86\u3015\u4e00\u500b\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u767e\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u5973\u5b69\u3002\u300d\u5728\u8aaa\u9019\u4e9b\u8a71\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u3001Sutcliffe\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0a\u5e1d\u90fd\u7570\u53e3\u540c\u8072\u5730\u50b3\u9054\u4e86\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u8a0a\u606f\u3002[81]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u624d\u6df1\u5177\u6d1e\u898b\u5730\u5927\u8072\u75be\u547c\uff0c\u4fb5\u72af\u5973\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u72af\u7f6a\u4e4b\u8d77\u56e0\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u88ab\u9396\u5b9a\u5728\u75c5\u614b\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u3001\u66b4\u623e\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u6216\u8005\u8a31\u591a\u5f37\u66b4\u8005\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u50b7\u5bb3\u8005\u3001\u53ca\u6bba\u4eba\u5147\u624b\u5728\u8ca7\u7aae\u8207\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\uff08\u9084\u6709\u5176\u66b4\u623e\u7684\u6b21\u6587\u5316\uff09\u4e2d\u6240\u7d93\u6b77\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u8207\u5c48\u8fb1\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u548c\u7576\u4e0b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u5ba3\u793a\u7684\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u5730\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u77ad\u89e3\u300c\u54ea\u7a2e\u300d\u7537\u4eba\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8a34\u8af8\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u6216\u5b69\u7ae5\u7684\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u6216\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u4ed6\u5011\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c55\u73fe\u7684\u662f\u300c\u54ea\u4e00\u985e\u578b\u300d\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u54ea\u7a2e\u5973\u6027\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u5176\u6a19\u9776\u3002\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u6700\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u8a98\u56e0\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u653e\u5728\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5c07\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u5efa\u69cb\u70ba\u5c0d\u7570\u6027\u6200\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u8a8d\u5b9a\uff08\u4ee5\u5b83\u548c\u300c\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u300d\u6975\u7aef\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u5f62\u5f0f\u5c55\u73fe\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u4e5f\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u5c07\u6027\u8996\u70ba\u7f6a\u60e1\uff0c\u5c07\u5973\u6027\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u6027\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u5c07\u7537\u6027\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u6027\u617e\u4e3b\u9ad4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u7576Sutcliffe\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\u8f15\u5f8c\u9032\u5728\u674e\u8332\u8db3\u7403\u5834(Leeds football grounds)\u5927\u5531\u300c\u4f60\u6c38\u9060\u4e5f\u902e\u4e0d\u5230\u958b\u819b\u624b\u300d\u548c\u300c11-0\u300d\uff08\u6307\u7576\u6642\u906dSutcliffe\u6bba\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u6578\u76ee\uff09\u4ee5\u5632\u5f04\u8b66\u65b9\u70ba\u6a02\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u4efb\u4f55\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210Sutcliffe\u3002[82]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Peter Sutcliffe \u88ab\u66b1\u7a31\u70ba\u300cYorkshire\u958b\u819b\u624b\u300d\u3002Judith Walkowitz\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u81ea1898\u5e74\u767c\u751f\u958b\u819b\u624b\u5091\u514b\u5728\u502b\u6566\u8b00\u6bba\u4e26\u80a2\u89e3\u4e94\u540d\u5993\u5973\u4ee5\u4f86\u767e\u5e74\u4e2d\u8207\u4e4b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u6558\u4e8b\u5831\u5c0e\u548c\u5716\u50cf\uff0c\u5979\u6307\u51fa\u65b0\u805e\u5831\u5c0e\u5728\u628a\u958b\u819b\u624b\u5091\u514b\u5851\u9020\u6210\u5a92\u9ad4\u82f1\u96c4\u4e26\u64f4\u5927\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u5a01\u8105\u4e0a\u626e\u6f14\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5c0dWalkowitz\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u958b\u819b\u624b\u5091\u514b\u8ff7\u601d\u5df2\u628a\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u69cb\u6210\u4e0d\u5229\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u9ed8\u8a31\u4e86\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u6beb\u4e0d\u63a9\u98fe\u7684\u6575\u610f\uff0c\u4e26\u5f37\u5316\u4e86\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5a01\u6b0a\u64cd\u63a7\u3002\u4f46Walkowitz\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5fc5\u9808\u6df1\u5165\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8ff7\u601d\uff0c\u4e26\u767c\u6398\u88ab\u63a9\u84cb\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u771f\u76f8\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u900f\u904e\u5c07\u6b77\u53f2\u58d3\u7e2e\u6210\u8ff7\u601d\uff0c\u958b\u819b\u624b\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u5acc\u7591\u72af\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u589e\u52a0\u5973\u6027\u7684\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u7522\u751f\u6027\u6575\u610f\u548c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u7269\u8cea\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u300c\u771f\u5be6\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u5973\u6027\u53d7\u5bb3\u90fd\u4e26\u975e\u53ea\u6709\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6216\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u6211\u5011\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5922\u9b58\u548c\u5a92\u9ad4\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\u624d\u6703\u5851\u9020\u51fa\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002[83]<\/strong><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u5973\u6027\u8a8d\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u5145\u65a5\u8457\u9119\u8996\u5979\u5011\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8868\u73fe\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u9119\u5937\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u4e26\u4e0d\u4fb7\u9650\u65bc\u6240\u8b02\u8272\u60c5\u7522\u54c1\u4e2d\u3002\u5c31\u5973\u4eba\u89aa\u8eab\u7684\u9ad4\u9a57\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u9ad4\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5230\u8655\u906d\u53d7\u8457\u7121\u804a\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u5927\u9ad4\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5171\u5834\u6240\u88e1\u7684\u5973\u6027\u53d7\u5230\u7537\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u5a01\u8105\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u6027\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5973\u6027\u537b\u611f\u5230\u6bd4\u8f03\u8106\u5f31\u6613\u50b7\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u50cfElizabeth Stanko\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4ee5\u53ca\u7121\u6578\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6df1\u6709\u6240\u611f\u7684\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u8003\u91cf\u7537\u4eba\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u65bd\u5c55\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u606b\u5687\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5973\u4eba\u9762\u524d\u7528\u5634\u5507\u505a\u51fa\u89aa\u543b\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u3001\u53e3\u51fa\u6deb\u7a62\u4e4b\u8a5e\u3001\u5728\u8857\u89d2\u7b49\u5019\u4f3a\u6a5f\u800c\u52d5\u3001\u4ee5\u797f\u5c71\u4e4b\u722a\u5077\u8972\u5973\u6027\u80f8\u90e8\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5973\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u7121\u6642\u7121\u523b\u4e0d\u5728\u627f\u53d7\u606b\u5687\u3002[84]<\/strong><\/a> \u7a81\u7136\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u5973\u4eba\u9762\u524d\u7684\u66b4\u9732\u72c2\u6216\u662f\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7a97\u908a\u7aba\u4f3a\u7684\u5077\u7aba\u72c2\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u5f37\u66b4\u72af\u6216\u6bba\u4eba\u72c2\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u78ba\u5be6\u4f7f\u5f97\u5973\u6027\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u662f\u500b\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u6211\u5011\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u624d\u8b80\u5230\u904e\u67d0\u500b\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6848\u4ef6\u2500\u2500\u6bd4\u8d77\u7537\u6027\u653b\u64ca\u7537\u6027\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4f86\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u653b\u64ca\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u7e3d\u662f\u5a92\u9ad4\u5927\u529b\u6e32\u67d3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u7537\u6027\u5404\u7a2e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6548\u679c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u611f\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u5176\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5805\u6301\u500b\u5225\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u662f\u5927\u540c\u5c0f\u7570\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u8981\u5bb3\u6015\u7684\u662f\u5979\u5011\u4e0d\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u8eab\u9ad4\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5927\u90fd\u662f\u88ab\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6240\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8eab\u70ba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u628a\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5728\u6027\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73fe\u5f97\u80af\u5b9a\u800c\u4e3b\u52d5\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7121\u7591\u662f\u5728\u9f13\u52f5\u548c\u5305\u5e87\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u9ed8\u8a31\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u8f03\u7121\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u767c\u813e\u6c23\u6216\u52d5\u7c97\u800c\u514d\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70\uff1b\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u5047\u8a2d\u7537\u6027\u6709\u6b0a\u7ba1\u8f44\u5973\u6027\u4e26\u8981\u6c42\u5979\u5011\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5047\u8a2d\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u7537\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528\u61a4\u6012\u548c\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u4f86\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u60f3\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u88e1\u9003\u904e\u8cac\u96e3\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u5be9\u8996\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5c07\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u4e86\u89e3\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c6c\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u67d0\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u4e26\u4e0d\u80cc\u96e2\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u5e74\u9f61\u7b49\u7b49\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u548c\u5b83\u5011\u932f\u7d9c\u4ea4\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9580\u6249\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff1a\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u66b4\u529b<\/strong><\/p>\n

Irene Hanson Frieze\u5728\u6aa2\u8996\u7f8e\u570b\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6642\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u5728\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u88e1\uff0c\u5a5a\u59fb\u5f37\u66b4\u90fd\u548c\u5a5a\u59fb\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4e08\u592b\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u4e26\u4e0d\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u500b\u6848\u975e\u5e38\u7f55\u898b\u3002\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u898f\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5728\u5317\u7f8e\u9032\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u5f9eFrieze\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u4f30\u8a08\u6709\u5341\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5df2\u5a5a\u5a66\u5973\u6709\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002[85]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u82f1\u570b\uff0cJan Pahl\u63d0\u5230\u4e00\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u66fe\u7d93\u6bd4\u5c0d\u904e\u6240\u6709\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6578\u64da\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u767c\u73fe5%\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u6709\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u5916\u9084\u67091%\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u6709\u8f15\u5fae\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u66b4\u529b\u3002[86]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u81f3\u65bc\u5a5a\u59fb\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6210\u56e0\uff0c\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5247\u4e0d\u76e1\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u7814\u7a76\u8005Richard Gellas\u5728\u4ed6\u6709\u95dc\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\u9ede\u51fa\u7ae5\u5e74\u53d7\u8650\u7d93\u9a57\u505a\u70ba\uff08\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7537\u6027\u6216\u5973\u6027\uff09\u6210\u5e74\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u53d7\u904e\u7236\u6bcd\u8650\u5f85\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\u6bd4\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u5c0f\u5b69\u67091000\u500d\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u9577\u5927\u6210\u4eba\u5f8c\u6703\u5c0d\u5176\u4f34\u4fb6\u548c\u5b69\u5b50\u66b4\u529b\u76f8\u5411\u3002[87]<\/strong><\/a> Straus, Goode\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u8005\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u59bb\u5b50\u8eab\u4efd\u5730\u4f4d\u9ad8\u65bc\u4e08\u592b\u6642\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u6bd4\u8f03\u9ad8\u3002[88]<\/strong><\/a> \u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5931\u696d\u548c\u8ca7\u7aae\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5e38\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u53ef\u6536\u62fe\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u5f80\u5f80\u5c0d\u5931\u53bb\u638c\u63a7\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u53ca\u7279\u6b0a\u505a\u51fa\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0cGelles\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8207Straus\u3001Steinmetz\u7b49\u5b78\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u6307\u51fa\u5973\u6027\u5c0d\u5152\u7ae5\u65bd\u66b4\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u904e\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5973\u6027\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u5176\u4e08\u592b\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u7a2e\u66b4\u529b\u591a\u534a\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u81ea\u885b\u800c\u4e14\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u50cf\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u90a3\u6a23\u5c0e\u81f4\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002[89]<\/strong><\/a> Gelles\u548cStraus\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u95dc\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u6307\u51fa\u793e\u6703\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u793e\u6703\u58d3\u529b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u2500\u2500\u5176\u5f62\u5f0f\u5247\u5305\u62ec\u5931\u696d\u3001\u5c48\u5c31\u4e0d\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u5b50\u5973\u4eba\u6578\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u5b64\u7acb\u2500\u2500\u662f\u5c0e\u81f4\u592b\u59bb\u9593\u66b4\u529b\u76f8\u5411\u3001\u5152\u7ae5\u53d7\u8650\u3001\u5973\u6027\u65bd\u66b4\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u65bd\u8650\u9020\u6210\u80a2\u9ad4\u6b98\u5bb3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002[90]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u542b\u610f\u9084\u9700\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u91d0\u6e05\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u4e2d\u7522\u7537\u6027\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u548c\u5152\u7ae5\u65bd\u8650\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u4e2d\u7522\u7537\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5730\u4f4d\u6703\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u6bd4\u8f03\u514d\u65bc\u88ab\u4e3b\u7ba1\u793e\u6703\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u76e3\u7763\uff1b\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6697\u793a\u4e2d\u7522\u7537\u6027\u6c92\u6709\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u793e\u6703\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u81ea\u79c1\u7684\u3001\u7121\u611f\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u628a\u60b2\u54c0\u8207\u7d55\u671b\u5e36\u5165\u59bb\u5152\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u6216\u8a31\u4eba\u5011\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3001\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u884c\u4f7f\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cJean Thompson\u5728\u3008\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\u3009(“The People of Color”)\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u5beb\u4e00\u500b\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u50be\u807d\u9694\u58c1\u516c\u5bd3\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u8cea\u7591\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u5a5a\u59fb\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u500b\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u9084\u597d\u50cf\u300c\u904b\u4f5c\u6b63\u5e38\u300d\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u6eff\u8db3\u4e08\u592b\u5c0d\u638c\u63a7\u5c40\u52e2\u548c\u652f\u6490\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u5e7c\u7a1a\u8981\u6c42\u3002[91]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u4e00\u500b\u570d\u7e5e\u8457\u4e3b\u5c0e\u529b\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u5c0d\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u529b\u4ee5\u5efa\u69cb\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53c8\u62d2\u7d55\u8b93\u67d0\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u5206\u4eab\u9019\u7a2e\u7279\u6b0a\u7684\u6587\u5316\u88e1\uff0c\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u4e0b\u5c64\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u81ea\u7136\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8f49\u800c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ed6\u5011\u552f\u4e00\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u2500\u2500\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6587\u737b\u90fd\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u7269\u8cea\u5331\u4e4f\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u6df7\u96dc\u8457\u5973\u6027\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u53ca\u7121\u529b\uff0c\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u6b0a\u63a7\u5236\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f8b\u5982Jan Pahl\u5c31\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u548c\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e2d\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u751f\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u548c\u5b83\u6700\u6709\u95dc\u9023\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7537\u6027\u81ea\u8a8d\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6b0a\uff1b\u4f46\u662fPahl\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\u3001\u60e1\u52a3\u7684\u5c45\u4f4f\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5931\u696d\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u7537\u4eba\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u4f86\u5c0d\u5f85\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u6bc6\u59bb\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u300c\u5728\u4f4e\u793e\u7d93\u968e\u5c64\u4e2d\u8f03\u5e38\u767c\u751f\u300d\u3002[92]<\/strong><\/a> \u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0cPahl\u8a8d\u70ba\u5973\u6027\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7121\u6cd5\u81ea\u7acb\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5408\u9069\u7684\u81e8\u6642\u5c45\u6240\uff0c\u90fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u5979\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u96e2\u958b\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u3002[93]<\/strong><\/a> \u5979\u5728\u8abf\u67e5Kent\u5973\u6027\u6551\u63f4\u907f\u96e3\u6240(Women\u2019s Aid Refuge)\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u6642\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u4e2d\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5973\u6027\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u907f\u96e3\u6240\u7684\u652f\u63f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5373\u4f7f\u5979\u5011\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5f8c\u4f86\u96e2\u958b\u907f\u96e3\u6240\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u6703\u91cd\u56de\u4e08\u592b\u8eab\u908a\u3002[94]<\/strong><\/a> Pahl\u56e0\u6b64\u505a\u51fa\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u8981\u7834\u9664\u59bb\u5b50\u53d7\u8650\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u6027\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u6539\u8b8a\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u50b3\u7d71\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u300d\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u4fee\u8fad\u8ad6\u8ff0\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u4e26\u63a8\u52d5\u793e\u6703\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u6e1b\u8f15\u5df2\u5a5a\u5a66\u5973\u5728\u8ca1\u52d9\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u4f9d\u8cf4\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u6311\u6230\u5a5a\u59fb\u662f\u7531\u7537\u6027\u4e3b\u5c0e\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52d9\u6a5f\u69cb\u4e0d\u4fbf\u4ecb\u5165\u5bb6\u5ead\u300c\u79c1\u5bc6\u300d\u7a7a\u9593\u7b49\u7b49\u50b3\u7d71\u5047\u8a2d\ufe30\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u79c1\u5bc6\u300d\u53ea\u662f\u72a7\u7272\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u5c0f\u5b69\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u4ee5\u4fdd\u969c\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5faa\u8457\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005bell hooks\u66fe\u7d93\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u6297\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u61c9\u8a72\u805a\u7126\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u61c9\u548c\u9632\u6b62\u500b\u5225\u5076\u767c\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u51cc\u8650\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6ce8\u610f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u6975\u7aef\u7684\u3001\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u65bd\u5c55\u7684\u9577\u671f\u66b4\u529b\u3002[95]<\/strong><\/a> hooks\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u548c\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u4eba\u8ac7\u8ad6\uff08\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u54ea\u7a2e\u6027\u504f\u597d\uff09\u89aa\u5bc6\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u8650\u5f85\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u767c\u73fe\u6211\u5011\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5973\u4eba\u4e00\u751f\u4e2d\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u72e0\u72e0\u63cd\u904e\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u300d[96]<\/strong><\/a> \u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5fc5\u9808\u8655\u7406\u9019\u7a2e\u5076\u767c\u5f0f\u7684\u6bc6\u6253\uff0c\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5973\u4eba\u5e38\u5e38\u89ba\u5f97\u9019\u7a2e\u8eab\u9ad4\u8650\u5f85\u662f\u7406\u6240\u7576\u7136\u7684\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e7c\u5e74\u53d7\u8650\u7d93\u9a57\uff08\u4e0d\u7ba1\u52d5\u624b\u7684\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u9084\u662f\u5973\u4eba\uff09\u5c31\u8b8a\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\uff1bhooks\u767c\u73fe\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u82e5\u662f\u5e7c\u6642\u66fe\u7d93\u88ab\u6240\u611b\u7684\u4eba\u52a0\u4ee5\u8eab\u9ad4\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u9577\u5927\u6210\u4eba\u5f8c\u4e5f\u50be\u5411\u63a5\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u611b\u4eba(\u6709\u6642\u662f\u5973\u6027)\u7684\u65bd\u8650\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002[97]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Linda Gordon\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u91dd\u5c0d\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u6240\u505a\u6700\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5979\u7814\u7a761880\u5e74\u52301960\u5e74\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u793e\u5de5\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u500b\u6848\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u8ca7\u7aae\u662f\u53d7\u8650\u8005\u6700\u70ba\u660e\u986f\u7684\u5171\u6709\u7279\u8272\u3002[98]<\/strong><\/a> Gordon\u7576\u7136\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u901a\u5e38\u51fa\u8eab\u8ca7\u5bd2\u6216\u6559\u80b2\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u975e\u767d\u4eba\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u500b\u6848\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u5ffd\u8996\u6216\u66b4\u529b\u800c\u88ab\u9001\u5230\u793e\u5de5\u6a5f\u69cb\u4f86\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\uff08\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u5c11\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u7537\u4eba\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u80fd\u4e3b\u52d5\u7a4d\u6975\u5c0b\u6c42\u5354\u52a9\u548c\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u500b\u6848\u3002\u8eab\u70ba\u6700\u88ab\u5b64\u7acb\u548c\u7121\u52a9\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u6700\u61a4\u6012\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u3002\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u9019\u4e9b\u500b\u6848\u4e4b\u5f8cGordon\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u80cc\u5f8c\u6050\u6015\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u662f\u7537\u6027\u5c55\u793a\u300c\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u300d\u7684\u300c\u5fc3\u7406\u9700\u6c42\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u54e1\u300c\u722d\u596a\u5e38\u5e38\u5341\u5206\u5331\u4e4f\u7684\u7269\u8cea\u5229\u76ca\u300d\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u9b25\u722d\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6642\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u548c\u7537\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7fd2\u6163\u90fd\u662f\u5c0e\u706b\u7dda\u3002[99]<\/strong><\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5931\u696d\u5c31\u5e38\u5e38\u5f37\u5316\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u5973\u6027\u4e26\u975e\u70ba\u4e86\u7537\u6027\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d93\u6fdf\u652f\u63f4\u800c\u751f\u6c23\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b69\u5b50\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u652f\u63f4\u800c\u751f\u6c23\u3002\u7576\u7537\u6027\u7121\u6cd5\u63d0\u4f9b\u7d93\u6fdf\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u800c\u5973\u6027\u56e0\u6b64\u62d2\u7d55\u8868\u793a\u5c0a\u656c\u6216\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52d9\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u5e38\u5e38\u6703\u5f15\u767c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u7fd2\u6163\u7368\u5927\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u8abf\u6559\u5f97\u671f\u5f85\u63a5\u53d7\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u548c\u670d\u4f8d\uff0c\u4e26\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u671f\u5f85\u878d\u5165\u81ea\u6211\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u56e0\u6b64\u5bb9\u6613\u5728\u9047\u5230\u6297\u62d2\u6642\u5931\u63a7\u6216\u8005\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5354\u5546\u8b93\u6b65\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u3002\u6bc6\u59bb\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u90fd\u662f\u760b\u5b50\u6216\u66ab\u6642\u5931\u63a7\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u7121\u66b4\u529b\u50be\u5411\u7684\u7537\u6027\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u63a1\u53d6\u50b7\u5bb3\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002[100]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Gordon\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u6bc6\u59bb\u901a\u5e38\u8207\u4e82\u502b\u3001\u8650\u5f85\u5152\u7ae5\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u68c4\u990a\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5979\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u6703\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u5b50\u5973\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u68c4\u990a\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\ufe30\u6bc6\u59bb\u548c\u8eab\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u6bd4\u8f03\u548c\u4f86\u81ea\u8ca7\u7aae\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u53ca\u632b\u6298\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u5247\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u7136\uff1b\u4e82\u502b\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u6703\u8868\u9054\u7f9e\u6065\u611f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u901a\u5e38\u6703\u5f37\u8abf\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u6b0a\u5982\u6b64\u6216\u8005\u8f49\u800c\u602a\u7f6a\u5b69\u5b50\u3002Gordon\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5152\u7ae5\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u57281980\u5e74\u4ee3\u7a81\u7136\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u53ca\u7f8e\u570b\u8b8a\u6210\u9996\u8981\u7684\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\uff08\u4f8b\u59821987\u5e74\u514b\u91cc\u592b\u862d\u8a3a\u65b7\u51fa\u5927\u91cf\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6848\u4ef6\u6642\u4e5f\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u5f15\u767c\u5927\u91cf\u516c\u773e\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5152\u7ae5\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u65b0\u4e8b\u3002\u5979\u6307\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u6148\u5584\u7fa9\u5de5\u548c\u793e\u5de5\u6bcf\u5929\u90fd\u5728\u8655\u7406\u4e82\u502b\u7684\u500b\u6848\uff0c\u800c\u7576\u6642\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u4e5f\u66fe\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u53ef\u6190\u7121\u52a9\u7684\u5973\u6027\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u300d\u5927\u767c\u540c\u60c5\u4e4b\u5fc3\u3002[101]<\/strong><\/a> \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u57281920\u52301930\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e82\u502b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ecd\u5f88\u666e\u904d\uff0c\u537b\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u52a0\u5bb3\u8005\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u8a6e\u91cb\u70ba\u8b8a\u614b\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u800c\u975e\u7236\u89aa\u6216\u5c0a\u9577\uff0c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u5982\u4ee5\u5f80\u88ab\u63cf\u7e6a\u6210\u6e05\u7d14\u5973\u5b69\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u5716\u5171\u72af\u7684\u6027\u554f\u984c\u4eba\u7269\uff1b\u5230\u4e861950\u62161960\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u80b2\u5152\u5c08\u5bb6\u5df2\u7d93\u628a\u4e82\u502b\u8aaa\u6210\u662f\u4e0d\u5e38\u767c\u751f\u3001\u767e\u842c\u5bb6\u5ead\u624d\u6709\u4e00\u5b97\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4ee5\u61f7\u7591\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u773c\u5149\u4f86\u770b\u5f85\u5152\u7ae5\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6027\u8650\u5f85\u6216\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u63a7\u8a34\uff1b[102]<\/strong><\/a> \u800c\u81ea1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u4ee5\u4f86\u5c0d\u5152\u7ae5\u6027\u8650\u5f85\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u767c\u73fe\u7121\u7591\u7684\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u6f6e\u548c\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u50cf\u5f37\u66b4\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5152\u7ae5\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u5f15\u767c\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u5df2\u7d93\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5c08\u5bb6\u6703\u61f7\u7591\u5152\u7ae5\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\uff0cDiana Russell\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6a23\u672c\u4e2d\u67094.5%\u66fe\u7d93\u6b77\u4e82\u502b\u4fb5\u72af\uff0cFinkelhor\u7684\u6a23\u672c\u4e2d\u5247\u67098.4%\u66fe\u88ab\u5bb6\u4eba\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u3002[103]<\/strong><\/a> \u82f1\u570b\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u670d\u52d9\u6a5f\u69cb\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u6578\u64da\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u670920%\u5973\u5b69\u548c10%\u7537\u5b69\u5c0f\u6642\u66fe\u88ab\u8650\u5f85\u904e\u3002[104]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u72af\u7f6a\u8005\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5168\u662f\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7236\u89aa\uff0c\u66f4\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u662f\u7e7c\u7236\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5c08\u696d\u6587\u737b\u73fe\u5728\u5f37\u8abf\u5152\u7ae5\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u554f\u984c\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u737b\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u9032\u8def\u537b\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u7537\u4eba\u61c9\u8a72\u70ba\u6b64\u8ca0\u8cac\u3002[105]<\/strong><\/a> \u300c\u5bb6\u5ead\u529f\u80fd\u5931\u8abf\u7406\u8ad6\u300d(family dysfunction theory)\u2500\u2500\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u6b63\u7d71\u2500\u2500\u8a8d\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u54e1\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u5171\u8b00\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u53cd\u800c\u8cac\u602a\u6bcd\u89aa\u6c92\u6709\u6eff\u8db3\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u6027\u617e\u548c\u60c5\u7dd2\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u5169\u500b\u6b0a\u5a01\u4eba\u7269Kempe\u548cKempe\u89e3\u91cb\u8aaa\ufe30\u300c\u4e82\u502b\u2026\u2026\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u5c0f\u5b69\u6311\u8d77\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6210\u4eba\u7537\u6027\u767c\u52d5\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6709\u6bcd\u89aa\u7684\u5171\u8b00\u2026\u2026\u6211\u5011\u5728\u9019\u985e\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5f9e\u6c92\u6709\u9047\u5230\u904e\u7121\u7f6a\u7684\u6bcd\u89aa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u5f8c\u6bcd\u89aa\u90fd\u9003\u904e\u4e86\u7236\u89aa\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u3002\u300d[106]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5152\u7ae5\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u6587\u737b\u88e1\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u4e00\u8cab\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u5c0f\u5b69\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u7121\u6cd5\u81ea\u7acb\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u5169\u96e3\u2500\u2500\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6bcd\u89aa\u53ef\u80fd\u66fe\u7d93\u61f7\u7591\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5617\u8a66\u8457\u8981\u8ff4\u907f\u9762\u5c0d\u5b50\u5973\u6027\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u2500\u2500\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u90fd\u88ab\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u96d6\u7136\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u53ef\u80fd\u66ab\u6642\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u8d0f\u5f97\u60f3\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662fGordon, Pahl\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u90fd\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5973\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u9003\u8d70\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u6642\u624d\u6703\u6210\u529f\u3002Gordon\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u65bd\u5c55\u5728\u5973\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u975e\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u53ea\u6703\u9020\u6210\u7537\u6027\u65bd\u66b4\u8005\u7684\u300c\u5931\u8abf\u300d\uff0c\u6bc6\u59bb\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u300c\u540c\u821f\u5171\u6fdf\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u5c0a\u91cd\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cb\u60c5\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u5c0d\u7537\u4eba\u66f4\u70ba\u6709\u5229\u7684\u3002\u300d[107]<\/strong><\/a> Gordon \u4e26\u6c92\u5c0d\u6b64\u591a\u52a0\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5247\u6709\uff0c\u6211\u6b64\u6642\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u540d\u5c0e\u6f14\u99ac\u4e01\u53f2\u67ef\u897f\u65af\u7684\u96fb\u5f71\u300a\u883b\u725b\u300b\uff08Raging Bull<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u9019\u90e8\u7247\u5b50\u63cf\u5beb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5805\u6301\u4fb5\u7565\u5f0f\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u7a2e\u5805\u6301\u6703\u6bc0\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5728\u6240\u4e0d\u60dc\u3002\u9019\u90e8\u96fb\u5f71\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4e2d\u91cf\u7d1a\u62f3\u64ca\u51a0\u8ecdJack La Motta\u4e00\u751f\u6240\u6539\u7de8\uff0c\u4e3b\u89d2\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u52d5\u8f12\u5f97\u548e\u3001\u96e3\u4ee5\u6e9d\u901a\u3001\u4e0d\u670d\u8f38\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u5c0d\u59bb\u5b50\u6709\u5f37\u70c8\u4f54\u6709\u617e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u683c\u7279\u8cea\u4fb5\u8755\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53cb\u60c5\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u5a5a\u59fb\u3002\u5728\u6574\u90e8\u96fb\u5f71\u4e2d\uff0cLa Motta\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u4ed6\u9577\u4e45\u84c4\u7a4d\u7684\u632b\u6298\u3001\u7121\u529b\u8868\u9054\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u3001\u7121\u529b\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u90fd\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\u3002[108]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\u7684\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u81ea\u8a8d\u70ba\u9700\u8981\u5973\u4eba\u670d\u52d9\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u7121\u6cd5\u7d93\u6fdf\u81ea\u7acb\uff0c\u53c8\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u963b\u6b62\u66b4\u529b\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u9020\u6210\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4f46\u662fGordon\u5728\u5979\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5805\u4fe1\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u8b49\u64da\u986f\u793a\u5973\u6027\u6703\u6027\u8650\u5f85\u4e08\u592b\u548c\u5c0f\u5b69\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5973\u6027\u5728\u5a5a\u59fb\u885d\u7a81\u4e2d\u5e38\u5e38\u548c\u7537\u6027\u300c\u540c\u6a23\u5177\u653b\u64ca\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u7406\u6027\u3001\u800c\u4e14\u5145\u6eff\u6bc0\u6ec5\u6027\u300d\u3002\u300c\u8a31\u591a\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u662f\u653b\u64ca\u8005\u3002\u300d[109]<\/strong><\/a> \u7136\u800c\u5973\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u4e5f\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u8f38\u6389\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0cGordon\u4ecd\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u671f\u7f8e\u82f1\u5169\u570b\u5973\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u4e26\u975e\u5973\u6027\u53ca\u5176\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e4b\u798f\uff0c[110]<\/strong><\/a> \u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u7576\u6642\u9010\u6f38\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u88ab\u52d5\u5973\u6027\u7406\u60f3\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u8b74\u8cac\uff0c\u90fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u88ab\u6bc6\u6253\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u611f\u5230\u7f9e\u6065\u800c\u4e0d\u6562\u767c\u8072\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cGordon\u8a8d\u70ba\u672c\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5354\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u58d3\u8feb\u88ab\u6bc6\u6253\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8cea\ufe30\u300c\u7576\u6642\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f37\u8abf\u5973\u6027\u611b\u597d\u548c\u5e73\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u512a\u8d8a\u7684\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u9019\u53cd\u800c\u4f7f\u5973\u4eba\u53ad\u60e1\u4e26\u58d3\u6291\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u6027\u548c\u61a4\u6012\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u3002\u300d\u6b77\u53f2\u5e38\u5e38\u6703\u91cd\u8e48\u8986\u8f4d\u7684\u3002[111]<\/strong><\/a> \u4eca\u65e5\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5982Sara Maguire\u5c31\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u628a\u5a5a\u59fb\u66b4\u529b\u6b78\u548e\u65bc\u300c\u5331\u4e4f\u3001\u8ca7\u7aae\u3001\u64c1\u64e0\u3001\u5931\u696d\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u548c\u300c\u6bc6\u59bb\u7537\u4eba\u300d\u7ad9\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u689d\u9663\u7dda\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u300c\u85c9\u53e3\u300d\u4ee5\u66ff\u4ed6\u5011\u812b\u7f6a\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u5c0d\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u611f\u5230\u6182\u5fc3\u3002[112]<\/strong><\/a> \u7576\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8a8d\u5b9a\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6709\u95dc\u5a5a\u59fb\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u300c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u89e3\u91cb\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u6feb\u7528\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u6f5b\u80fd\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u770b\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u751f\u7269\u8ad6\u5305\u88dd\u6210\u4f3c\u662f\u800c\u975e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u4fee\u8fad\uff0c\u6372\u571f\u91cd\u4f86\u4e86\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u6b0a\u529b\u7d50\u69cb\u4f86\u5206\u6790\u5973\u6027\u53d7\u8650\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u548c\u5973\u6027\u6709\u60c5\u611f\uff0f\u6027\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u7537\u6027\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u4f86\u63a7\u5236\u5973\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c92\u53d7\u5230\u7537\u4f34\u66b4\u529b\u76f8\u5411\u7684\u5973\u6027\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5e38\u807d\u5230\u5979\u5011\u8aaa\u2026\u2026\u300c\u6211\u628a\u6211\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u7ba1\u5f97\u597d\u597d\u7684\u3002\u300d\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5979\u5011\u8207\u7570\u6027\u4f34\u4fb6\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8499\u4e0a\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u9670\u5f71\uff0c\u800c\u5979\u5011\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u50cf\u9130\u5c45\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u4e00\u6a23\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u65bd\u66b4\u3002[113]<\/strong><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u800c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u61a4\u6012\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u6f5b\u80fd\u5462\uff1f\u5b83\u53c8\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u6e6e\u6ec5\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u70ba\u4e86\u4fdd\u885b\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u514d\u53d7\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u800c\u8a34\u8af8\u751f\u7406\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u85c9\u53e3\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u85c9\u53e3\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u5e38\u5e38\u652f\u6301\u7537\u6027\u76f8\u4fe1\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u767c\u751f\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u505a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u6703\u653f\u7b56\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u9769\u547d\u800c\u6230\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u5973\u6027\u812b\u96e2\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u4e26\u7d42\u6b62\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u53bb\u9664\u904e\u53bb\u8a31\u591a\u7537\u5973\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u300c\u795e\u8056\u6027\u300d\u3002Linda Gordon\u5728\u5979\u7684\u5de8\u8457\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e2d\u8aaa\ufe30\u300c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u6328\u904e\u63cd\u7684\u5a66\u5973\u4e5f\u80fd\u5f9e\u73fe\u5728\u6b63\u5728\u767c\u751f\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u300e\u9b06\u52d5\u300f\u4e2d\u7372\u76ca\uff1b\u5a5a\u59fb\u6b63\u5728\u5f9e\u4e00\u7a2e\u7121\u6cd5\u9003\u907f\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u751f\u5b58\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u5f37\u8feb\u6a5f\u69cb\uff0c\u8f49\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u4eba\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u300d[114]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u66b4\u529b\u662f\u7537\u6027\u7684\u55ce\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u6b0a\u529b\u5f9e\u4e0d\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u300c\u6709\u300d\u6216\u300c\u7121\u300d\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ea\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u6211\u5011\u8a87\u5927\u5f37\u52e2\u8005\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5f88\u7a69\u5b9a\u3001\u5efa\u5236\u5316\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f37\u52e2\u8005\u7684\u76d4\u7532\u4e5f\u6709\u9699\u7e2b\uff0c\u800c\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u4e5f\u6703\u904b\u7528\u7121\u6578\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u638c\u63e1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002[116]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u8aa0\u5982\u6211\u5011\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u6642\u770b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u500b\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5973\u4eba\u4e00\u5411\u5728\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e2d\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bb6\u5ead\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u904b\u4f5c\u5b89\u6392\u90fd\u8da8\u5411\u6eff\u8db3\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u6a5f\u5236\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u5728\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u800c\u4eca\u65e5\u88ab\u6bc6\u6253\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u5171\u6709\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5979\u5011\u7684\u6027\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5979\u5011\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8cc7\u6e90\u9003\u96e2\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5a5a\u59fb\u3002[117]<\/strong><\/a> \u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5be9\u8996\u90a3\u4e9b\u6703\u7522\u751f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5bb6\u5ead\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u4e26\u975e\u7537\u5973\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u547d\u904b\u3002\u5728\u300a\u70ba\u66b4\u529b\u547d\u540d\uff1a\u8aaa\u51fa\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u66b4\u529b\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u4eba\u9053\u51fa\u4e86\u5979\u5011\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5973\u4eba\u66b4\u529b\u76f8\u5411\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\ufe30\u300c\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u76f4\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u66b4\u529b\u662f\u7570\u6027\u6200\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u7279\u8272\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u300dBarbara Hart\u6c23\u9912\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u96e3\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u5973\u6027\u4e5f\u6703\u6bc6\u6253\u4e26\u8105\u8feb\u5176\u4ed6\u5973\u6027\u300d[118]<\/strong><\/a> \u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u9152\u5427\u88e1\uff0c\u66b4\u529b\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u6bcf\u5929\u5fc5\u5b9a\u767c\u751f\u7684\u5100\u5f0f\uff1b\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7570\u6027\u6200\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5225\u7684\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u6703\u300c\u898f\u907f\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u300d\uff0c\u88ab\u6bc6\u6253\u7684\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u5247\u50be\u5411\u8cac\u602a\u81ea\u5df1\u3002[119]<\/strong><\/a> \u9664\u4e86\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e0a\u7684\u8650\u5f85\u5916\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u88ab\u8650\u7684\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u9084\u66fe\u88ab\u5200\u69cd\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6b66\u5668\u50b7\u5bb3\u904e\u3001\u6709\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3001\u88ab\u8feb\u4e88\u53d6\u4e88\u6c42\u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\u6027\u670d\u52d9\u3001\u88ab\u8feb\u8207\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u767c\u751f\u6027\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u8feb\u8ce3\u6deb\u7b49\u2500\u2500\u4e26\u56e0\u70ba\u4f34\u4fb6\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u6536\u5165\u548c\u8cc7\u7522\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7d93\u6fdf\u4f9d\u8cf4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u52d5\u529b\u9762\u5411\u90fd\u548c\u7570\u6027\u6200\u66b4\u529b\u5f88\u985e\u4f3c\u2500\u2500\u7279\u5225\u662f\u88ab\u8650\u7684\u5973\u6027\u90fd\u50be\u5411\u7559\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u8650\u5f85\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u70ba\u65bd\u66b4\u8005\u611f\u5230\u96e3\u904e\u3002Donna Cecere\u8ac7\u5230\u5979\u7684\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u66b4\u529b\u7d93\u9a57\u6642\u8aaa\ufe30\u300c\u6211\u70ba\u5979\u611f\u5230\u96e3\u904e\u2026\u2026\u5728\u5979\u7684\u5bb6\u5ead\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5979\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u5ffd\u8996\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u6bc6\u6253\u3002\u300d[120]<\/strong><\/a> Cedar Gentlewind\u4e5f\u8aaa\ufe30\u300c\u6211\u518d\u6b21\u56de\u5230\u5979\u8eab\u908a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u2026\u2026\u5979\u8aaa\u5979\u5df2\u6539\u904e\u4e86\u2026\u2026\u7576\u5979\u62b1\u8457\u6211\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u53c8\u6709\u88ab\u611b\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u2026\u2026\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e5\u5b50\u88e1\uff0c\u611b\u60c5\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u96e3\u5f97\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5be6\u5728\u6c92\u4ec0\u9ebc\u53ef\u611b\u7684\u2026\u2026\u300d\uff1b[121]<\/strong><\/a> Breeze\u5beb\u5230\ufe30\u300c\u6f5b\u610f\u8b58\u88e1\uff0c\u6211\u89ba\u5f97\u6328\u6253\u662f\u6211\u61c9\u5f97\u7684\u2026\u2026\u6211\u5011\u7684\u793e\u4ea4\u5708\u53ea\u6709\u540c\u6027\u6200\u9152\u5427\uff0c\u800c\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u662f\u5e38\u614b\u3002\u300d[122]<\/strong><\/a> \u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u6558\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u65bd\u66b4\u8005\u548c\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u662f\u6709\u8272\u4eba\u7a2e\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5bb6\u5ead\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5468\u906d\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5973\u4eba\u5c31\u50cf\u7537\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\u6703\u88ab\u5979\u5011\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6240\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u904e\u53bb\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u4f86\u5e74\u8f15\u5973\u6027\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u7bc0\u7bc0\u5347\u9ad8\u770b\u51fa\u4f86\u2500\u2500\u76f8\u8f03\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u7387\u6bd4\u7537\u6027\u9084\u8981\u9ad8\u3002Ann Campbell\u66fe\u5728\u6279\u8a55\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u8abf\u6642\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u6211\u5011\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u5973\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u300d\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u6240\u8b02\u4e2d\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u300c\u4ed5\u5973\u300d(lady) [123]<\/a> <\/sup><\/strong>\ufe30\u300c\u8981\u990a\u6210\u88ab\u9a55\u7e31\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6d88\u6975\u88ab\u52d5\u3001\u6709\u611b\u5fc3\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8abf\u6559\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u300d[124]<\/strong><\/a> Campbell\u91dd\u5c0d\u502b\u6566\u3001\u5229\u7269\u6d66\u3001\u725b\u6d25\u7b49\u5730\u5340\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u4f4f\u5b85\u5340\u88e1251\u500b\u5341\u516d\u6b72\u5973\u5b78\u751f\u6a23\u672c\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u670989%\u7684\u5973\u751f\u81f3\u5c11\u66fe\u7d93\u6253\u904e\u4e00\u6b21\u67b6\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u5b69\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u53cd\u5c0d\u6253\u67b6\uff0c\u4f46\u4e26\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u6253\u67b6\u662f\u300c\u5f88\u4e0d\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u300d\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u88abCampbell\u8a2a\u8ac7\u7684Borstal\u5973\u5b69\u5011\u5247\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5f88\u80af\u5b9a\u6253\u67b6\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u90a3\u662f\u767c\u6d29\u61a4\u6012\u548c\u89e3\u6c7a\u722d\u7aef\u7684\u597d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002[125]<\/strong><\/a> \u5c31\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u6027\u4e0d\u826f\u5c11\u5e74\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u5b69\u5011\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u90fd\u5f88\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u88ab\u7236\u6bcd\u9f13\u52f5\u6253\u67b6\ufe30\u300c\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u5b69\u8eab\u8655\u7684\u6b21\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u2026\u2026\u4eba\u969b\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u618e\u6068\u8207\u53ad\u60e1\u7684\u60e1\u610f\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f03\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u7dad\u6301\u5f37\u786c\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a\u722d\u7aef\u3002\u300d[126]<\/strong><\/a> Campbell\u5f88\u4e0d\u6eff\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ea\u8a8d\u70ba\u5973\u4eba\u662f\u7537\u6027\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u72a7\u7272\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u628a\u5973\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u6574\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\ufe30\u300c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u72c0\u4e0a\u505a\u66f4\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u6703\u628a\u5973\u6027\u89e3\u653e\u5230\u8ca7\u7aae\u3001\u7570\u5316\u3001\u5931\u671b\u548c\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u7537\u6027\u65e9\u5df2\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u4e86\u3002\u300d[127]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

David Robins\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u6a44\u6b16\u7403\u5834\u9b27\u4e8b\u73fe\u8c61\u6642\u4e5f\u6709\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4ed6\u554f\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u7576\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u5b69\u5728\u9b27\u4e8b\u6642\uff0c\u5973\u5b69\u90fd\u5728\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300d\u7d50\u679c\u4ed6\u767c\u73fe\u5f88\u591a\u5973\u5b69\u5b50\u4e5f\u548c\u7537\u5b69\u4e00\u8d77\u5728\u5834\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u7537\u5b69\u6bd4\u5973\u5b69\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5973\u5b69\u7684\u78ba\u4e5f\u53c3\u8207\u9b27\u4e8b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u616b\u607f\u7537\u5b69\u51fa\u624b\u3002\u5728\u5973\u6027\u5e6b\u6d3e\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u4e0d\u53ea\u6a21\u4eff\u7537\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a66\u8457\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ed6\u5011\ufe30\u300c\u6211\u5011\u6703\u53bb\u6253\u67b6\uff0c\u300dLeeds\u7684\u5929\u4f7f\u5e6b\u544a\u8a34\u7814\u7a76\u8005Robins\uff0c\u300c\u5728Norwich\u548cIpswich\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5973\u751f\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u9084\u6bd4\u7537\u751f\u591a\u2026\u2026\u7576Man. United\u968a\u5728Norwich\u6bd4\u8cfd\u6642\u2026\u2026\u7e3d\u5171\u6709\u56db\u5341\u500b\u4eba\u88ab\u902e\u6355\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u80af\u5b9a\u6709\u4e09\u5341\u500b\u662f\u5973\u751f\u3002\u300d[128]<\/strong><\/a> \u53ef\u60dc\u5f88\u986f\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u793e\u6703\u4ecd\u628a\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u4fb5\u7565\u8996\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002Tolson\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u66fe\u7d93\u7528\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u5805\u5be6\u4f86\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u7537\u6027\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u9019\u500b\u5f62\u8c61\u7e3d\u662f\u806f\u7e6b\u5230\u8f9b\u82e6\u52de\u52d5\u548c\u8cfa\u53d6\u85aa\u8cc7\uff0c[129]<\/strong><\/a> \u800c\u9019\u500b\u8c61\u5fb5\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u6d41\u50b3\u5230\u4eca\u65e5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6b64\u523b\u82f1\u570b\u5e7e\u4e4e\u670950%\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u7537\u5b50\u4f11\u5b78\u52a0\u5165\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5e0c\u671b\u6216\u81ea\u4fe1\uff0cRobins\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u300c\u5e74\u8f15\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7537\u6027\u6b63\u5728\u88ab\u8feb\u9032\u5165\u4e00\u500b\u72c2\u5984\u548c\u4e0d\u8ca0\u8cac\u4efb\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u300d[130]<\/strong><\/a> \u4ed6\u4e5f\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5e74\u8f15\u5973\u6027\u96d6\u7136\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7537\u6027\u8aaa\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7b11\u8a71\u6642\u7684\u8c61\u5fb5\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u4eab\u6709\u548c\u7537\u6027\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u9078\u64c7\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5979\u5011\u537b\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u9ad4\u8a8d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u4f46\u80fd\u53d7\u66b4\u4e5f\u80fd\u65bd\u66b4\u3002[131]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u4e0d\u5c08\u5c6c\u65bc\u7537\u6027\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u5a92\u9ad4\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5927\u773e\u537b\u4ecd\u7136\u53ea\u5c0d\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u8868\u793a\u7126\u616e\u2500\u2500\u9019\u4e9b\u66b4\u529b\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5e74\u8f15\u52de\u52d5\u968e\u7d1a\u7537\u6027\u6240\u70ba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u53c3\u8207\u7834\u58de\u3001\u5e6b\u6d3e\u68b0\u9b25\u548c\u8db3\u7403\u5834\u9b27\u4e8b\u3002\u8db3\u7403\u5834\u9b27\u4e8b\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u5982\u4eca\u5df2\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u6240\u56b4\u91cd\u95dc\u5207\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u53f3\u6d3e\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u653f\u6cbb\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5982Peter Marsh\uff0cElizabeth Rosser\u548cRom Harre\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u5728\u8db3\u7403\u5834\u5167\u5916\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u2500\u2500\u5176\u5be6\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5100\u5f0f\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u2500\u2500\u5176\u56b4\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u662f\u88ab\u5a92\u9ad4\u6975\u5ea6\u7684\u8a87\u5927\u4e86\u3002[132]<\/strong><\/a> \u4f46\u5e74\u8f15\u7537\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5a92\u9ad4\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u8207\u5e95\u5c64\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u7537\u6027\u7684\u806f\u60f3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e2d\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6050\u61fc\u5e7b\u60f3\uff0cDunning\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u50da\u5c0d\u8db3\u7403\u5834\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6c7a\u65b7\u7684\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u8db3\u7403\u5e6b\u6d3e\u4e2d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4f86\u81ea\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u3002[133]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u554f\ufe30\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u7c97\u66b4\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u6703\u662f\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u6c38\u4e45\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\u5b83\u6301\u7e8c\u5f37\u5316\u4eca\u65e5\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c07\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u7537\u6027\u5283\u4e0a\u7b49\u865f\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff1fDunning\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5f37\u8abf\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6240\u6709\u6b0a\u5a01\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u6700\u5e95\u5c64\u627e\u5230\u4f4e\u85aa\u3001\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\u3001\u55ae\u8abf\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7121\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5171\u901a\u6027\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u4fb7\u9650\u7684\u773c\u754c\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f88\u72f9\u7a84\u7684\u9130\u91cc\u5fe0\u8aa0\u89c0\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u88ab\u898f\u5283\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5d17\u4f4d\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ecd\u7136\u7531\u7537\u6027\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\u5bb6\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u88e1\uff0c\u4f4e\u5c64\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u968e\u7d1a\u66f4\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u751f\u7522\u622a\u7136\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u6027\u5225\u89d2\u8272\u5206\u91ce\uff08\u9019\u500b\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5982\u679c\u627e\u5230\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u7684\u85aa\u6c34\u6703\u66f4\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f4d\u968e\u66f4\u4f4e\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7a69\u5b9a\uff09\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u9ed1\u4eba\u4e2d\u6709\u500b\u4f4e\u968e\u5c64\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4f4e\u968e\u5c64\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7537\u6027\u4e2d\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u63a1\u53d6\u5177\u6709\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u7684\u7537\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u98a8\u683c\u548c\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u548c\u300c\u5916\u4eba\u300d\u885d\u7a81\u6642\u8868\u73fe\u5fe0\u8aa0\u53ca\u52c7\u6562\u7684\u7537\u6027\u624d\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u8f03\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u548c\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u6027\u9664\u4e86\u300c\u8857\u982d\u6c42\u751f\u667a\u6167\u300d\u548c\u6253\u67b6\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u610f\u9858\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7d93\u9a57\u4e0a\u7684\u72f9\u9698\u548c\u76f8\u5c0d\u8f03\u5c11\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u6642\u5019\u611f\u5230\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u4ed6\u5011\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u719f\u4eba\u53ca\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u985e\u7684\u4eba\u7576\u4e2d\u624d\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u7a0d\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u793e\u6703\u80af\u5b9a\u611f\u2026\u2026\u4f5c\u70ba\u67d0\u500b\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u611f\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ed6\u5011\u6a5f\u6703\u53cd\u64ca\u65e2\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ed6\u5011\u4e00\u500b\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u85c9\u8457\u767c\u6d29\u4f86\u596a\u56de\u5c6c\u65bc\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u2026\u2026\u5728\u77ed\u66ab\u865b\u5e7b\u7684\u970e\u90a3\u9593\uff0c\u88ab\u653e\u9010\u7684\u4eba\u6210\u4e86\u4e3b\u5bb0\u8005\uff0c\u88ab\u8e10\u8e0f\u7684\u4eba\u7ffb\u4e86\u8eab\u3002[134]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5e95\u5c64\u7537\u6027\u52de\u5de5\u6bd4\u8f03\u770b\u91cd\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u5f0f\u7537\u6027\u98a8\u683c\u4e26\u4e0d\u5c08\u5c6c\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\uff1b\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u5927\u591a\u6578\u7537\u6027\u5e7b\u60f3\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u70ba\u967d\u525b\u5f62\u8c61\u6240\u8ff7\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u5c31\u662f\u6b0a\u529b\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u3002\uff08\u514b\u6797\u4f0a\u65af\u5a01\u7279\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u4e86\u90a3\u628a\u69cd\uff0c\u6703\u662f\u600e\u6a23\uff1f\uff09\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u63d0\u904e\u7684\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u96c6\u9ad4\u5e7b\u60f3\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u7c21\u55ae\u548c\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5316\u7d04\u6210\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u52d5\uff1b\u8a31\u591a\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8005\u2500\u2500\u5b78\u6821\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u670b\u53cb\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u2500\u2500\u90fd\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u5e7b\u60f3\u6703\u6216\u4e0d\u6703\u88ab\u5c0e\u5165\u4efb\u4f55\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u8868\u9054\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u5e7b\u60f3\u771f\u7684\u8868\u9054\u6642\uff0c\u6703\u63a1\u53d6\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u9ebc\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5e95\u5c64\u7537\u6027\u52de\u5de5\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\u8207\u7537\u6027\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u8c61\u4e4b\u9593\u5c16\u92b3\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u632b\u6298\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u5c0d\u7acb\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u67d0\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u63a1\u7528\u4e26\u5be6\u8e10\u4e00\u7a2e\u6bd4\u8f03\u4fb5\u7565\u5f0f\u7684\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u8cea\u3002\u5c0d\u6211\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u66fe\u6709\u4e00\u5ea6\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u8981\u6307\u8a8d\u7537\u4eba\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7378\u6027\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u968e\u7d1a\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6bd4\u8f03\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u8207\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u968e\u7d1a\u7570\u5316\u548c\u525d\u524a\u6bd4\u8f03\u654f\u92b3\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6642\u523b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u2500\u2500\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u78ba\u662f\u2500\u2500\u5728\u884c\u70ba\u4e0a\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\u7a4d\u6975\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5973\u4eba\u5f9e\u5f88\u5c0f\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u8b66\u89ba\u5230\u8868\u9054\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u617e\u671b\u6703\u906d\u9047\u963b\u7919\u548c\u9650\u5236\u2500\u2500\u9019\u4e9b\u963b\u7919\u548c\u9650\u5236\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u4ee5\u5468\u906d\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u671f\u671b\u4f86\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u654f\u92b3\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u5927\u53eb\u3001\u6253\u67b6\u3001\u7f75\u9ad2\u8a71\u7b49\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u884c\u70ba\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8b74\u8cac\u3002\u76f8\u5c0d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u5728\u904b\u52d5\u5834\u4e0a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9032\u884c\u4fb5\u7565\u5c55\u73fe\u7684\u4f8b\u884c\u5100\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u5176\u5404\u7a2e\u4fb5\u7565\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5fcd\u53d7\u5ea6\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f03\u9ad8\u3002[135]<\/strong><\/a> \u4f46\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u7684\u8f03\u9ad8\u58d3\u6291\u4e26\u4e0d\u76e1\u7136\u662f\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u58d3\u6291\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u632b\u6298\u611f\u548c\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u6700\u5f8c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e00\u5b9a\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5979\u5011\u628a\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u8f49\u5411\u81ea\u6211\u6216\u5b50\u5973\u3002\u9019\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5973\u6027\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u9677\u5165\u6cae\u55aa\uff08\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6709\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5169\u500d\u9ad8\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u85c9\u8457\u5728\u60c5\u7dd2\u4e0a\u8650\u5f85\u5c0f\u5b69\u4f86\u8868\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u3002[136]<\/strong><\/a> Janet Sayers, Jean Temperley\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u91ab\u5e2b\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u6211\u58d3\u6291\u4e5f\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5973\u6027\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6216\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u9020\u6210\u504f\u57f7\u5984\u60f3\u75c7\u6216\u5ee3\u5834\u6050\u61fc\u75c7\u3002[137]<\/strong><\/a> \u672c\u66f8\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u5c31\u63d0\u5230\uff0cJean Temperley\u5f9e\u5979\u8655\u7406\u5973\u6027\u75c5\u4f8b\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u8003\u616e\u5973\u4eba\u5c0d\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u3001\u57f7\u8457\u95dc\u6ce8\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5617\u8a66\u6311\u91c1\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5973\u4eba\u628a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u632b\u6298\u548c\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u7537\u6027\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u85c9\u8457\u9019\u5c64\u63a9\u8b77\u5f97\u4ee5\u58df\u65b7\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u7fa9\u548c\u7f8e\u5fb7\u3002[138]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u67d0\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4ee5\u53caTemperley\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u6cbb\u7642\u5e2b\u90fd\u5728\u5973\u6027\u773c\u4e2d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5168\u9762\u7c60\u7f69\u3001\u5168\u9762\u5a01\u8105\u7684\u7537\u6027\u60c5\u617e\u5f62\u8c61\u88e1\u770b\u5230\u5973\u6027\u81ea\u8eab\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u8207\u53d7\u632b\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u8a18\u8005\u53ca\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005Sarah Benton\u5c31\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u5177\u6709\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u6216\u8005\u64c1\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5973\u6027\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u7fd2\u6163\u6311\u8d77\u4e16\u754c\u73fe\u6cc1\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u300c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u548c\u4fb5\u7565\u6027\u90fd\u6295\u5c04\u5728\u7537\u6027\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u300d[139]<\/strong><\/a> \u6b64\u5916\uff0cBenton\u4e5f\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u5fc3\u7406\u6295\u5c04\u4f5c\u7528\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u5c0d\u6027\u7684\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5426\u5b9a\u4e5f\u76f4\u63a5\u806f\u7e6b\u5230\u5973\u6027\u5728\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u63a5\u53d7\u548c\u8868\u9054\u81ea\u8eab\u617e\u671b\u6642\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\u2500\u2500\u5c24\u5176\u56f0\u96e3\u7684\u662f\u627f\u8a8d\u5973\u6027\u60c5\u617e\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u3001\u6b98\u9177\u7684\u3001\u300c\u8b8a\u614b\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6085\u8650\u7684\u3001\u5c48\u5f9e\u7684\u3001\u67d4\u9806\u7684\u3002Benton\u7e3d\u7d50\u9053\uff1a\u300c\u963b\u7919\u5973\u4eba\u63a5\u53d7\u53ca\u8868\u9054\u81ea\u6211\u617e\u671b\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5973\u4eba\u5f88\u96e3\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5927\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u3001\u64cd\u4f5c\u3001\u4e26\u63a5\u53d7\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u7537\u6027\u7684\u6027\u5a01\u8105\u3002\u300d[140]<\/strong><\/a> \u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e8b\u5be6\u4f86\u4f50\u8b49\u5176\u5408\u7406\u6027\ufe30\u771f\u5be6\u72af\u7f6a\u6848\u4ef6\u96dc\u8a8c\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u96dc\u8a8c\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7325\u893b\u5831\u5c0e\u7e3d\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u66b4\u529b\u3001\u6700\u6427\u8165\u7684\u8b00\u6bba\u6848\u4f8b\uff1b[141]<\/strong><\/a> \u6210\u7fa4\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u6027\u8b00\u6bba\u72af\u5be9\u5224\u5834\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u807d\u773e\u662f\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u90a3\u88e1\u5979\u5011\u624d\u611f\u5230\u6709\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u4ee5\u8a00\u8a5e\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u8eab\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u4f86\u5c55\u73fe\u6975\u7aef\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u5f0f\u9053\u5fb7\u653b\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u65bd\u5c55\u5728\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a31\u591a\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u60e1\u52a3\u5c0d\u5f85\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u90a3\u4e9b\u63e1\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u5ffd\u7565\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u767c\u751f\u5c31\u662f\u8cac\u96e3\u5973\u6027\u70ba\u5176\u7f6a\u9b41\u798d\u9996\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3001\u9084\u6709\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u90fd\u63e1\u6709\u8f03\u5927\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u2500\u2500\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5be6\u90fd\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u90fd\u8981\u6bd4Temperley\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u8a55\u8ad6\u5bb6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u9084\u8981\u66f4\u52a0\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u904e\u5206\u770b\u91cd\u90a3\u4e9b\u8aaa\u5973\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u611f\u89ba\u53d7\u5bb3\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53c3\u4e86\u4e00\u8173\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u3002\u7121\u7591\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u6027\u6df1\u9677\u5728\u4f9d\u8cf4\u8207\u8edf\u5f31\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5979\u5011\u5728\u54ac\u7259\u5207\u9f52\u5fcd\u53d7\u7537\u4eba\u66b4\u529b\u837c\u6bd2\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u58d3\u4e0b\u5979\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u61a4\u6012\u53ca\u53cd\u64ca\u7684\u885d\u52d5\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u96e3\u4ee5\u61a7\u61ac\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u51fa\u8def\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u6642\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u9ad4\u8a8d\u5230\uff0c\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5973\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9700\u8981\u63da\u68c4\u4e3b\u6d41\u4fdd\u5b88\u52e2\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd1\u4f86\u901a\u4fd7\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u672c\u6027\u5c31\u4e0d\u5982\u7537\u6027\u7c97\u66b4\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u71b1\u70c8\u64c1\u62b1\uff08\u524d\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u7684\u9023\u7d50\u662f\u751f\u7269\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u6bd4\u8f03\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8a8d\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u9593\u6709\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u7684\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1a\u5927\u591a\u6578\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u5141\u8a31\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6b66\u529b\u548c\u66b4\u529b\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0a\u2500\u2500\u8b66\u5bdf\u3001\u8ecd\u968a\u3001\u76e3\u7344\u4eba\u54e1\u3001\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u300c\u570b\u9632\u300d\u548c\u8a13\u5c0e\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u3002\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u7537\u6027\uff08\u800c\u975e\u5973\u6027\uff09\u88ab\u8a13\u7df4\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982David Morgan\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u8108\u7d61\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ffb\u8f49\u90a3\u4e9b\u5148\u524d\u88ab\u5047\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u300c\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u300d\u548c\u300c\u66b4\u529b\u300d\u9593\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7537\u4eba\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u6709\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5f15\u5165\u5404\u7a2e\u66b4\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u628a\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u5efa\u69cb\u70ba\u7dca\u5bc6\u7684\u4ea4\u7e8f\u5728\u300c\u66b4\u529b\u300d\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002[142]<\/strong><\/a> \u53ef\u662f\u6709\u5831\u5c0e\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u5973\u6027\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5d17\u4f4d\u6642\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u4e5f\u6703\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u6216\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u9019\u8b49\u660e\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u5728\u7537\u6027\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u2500\u2500\u800c\u975e\u50cf\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u88ab\u570b\u5bb6\u6240\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\u671f\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u7344\u540f\u5728\u9047\u5230\u5973\u6027\u72af\u4eba\u89f8\u72af\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u898f\u6642\u6240\u57f7\u884c\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u5225\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7344\u540f\u5c0d\u5f85\u7537\u6027\u72af\u4eba\u7684\u61f2\u7f70\u90fd\u56b4\u53b2\u8a31\u591a\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5973\u72af\u4eba\u59cb\u7d42\u6bd4\u7537\u72af\u4eba\u66f4\u6613\u88ab\u5973\u7344\u540f\u61f2\u7f70\u4e26\u767b\u9304\u5448\u5831\u3002[143]<\/strong><\/a> \u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u95dc\u5973\u6027\u5728\u6b0a\u4f4d\u4e0a\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u5831\u5c0e\u4e5f\u90fd\u51fa\u73fe\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u6027\u71b1\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u50b3\u7d71\u88ab\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u6211\u66fe\u5728\u5225\u8655\u63d0\u5230\u904e\u5973\u6027\u8207\u6230\u722d\u53ca\u8ecd\u9700\u5de5\u696d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u6230\u722d\u7684\u71b1\u60c5\u652f\u6301\u8005\u4e5f\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5be6\u5e38\u5e38\u90fd\u88ab\u58d3\u6291\u6216\u5426\u8a8d\u3002[144]<\/strong><\/a> \u5118\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f9e\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u6027\u88ab\u6bc6\u6253\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u56e0\u70ba\u53d7\u904e\u8f03\u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u6bd4\u8f03\u6703\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u548c\u5973\u6027\u7684\u79c1\u5bc6\u95dc\u4fc2\u88e1\u50be\u5411\u8a34\u8af8\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u57f7\u884c\u5176\u516c\u5171\u300c\u52e4\u52d9\u300d\u6642\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\uff08\u53ca\u7537\u6027\uff09\u76ca\u767c\u5147\u72e0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5c24\u5176\u6e05\u695a\u5340\u5225\u570b\u5bb6\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982Kum-kum Bhavnani\u5c31\u62d2\u65a5\u66b4\u529b\u662f\u300c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u300d\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c[145]<\/strong><\/a> \u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f9e\u904e\u53bb\u5230\u73fe\u5728\u5728\u9ed1\u4eba\u8a8d\u77e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u5c0d\u5f85\u9ed1\u4eba\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u4e26\u7dad\u6301\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\uff1b\u7537\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u672c\u8cea\u8ad6\u4e5f\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u7537\u7537\u5973\u5973\u66fe\u4e00\u9f4a\u6fc0\u70c8\u6297\u722d\u570b\u5bb6\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u570b\u5bb6\u66b4\u529b\u800c\u751f\u7684\u6297\u722d\u4e0d\u53ea\u767c\u751f\u5728\u5357\u975e\u7684\u8857\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u7684\u8857\u982d\u66b4\u52d5\u88e1\u3002Bhavnani\u99c1\u65a5\u300c\u5973\u6027\u6709\u8457\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u904e\u53bb\u300d\u9019\u7a2e\u5728\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u76f8\u7576\u76db\u884c\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5979\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u662f\u5c0d\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fae\u8fb1\u3002\uff08\u5979\u9084\u6307\u51fa\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4fae\u8fb1\u4e86\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u6642\u4ee5\u5341\u5206\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u53cd\u6297\u968e\u7d1a\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u52de\u5de5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8a31\u8a31\u591a\u591a\u70ba\u4e86\u53cd\u6297\u66b4\u529b\u8207\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u800c\u6230\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u66f4\u9051\u8ad6\u5b83\u5c07\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u52de\u5de5\u81ea\u82f1\u570b\u5a66\u5973\u6295\u7968\u6b0a\u7684\u6297\u722d\u53f2\u4e2d\u5b8c\u5168\u62b9\u715e\u3002\uff09Bhavnani\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u300c\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u300d\u8207\u300c\u548c\u5e73\u300d\u9019\u5169\u500b\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u300c\u82e5\u4e0d\u7d66\u4e88\u7b56\u7565\u4e0a\u7684\u7cbe\u78ba\u6027\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u7d42\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u6beb\u7121\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8fad\u5f59\u3002\u300d[146]<\/strong><\/a> bell hooks\u4e5f\u5728\u5176\u66f8\u5beb\u4e2d\u8ac7\u5230\u5979\u5f9e\u7956\u7236\u4e00\u8cab\u7684\u53cd\u6230\u7acb\u5834\u5b78\u6703\u4e86\u53cd\u6230\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u9119\u8996\u8ecd\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5357\u65b9\u9ed1\u4eba\u7537\u6027\uff1a\u300c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u5411\u6211\u5011\u662d\u793a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7537\u4eba\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u6230\u722d\u662f\u69ae\u8000\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u53c3\u6230\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u90fd\u76f8\u4fe1\u6230\u722d\u662f\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u6703\u6bba\u4eba\u7684\u3002\u300d[147]<\/strong><\/a> hooks\u53c8\u88dc\u5145\uff0c\u6027\u5225\u89d2\u8272\u5206\u5de5\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5973\u6027\u5728\u6230\u722d\u8207\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0a\u8207\u7537\u6027\u6709\u6240\u51fa\u5165\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7576\u5973\u6027\u88ab\u6388\u6b0a\u53bb\u53c3\u6230\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u8209\u6b62\u6703\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u7537\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u300c\u66b4\u529b\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u300c\u7537\u6027\u7279\u8cea\u300d\uff1b\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u3002[148]<\/strong><\/a> \u66b4\u529b\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a2e\u985e\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff08\u5f9e\u904b\u52d5\u3001\u6253\u5c0f\u5b69\uff0c\u5230\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u53d6\u7de0\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u6230\u722d\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff08\u5f9e\u516c\u7acb\u5b78\u6821\u4e2d\u7684\u9ad4\u7f70\u5230\u5f37\u66b4\u548c\u8b00\u6bba\uff09\u3002\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u8e10\u770b\u6210\u662f\u5f7c\u6b64\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u77ad\u89e3\u751a\u81f3\u5617\u8a66\u53bb\u6539\u8b8a\u7537\u6027\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\u7684\u6d89\u5165\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u548c\u82f1\u570b\uff0c\u5a66\u5973\u5fc3\u4e2d\u9996\u8981\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5bb3\u6015\u4f86\u81ea\u7537\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u6df1\u5165\u8655\u7406\u9019\u7a2e\u6050\u61fc\u7684\u7665\u7d50\u4ee5\u53ca\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6bd4\u7387\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u4f46\u5fc5\u9808\u5305\u62ec\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u8d85\u8d8a\u90a3\u7a2e\u55ae\u55ae\u4ee5\u6027\u5225\u70ba\u8457\u773c\u9ede\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7316\u7357\uff0c\u548c\u7537\u6027\u7aed\u529b\u78ba\u8a8d\u5176\u300c\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u67d0\u4e9b\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u800c\u5373\u4f7f\u95dc\u65bc\u7537\u6027\u5bb0\u5236\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u2500\u2500\u5373\u50b3\u7d71\u300c\u7537\u6027\u6c23\u6982\u300d\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u2500\u2500\u5df2\u5728\u6301\u7e8c\u5d29\u89e3\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u9023\u53cd\u800c\u90fd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u518d\u6b21\u5f37\u5316\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u9019\u7a2e\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u7537\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u76ca\u767c\u8a34\u8af8\u66b4\u529b\u4ee5\u5617\u8a66\u978f\u56fa\u5176\u7537\u6027\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u537b\u4e0d\u9019\u9ebc\u505a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u8f49\u5411\u65b0\u7684\u505a\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6703\u53bb\u652f\u6301\u70ba\u7d42\u7d50\u7537\u6027\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u76f8\u5411\u800c\u767c\u8d77\u7684\u6297\u722d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u8a18\u5f97\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u81f4\u529b\u63a8\u52d5\u300c\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u300d\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u88e1\u5de5\u4f5c\u2500\u2500\u5373\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5011\u56e0\u6b64\u906d\u5230\u6700\u56b4\u82db\u7684\u5632\u5f04\u548c\u61f2\u7f70\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u70ba\u6b64\u72a7\u7272\u6027\u547d\uff1b\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u73fe\u8c61\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u95dc\u6027\u5225\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e5f\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u6240\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u975e\u95dc\u6027\u5225\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5c0d\u67d0\u4e9b\u7537\u6027\u7684\u5f37\u5927\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0d\u4e9e\u65bc\u5176\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1b\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6027\u653b\u64ca\u548c\u6574\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\u72af\u7f6a\u7387\u7684\u7bc0\u7bc0\u9ad8\u5347\u4e4b\u9593\u6709\u8457\u5bc6\u5207\u800c\u4ee4\u4eba\u81bd\u5bd2\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f46\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u52a0\u5bb3\u5c0d\u8c61\u5247\u4e3b\u8981\u9084\u662f\u7537\u6027\u5c45\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u9023\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u5df2\u7d93\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6c38\u4e45\u7684\u4e0b\u5c64\u968e\u7d1a\u2500\u2500\u9019\u500b\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u74b0\u7e5e\u8457\u4f9d\u8cf4\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3001\u4fb5\u72af\u8ca1\u7522\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fb5\u72af\u4eba\u8eab\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524dMartin Luther King, Jr.\u56e0\u61a7\u61ac\u8457\u7f8e\u570b\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u52a0\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u6703\u800c\u88ab\u5c04\u6bba\u8eab\u4ea1\uff0c\u800c\u4eca\u5929\u7f8e\u500b\u793e\u6703\u8f03\u4e4b\u65bc\u5f9e\u524d\u66f4\u70ba\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\ufe30\u9ed1\u4eba\u7537\u6027\u5927\u5b78\u7562\u696d\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u6b63\u5728\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u58fd\u547d\u6b63\u5728\u905e\u6e1b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u88ab\u9694\u96e2\u5230\u66f4\u5dee\u7684\u5b78\u6821\u3001\u66f4\u721b\u7684\u793e\u5340\u3001\u66f4\u721b\u7684\u4f4f\u5bb6\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5e78\u904b\u5730\u64c1\u6709\u623f\u5b50\u7684\u8a71\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u60e1\u52a3\u73fe\u8c61\u90fd\u5728\u589e\u52a0\u4e2d\u3002[149]<\/strong><\/a> \u5168\u7f8e\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u770b\u5230\u806f\u90a6\u7d93\u8cbb\u81ea\u5168\u570b\u6216\u5730\u65b9\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u793e\u6703\u798f\u5229\u88dc\u52a9\u4e2d\u64a4\u9000\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5de5\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7c89\u788e\u4ee5\u53ca\u52de\u52d5\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u91cd\u7d44\u6bc0\u6389\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u52de\u5de5\u968e\u7d1a\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ca\u793e\u5340\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u4ee4\u4eba\u7d55\u671b\u548c\u6028\u5fff\u7684\u907a\u7522\u5c31\u662f\u6bd2\u54c1\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u3001\u53ca\u66b4\u529b\u3002\u5728\u793e\u6703\u798f\u5229\u5e7e\u4e4e\u88ab\u524a\u6e1b\u6b86\u76e1\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7121\u5bb6\u53ef\u6b78\u3001\u5931\u696d\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d55\u671b\u90fd\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5feb\u901f\u5347\u9ad8\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u524dMartin Luther King, Jr. \u6240\u8a34\u6c42\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u548c\u5e73\u6297\u722d\uff0c\u548c\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524dMalcolm X\u70ba\u6fc0\u70c8\u6297\u8b70\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u9ed1\u4eba\u96fb\u5f71\u88fd\u7247\u8005Spike Lee\u4eca\u65e5\u5ba3\u7a31\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u60c5\u6cc1\u73fe\u5728\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u50be\u5411Malcom\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662fKing\u3002\u6211\u60f3\u9ed1\u4eba\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u53d7\u5920\u4e86\u8001\u662f\u5728\u6328\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u9577\u69cd\u548c\u8b66\u68cd\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u3002[150]<\/strong><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\u6216\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u6307\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u66b4\u529b\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8650\u5f85\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4fb5\u72af\u300d\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u793e\u6703\u88e1\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u4ee3\u8868\u5462\uff1f\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u6050\u61fc\u548c\u525d\u524a\u7684\u5e95\u5c64\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u88ab\u6b98\u5bb3\u7684\u4eba\u55ce\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u5f9e\u4e8b\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u80a2\u9ad4\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u537b\u7b56\u52d5\u8e10\u8e0f\u548c\u6b98\u5bb3\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u4eba\u5462\uff1f\u4e16\u754c\u9996\u5bcc\u4e4b\u570b\u6df1\u9677\u5728\u8ca7\u56f0\u53ca\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u6b63\u597d\u4f7f\u5f97\u7f8e\u570b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u300c\u570b\u9632\u300d\u4e0a\u82b1\u8cbb\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u5927\u7684\u91d1\u984d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c0d\u4e2d\u7f8e\u6d32\u3001\u52a0\u52d2\u6bd4\u6d77\u5730\u5340\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u6771\u9032\u884c\u4fb5\u7565\u5f0f\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7f8e\u570b\u505a\u4e86\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u793a\u7bc4\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u900f\u904e\u570b\u969b\u8ca8\u5e63\u57fa\u91d1(International Monetary Fund)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u985e\u4f3c\u6a5f\u69cb\u53bb\u8a66\u5716\u5c07\u7f8e\u5f0f\u4f5c\u98a8\u5f37\u884c\u52a0\u8af8\u65bc\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u8981\u8a8d\u771f\u5c0d\u5f85\u6027\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u77ad\u89e3\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8981\u5c0d\u6297\u7684\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u55ae\u500b\u7537\u4eba\u6216\u7537\u6027\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u66f4\u56b4\u91cd\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u7834\u58de\u529b\u2500\u2500\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4Dworkin\u90a3\u5145\u6eff\u795e\u7955\u7279\u8cea\u7684\u300c\u539f\u5b50\u5f48\u967d\u5177\u300d(atomic phallus)\u7336\u6709\u904e\u4e4b\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5728\u9019\u500b\u300c\u5f8c\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\u88e1\u807d\u8d77\u4f86\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u9ebc\u7684\u8001\u6389\u7259\uff0c\u7576\u7576\u4ee3\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6cbf\u8457\u719f\u6089\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u53ca\u6027\u5225\u6e9d\u69fd\u4f86\u523b\u756b\u51fa\u5b83\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u5c0a\u5351\u968e\u5c64\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6b64\u6642\u6b64\u5730\u6240\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u66b4\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u79c1\u5bc6\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u91ce\u883b\uff0c\u6620\u7167\u8457\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u65e5\u76ca\u6fc0\u5316\u7684\u91ce\u883b\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u8a3b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/strong><\/a> Susan Griffin, (1971), Reprint from ‘Rape: The All-American Crime’, Ramparts, <\/em>September, pp. 26-35.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/strong><\/a> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 35.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/strong><\/a> Shulamith Firestone, (1971), The Dialectic of Sex, <\/em>London, Paladin; Kate Millet, (1972), Sexual Politics, <\/em>London, Abacus.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/strong><\/a> Germaine Greer, (1970), The Female Eunuch, <\/em>London, MacGibbon & Kee.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/strong><\/a> Sheila Rowbotham, (1973), Women’s Consciousness, Man’s World, <\/em>Harmondsworth, Penguin; Juliet Mitchell, (1971), Woman’s Estate, <\/em>Harmondsworth, Penguin.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/strong><\/a> Susan Brownmiller, (1976), Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, <\/em>Harmondsworth, Penguin.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/strong><\/a> Elizabeth Stanko, (1985), Intimate Intrusions: Women’s Experience of Male Violence, <\/em>London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/strong><\/a> For example, see Rape Crisis Centre, (1977), First Annual Report, <\/em>London, Rape Counselling and Research Project.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/strong><\/a> Susan Griffin, op.cit., p. 22.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/strong><\/a> Brownmiller, op.cit., p. 14.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/strong><\/a> For example, as portrayed in the British film, Distant Voices, Still Lives, <\/em>Terrence Davies, 1988.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/strong><\/a> Brownmiller, op.cit., p. 209.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 15.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]<\/strong><\/a> See John Forrester, (1985), ‘Rape, Seduction and Psychoanalysis’ in Tomaselli and Porter (eds.), Rape, <\/em>p.62, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]<\/strong><\/a> See Alfred Kinsey et al., (1953), Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female, <\/em>p.410, pp. 116-22, Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders.<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]<\/strong><\/a> Peggy Reeves Sanday, (1985), ‘Rape and the Silencing of the Feminine’ in Tomaselli and Porter, op.cit, p. 85.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/strong><\/a> Margaret Mead, (1935), Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies, <\/em>London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/strong><\/a> For these and other examples see Julia Schwendinger and Herman Schwendinger, (1983), Rape and Inequality, <\/em>London, Sage.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]<\/strong><\/a> Roy Porter, (1985), ‘Rape–Does it Have a Historical Meaning?’ in Tomaselli and Porter, op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 223.<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]<\/strong><\/a> Barbara Lindemann, (1984), ‘”To Ravish and Carnally Know”: Rape in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts’, in Signs, <\/em>Autumn, vol. 10, I.<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 72.<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 81.<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]<\/strong><\/a> Ellen Ross, (1982), ‘Fierce Questions and Taunts”: Married Life in Working-class London, 1870-1914’, in Feminist Studies, <\/em>vol. 8, 3, Fall.<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 596.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]<\/strong><\/a> Figures quoted in Donald West, (1984), ‘The Victim’s Contribution to Sexual Offences’ in June Hopkins (ed.), Perspectives on Rape and Sexual Assault, <\/em>p. 2, London, Harper & Row.\u00a0 See also Jennifer Temkin, (1987), Rape and the Legal Process, <\/em>p. 9, London, Sweet & Maxwell.<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]<\/strong><\/a> Porter, op.cit., p. 223.<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]<\/strong><\/a> Brownmiller, op.cit., p. 9.<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]<\/strong><\/a> Ruth Hall et al. (198I), The Rapist Who Pays the Rent: Evidence Submitted by Women Against Rape, Britain to the Criminal Law Revision Committee, <\/em>Bristol, Falling Wall Press; Ruth Hall, (1985), Ask Any Woman: A London Inquiry into Rape and Sexual Assault, <\/em>Bristol, Falling Wall Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[31]<\/strong><\/a> Ann Snitow, (1985), ‘Retrenchment vs. Transformation: the Politics of the Anti-pornography movement’ in Kate Ellis et al., Caught Looking, <\/em>New York, Caught Looking Inc.<\/span><\/p>\n

[32]<\/strong><\/a> Menachim Amir, (197I), Patterns in Forcible Rape, <\/em>Chicago, University of Chicago Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[33]<\/strong><\/a> ibid., p. 320.<\/span><\/p>\n

[34]<\/strong><\/a> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[35]<\/strong><\/a> Diana Russell, (1984), Sexual Exploitation–Rape, Child Sexual Abuse and Workplace Harassment<\/em>, pp.34-48, Beverley Hills, Sage.<\/span><\/p>\n

[36]<\/strong><\/a> Tempkin, op.cit., p. I I.<\/span><\/p>\n

[37]<\/strong><\/a> Ruth Hall, (1985), op. cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[38]<\/strong><\/a> Brian MacLean, (1985), Review of Ask Any Woman in British Journal Criminology<\/em>, vol. 25, p. 390.<\/span><\/p>\n

[39]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p.391.<\/span><\/p>\n

[40]<\/strong><\/a> Hall, (1985), op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[41]<\/strong><\/a> Ian Blair, (1985), Investigating Rape: A New Approach for Police<\/em>, London, Croom Helm; Harry O’Reilly, (1984), ‘Crisis Intervention with Victims of Forcible Rape: A Police Perspective’, in Hopkins (ed.), op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[42]<\/strong><\/a> See, for example, Susan Edwards, (198I), Female Sexuality and the Law<\/em>, ch.2, Oxford, Martin Roberts; Carol Smart, (1976), Women, Crime and Criminology<\/em>, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.<\/span><\/p>\n

[43]<\/strong><\/a> Jalna Hanmer and Mary Maynard (eds.), (1987), Women, Violence and Social Control<\/em>, p. 11, London, Macmillan.<\/span><\/p>\n

[44]<\/strong><\/a> Elizabeth Stanko, (1985), op.cit., p. 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[45]<\/strong><\/a> Liz Kelly, (I988), Surviving Sexual Violence<\/em>, p. 1, Cambridge, Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[46]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 27.<\/span><\/p>\n

[47]<\/strong><\/a> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[48]<\/strong><\/a> P.H. Gebhard et al., (1965), Sexual Offenders: An Analysis of Types<\/em>, London, Heinemann; Amir, op.cit.; Schwendinger and Schwendinger, op.cit.; Barbara Toner, (1982), The Facts of Rape<\/em>, London, Arrow.<\/span><\/p>\n

[49]<\/strong><\/a> Robert Staples, (1982), Black Masculinity<\/em>, San Francisco, Black Scholar Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[50]<\/strong><\/a> Richard Wright, (1980), \u2018The English Rapist\u2019, New Society<\/em>, I7 July, p. 124.<\/span><\/p>\n

[51]<\/strong><\/a> Robert Staples, (1985), Commentary in Philip Nobile and Eric Nadler (eds.), United States of America vs. Sex<\/em>, p. 363, New York, Minotaur Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[52]<\/strong><\/a> Amir, op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[53]<\/strong><\/a> Porter, op.cit., p.235.<\/span><\/p>\n

[54]<\/strong><\/a> Ken Plummer, (1984), ‘The Social Uses of Power: Symbolic Interaction, Power and Rape’, in Hopkins (ed.), op.cit., p. 46.<\/span><\/p>\n

[55]<\/strong><\/a> West, (1984), in ibid, p.41.<\/span><\/p>\n

[56]<\/strong><\/a> A. M. Scacco Jr, (1975), Rape in Prison<\/em>, Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas.<\/span><\/p>\n

[57]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 86.<\/span><\/p>\n

[58]<\/strong><\/a> Plummer, op.cit., p. 49.<\/span><\/p>\n

[59]<\/strong><\/a> Paul Wilson, (1978), The Other Side of Rape<\/em>, St. Lucia, University of Queensland Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[60]<\/strong><\/a> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[61]<\/strong><\/a> West, op.cit., p. 11.<\/span><\/p>\n

[62]<\/strong><\/a> As reported in Kelly, op.cit., p. 53.<\/span><\/p>\n

[63]<\/strong><\/a> West, op.cit., p. 11.<\/span><\/p>\n

[64]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 13.<\/span><\/p>\n

[65]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 11.<\/span><\/p>\n

[66]<\/strong><\/a> Maria Balinska, (1989), ‘Australian Rules’ in The Guardian<\/em>, 17 January, p. 17.<\/span><\/p>\n

[67]<\/strong><\/a> In a recent British survey the Women’s Committee of the South East Region of the TUC (SERTUC) reports: ‘Roughly a decade since the issue was first raised in union circles it finally seems to be universally accepted as a serious concern–as evidenced by the number of publications on the subject and its profile on union courses in both female and male dominated unions.’\u00a0 SERTUC Women’s Committee, (1988), Still Moving Towards Equality, <\/em>(no page no.), London, SERTUC.<\/span><\/p>\n

[68]<\/strong><\/a> D. J. West, C. Roy and Florence Nichols, (1978), Understanding Sexual Attacks, <\/em>London, Heinemann; Sylvia Levine and Joseph Koenig (eds.), Why Men Rape, <\/em>(1983), London, Star.<\/span><\/p>\n

[69]<\/strong><\/a> Levine and Koenig, ibid, p. 3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[70]<\/strong><\/a> West et al., op.cit., p. 35.<\/span><\/p>\n

[71]<\/strong><\/a> Levine and Koenig, p. 41.<\/span><\/p>\n

[72]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 50.<\/span><\/p>\n

[73]<\/strong><\/a> Reported in Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, (1987), The Lust to Kill, <\/em>p. 69, Cambridge, Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[74]<\/strong><\/a> Gordon Burn, (1984), Somebody’s Husband, Somebody’s Son: The Story of the Yorkshire Ripper,<\/em> p. 99, London, Pan Books.<\/span><\/p>\n

[75]<\/strong><\/a> Nicole Ward Jouve, (1986), ‘The Streetcleaner’: The Yorkshire Ripper Case or Trial, <\/em>p. 149, London, Marion Boyars.<\/span><\/p>\n

[76]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p.72.<\/span><\/p>\n

[77]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. l00.<\/span><\/p>\n

[78]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. l02.<\/span><\/p>\n

[79]<\/strong><\/a> Burn, op.cit., pp. 58-9.<\/span><\/p>\n

[80]<\/strong><\/a> Quoted in Wendy Hollway, (1981), ‘I Just Wanted to Kill a Woman”. Why? The Ripper and Male Sexuality’ in Feminist Review, <\/em>no.9, Autumn, p. 39.<\/span><\/p>\n

[81]<\/strong><\/a> Quoted in Eileen Fairweather, (I982), ‘Leeds: Curfew on Men’ in Marsha Rowe (ed.), Spare Rib Reader, <\/em>p. 441, Harmondsworth, Penguin.<\/span><\/p>\n

[82]<\/strong><\/a> Quoted in David Robins, (1984), We Hate Humans, <\/em>p.l10, Hannondsworth, Penguin.<\/span><\/p>\n

[83]<\/strong><\/a> Judith Walkowitz, (1982), ‘Jack the Ripper and the Myth of Male Violence’ in Feminist Studies, <\/em>vol. 8, 3, Fall, p. 570.<\/span><\/p>\n

[84]<\/strong><\/a> A recent survey by Granada Television found that nearly 70% of women said they either would not go out alone after dark or would go out only if absolutely necessary. 34% of these women had been sworn at in the street, 18% had experienced unwelcome physical contact and 17% had been flashed at. (World In Action, Granada TV 9.1.89.)<\/span><\/p>\n

[85]<\/strong><\/a> Irene Hanson Frieze, (1983), ‘Investigating the Causes and Consequences of Marital Rape’ in Signs<\/em>, vol. 8, 3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[86]<\/strong><\/a> Jan Pahl, (1985), Private Violence and Public Policy, <\/em>p. 8, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.<\/span><\/p>\n

[87]<\/strong><\/a> Richard Gelles, (1979), Family Violence, <\/em>London, Sage.<\/span><\/p>\n

[88]<\/strong><\/a> William Goode, (1971), ‘Force and Violence in the Famiy’ in Journal of Marriage and the Family, <\/em>vol. 33, no. 4; Murray Straus, (1980), ‘A Sociological Perspective on the Prevention of Wife-beating’ in Murray Strauss and Gerald Hotaling (eds.), Social Causes of Husband-Wife Violence, <\/em>Minneapolis, University of Minneapolis Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[89]<\/strong><\/a> Gelles, op.cit., p. l39.<\/span><\/p>\n

[90]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 171.<\/span><\/p>\n

[91]<\/strong><\/a> Linda Gordon, (1988), Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence<\/em>, p. 29l, New York, Viking.<\/span><\/p>\n

[92]<\/strong><\/a> Pahl, op.cie., p. 47.<\/span><\/p>\n

[93]<\/strong><\/a> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[94]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 48.<\/span><\/p>\n

[95]<\/strong><\/a> Bell Hooks, (1989), Talking Back; Thinking Feminist–Thinking Black, <\/em>p. 89, London, Sheba.<\/span><\/p>\n

[96]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 87.<\/span><\/p>\n

[97]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 86.<\/span><\/p>\n

[98]<\/strong><\/a> Gordon, op.cit., p. 8.<\/span><\/p>\n

[99]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p.292.<\/span><\/p>\n

[100]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p.286.<\/span><\/p>\n

[101]<\/strong><\/a> Linda Gordon, (1988b), ‘The Politics of Child Sexual Abuse: Notes from American History’ in Feminist Review, <\/em>no. 28, Spring, p. 57.<\/span><\/p>\n

[102]<\/strong><\/a> S. Weinberg, (1955), Incest Behaviour, New York, Citadel Press; Norman Bell and Ezra Vogel (eds.), (1963), A Modern Introduction to the Family, New York, Free Press; Paul Gebhardt et al., (1965), Sexual Offenders, New York, Harper & Row.<\/span><\/p>\n

[103]<\/strong><\/a> Figures reported in Kelly, op.cit., p. 89.<\/span><\/p>\n

[104]<\/strong><\/a> Figures adopted, for example, by Islington Council in London. See Margaret Boushel and Sara Noakes, (1988), ‘Islington Social Services: Developing a Policy on Child Sexual Abuse’, in Feminist Review, no. 28, Spring, p. 154<\/span><\/p>\n

[105]<\/strong><\/a> Ruth Kempe and C. Henry Kempe, (1978), Child Abuse, <\/em>London, Fontana\/ Open Books; Patricia Mrazek and C. Henry Kempe, (1978), Sexually Abused Children and Their Families, <\/em>Oxford, Pergamon Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[106]<\/strong><\/a> Kempe and Kempe, ibid, p. 66.<\/span><\/p>\n

[107]<\/strong><\/a> Gordon, (1988a), p. 288.<\/span><\/p>\n

[108]<\/strong><\/a> See, for example, Judith Williamson, (1986), ‘Prisoner of Love’, in Consuming Passions, <\/em>London, Marion Boyars.<\/span><\/p>\n

[109]<\/strong><\/a> Gordon, (1988a), op.cit., p. 290.<\/span><\/p>\n

[110]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 276.<\/span><\/p>\n

[111]<\/strong><\/a> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[112]<\/strong><\/a> Sara Maguire, (1988), ‘”Sorry Love”–violence against women in the home and the state response’ in Critical Social Policy, <\/em>issue 23, Autumn, p. 36.<\/span><\/p>\n

[113]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 37.<\/span><\/p>\n

[114]<\/strong><\/a> Gordon, (I988a), op.cit., p. 288.<\/span><\/p>\n

[115]<\/strong><\/a> Anthony Giddens, (1984), The Constitution of Society<\/em>, p. 175, Cambridge, Polity Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[116]<\/strong><\/a> Kathy Davis, (1987), ‘The Janus-Face of Power: Some theoretical considerations involved in the study of gender and power’, p. 13.\u00a0 Paper presented at the symposium, The Gender of Pomer, <\/em>Leiden.<\/span><\/p>\n

[117]<\/strong><\/a> See Pahl, op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[118]<\/strong><\/a> Barbara Hart, (1986), in Kerry Lobel (ed.), Naming the Violence: Speaking Out About Lesbian Battery, <\/em>p.9, Washington: Seal Press.<\/span><\/p>\n

[119]<\/strong><\/a> p. 11.<\/span><\/p>\n

[120]<\/strong><\/a> in ibid, p. 24.<\/span><\/p>\n

[121]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 46.<\/span><\/p>\n

[122]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 52.<\/span><\/p>\n

[123]<\/strong><\/a> Anne Campbell, (1981), Girl Delinquents, <\/em>p. 133, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.<\/span><\/p>\n

[124]<\/strong><\/a> ibid. p. 150.<\/span><\/p>\n

[125]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 181.<\/span><\/p>\n

[126]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 196.<\/span><\/p>\n

[127]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 237<\/span><\/p>\n

[128]<\/strong><\/a> David Robins, op.cit., p. 95.<\/span><\/p>\n

[129]<\/strong><\/a> Andrew Tolson, (1977), The Limits of Masculinity, <\/em>London, Tavistock.<\/span><\/p>\n

[130]<\/strong><\/a> Robins, op.cit., p. 153.<\/span><\/p>\n

[131]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 152.<\/span><\/p>\n

[132]<\/strong><\/a> Peter Marsh, Elizabeth Rosser and Rom Harre, (1978), The Rules of Disorder, <\/em>London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.<\/span><\/p>\n

[133]<\/strong><\/a> Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy end John Williams, (1988), The Roots of Football Hooliganism: An Historical and Sociological Study,<\/em> p. 187, London, Routledge.<\/span><\/p>\n

[134]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 206.<\/span><\/p>\n

[135]<\/strong><\/a> Marsh et al., op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[136]<\/strong><\/a> See Janet Sayers, (1986), Sexual Contradictions: Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Feminism,<\/em> p. 142, London, Tavistock.<\/span><\/p>\n

[137]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 157; Jane Temperley, (1984), ‘Our Own Worst Enemies: Unconscious Factors in Female Disadvantage’ in Free Associations, <\/em>Pilot Issue.<\/span><\/p>\n

[138]<\/strong><\/a> Temperley, ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[139]<\/strong><\/a> Sarah Benton, (unpub.), ‘Notes on sex and violence’.<\/span><\/p>\n

[140]<\/strong><\/a> ibid.<\/span><\/p>\n

[141]<\/strong><\/a> Deborah Cameron and Elizabeth Frazer, op.cit., p. 47.<\/span><\/p>\n

[142]<\/strong><\/a> David Morgan, (unpub.), Research Proposals for a Study of Masculinity and Violence.<\/span><\/p>\n

[143]<\/strong><\/a> Russel Dobash, R. Emerson Dobash, Sue Gutteridge, (I986), The Imprisonment of Women, <\/em>p. 86, p. 147, Oxford, Blackwell.<\/span><\/p>\n

[144]<\/strong><\/a> Lynne Segal, (1987), Is the Future Female?, <\/em>chapter 5, London, Virago.<\/span><\/p>\n

[145]<\/strong><\/a> Kum Kum Bhavnani, (1987), ‘Turning the World Upside Down’ in Charting the Journey, <\/em>p. 264, London, Sheba.<\/span><\/p>\n

[146]<\/strong><\/a> ibid, p. 268.<\/span><\/p>\n

[147]<\/strong><\/a> Bell Hooks, (1989), ‘Feminism and Militarism; A Comment’ in Hooks, op.cit., p. 93.<\/span><\/p>\n

[148]<\/strong><\/a> Morgan, op.cit.<\/span><\/p>\n

[149]<\/strong><\/a> Martin Walker, (1989), in The Guardian<\/em>, January 16.<\/span><\/p>\n

[150]<\/strong><\/a> Spike Lee talks to Steve Goldman, (1989), ‘Heat of the Moment’ in The Weekend Guardian, June 24-5, p. 15.<\/span><\/p>\n

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