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name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\uff0c\u88e1\u9762\u6709\u96e3\u5f97\u898b\u5230\u7684\u99ac\u5217\u6bdb\u7684\u96bb\u8a00\u7247\u8a9e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u537b\u5c0d\u6211\u5f88\u6709\u555f\u767c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u5de6\u6d3e\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u53f0\u7063\u7d71\u6d3e\u7684\u300a\u590f\u6f6e\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9109\u571f\u6587\u5b78\u8ad6\u6230\uff0c\u6211\u53d7\u5230\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u9f13\u821e\u30021978\u5e74\u9673\u9f13\u61c9\u548c\u9673\u5a49\u771f\u806f\u5408\u7af6\u9078\u6c11\u610f\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u9858\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u7fa9\u5de5\u7684\u884c\u5217\uff0c\u66f4\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u53d7\u5230\u7576\u6642\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u590f\u6f6e\u5de6\u7d71\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7559\u5b78\u6642\u671f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u6df7\u96dc\u3001\u63a9\u98fe\u5230\u5de6\u7ffc\u601d\u60df\u7684\u6210\u5f62<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u7576\u6642\u6211\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u76f8\u7576\u6df7\u96dc\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u521d\u751f\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u601d\u60f3\u30021979\u5e74\u7559\u5b78\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5169\u5e74\u53d6\u5f97\u54f2\u5b78\u78a9\u58eb\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u90a3\u5927\u5b78\u535a\u58eb\u73ed\u8ab2\u5802\u4e0a\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u300a\u8cc7\u672c\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u8d81\u8457\u6691\u5047\u81ea\u5df1\u4ed4\u7d30\u7814\u8b80\u5168\u66f8\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u5019\u6211\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u88e1\u5de6\u6d3e\u6210\u5206\u5c31\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u56e0\u7232\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u6211\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u5728\u5b78\u6821\u88cf\u9762\u53ec\u958b\u8cc7\u672c\u8ad6\u7684\u8b80\u66f8\u6703\u30021988\u5e74\u56de\u5230\u81fa\u7063\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u66fe\u7d93\u5e36\u904e\u5b78\u904b\u5b78\u751f\u95b1\u8b80\u8cc7\u672c\u8ad6\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u525b\u525b\u89e3\u56b4\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5de6\u6d3e\u9762\u8c8c\u4ecd\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u516c\u958b\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5c31\u7528\u6fc0\u9032\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u4f86\u5077\u6e21\uff1b\u7576\u7136\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u559c\u6b61\u95b1\u8b80\u96dc\u66f8\uff0c\u6fc0\u9032\u795e\u5b78\u5f9e\u53d7\u904e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u4eba\u4f86\u770b\u5341\u5206\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u6709\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u5beb\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u4ecb\u7d39\u6587\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u6642\u5019\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u5728\u7576\u6642\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u6642\u5831\u300b\u6d77\u5916\u7248\u5beb\u5c08\u6b04\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u7528\u5404\u7a2e\u7b46\u540d\u5077\u5077\u6295\u7a3f\u5317\u7f8e\u6d32\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u5831\u7ae0\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u6642\u5c40\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u6211\u8f03\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u6211\u57281980\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f88\u591a\u5831\u7d19\u4e0a\u7684\u767c\u8868\u4e5f\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u601d\u60f3\u6df7\u96dc\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u6709\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u6846\u67b6\u9650\u5236\uff08\u5076\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u8aaa\u5e7e\u53e5\u53cd\u5171\u53e3\u865f\u4f86\u63a9\u98fe\u904e\u6fc0\u8a00\u8ad6\uff09\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u56e0\u70ba\u53cd\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7d71\u6cbb\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u5e38\u6709\u6279\u5224\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5247\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u50be\u5411\u5de6\u6d3e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u9019\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u6211\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8a00\u8ad6\u5e38\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u8b8a\u52d5\u7684\u72c0\u51b5\u88e1\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u662f\u5728\u516c\u958b\u7684\u5831\u7d19\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u7684\u6642\u5019\u8a00\u8ad6\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u5171\u59ff\u614b\u7684\u50de\u88dd\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u5167\u6db5\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u53cd\u5c0d\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7576\u6642\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u3001\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u65b0\u601d\u6f6e\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u5927\u62b5\u5c31\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7e7c\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u6642\u6211\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u5831\u7d19\u8a00\u8ad6\u7684\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u63a9\u98fe\u507d\u88dd\u5176\u5be6\u5f88\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u3002\u6211\u6709\u4e00\u5e74\u5728\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u8fa6\u4e8b\u8655\u66f4\u63db\u8b77\u7167\u6642\u88ab\u8acb\u5230\u5167\u5ba4\u559d\u5496\u5561\u8b1b\u8a71\uff0c\u6797\u5b5d\u4fe1\u8aaa\u9019\u5f88\u4e0d\u5c0b\u5e38\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u8b66\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8fd4\u53f0\u7684\u793e\u904b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u6642\u671f\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1988\u5e74\u56de\u5230\u81fa\u7063\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5728\u6d77\u5916\u6642\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8207\u6d77\u5916\u5de6\u6d3e\u7684\u95dc\u806f\uff0c\u8d77\u521d\u4fbf\u5728\u793e\u904b\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u6e38\u8d70\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u65e5\u6f38\u6709\u7368\u6d3e\u7684\u6ef2\u5165\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u662f\u53cd\u53f0\u7368\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u6587\u7ae0\u9664\u4e86\u53cd\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\u53cd\u53f0\u7368\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e77\u4e0d\u662f\u7c21\u55ae\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u53cd\u53f0\u7368\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u53cd\u53f0\u7368\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u201d\u7684\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e1988\u52301991\u5e74\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u5beb\u4f5c\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5831\u7d19\u6587\u7ae0\u3001\u96dc\u8a8c\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u90fd\u662f\u5ba3\u50b3\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u3002\u5f7c\u6642\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u89ba\u5f97\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u8072\u52e2\u6d69\u5927\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u591a\u534a\u662f\u6211\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7b46\u540d\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u5831\u7ae0\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u8b70\u984c\u4f86\u5ba3\u50b3\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u6211\u8490\u96c6\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\uff08\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u5317\u5510\u5c71\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\u6211\u4e5f\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u300a\u5cf6\u5dbc\u908a\u7de3\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e3b\u7de8\u4e86\u505c\u520a\u524d\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u5169\u671f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u671f\u3008\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3009\u5c08\u8f2f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u6211\u548c\u5433\u6c38\u6bc5\uff08\u5f8c\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u5de5\u904b\u6230\u5c07\uff09\u8a2d\u8a08\u8207\u5beb\u4f5c\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u7368\u6d3e\u7684\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u9817\u70ba\u8f5f\u52d5\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u5f88\u591a\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u9084\u5f97\u5230\u9673\u6620\u771f\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8b9a\u8a31\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4efb\u6559\u5927\u5b78\u5f8c\u958b\u59cb\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e4b\u5f8c\u56de\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u5beb\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u65bc\u4e00\u5e74\u5f8c\uff081992\uff09\u5b8c\u6210\u5b78\u4f4d\u518d\u56de\u5230\u81fa\u7063\uff0c\u4efb\u8077\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u6162\u6162\u5c31\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5c11\u5beb\u5831\u7d19\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7232\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u9700\u8981\u624d\u5beb\u9ede\u6295\u66f8\uff0c\u800c\u958b\u59cb\u56e0\u61c9\u5c08\u696d\u5b78\u8853\u751f\u6daf\u4e4b\u9700\uff0c\u82b1\u5f88\u591a\u7cbe\u529b\u5beb\u4f5c\u5b78\u8853\u6027\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u8d77\u521d\u5beb\u4f5c\u7684\u662f\u6211\u7684\u8001\u672c\u884c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6211\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u5df2\u7d93\u4ee5\u201c\u5f8c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u201d\uff08\u6c72\u53d6\u6b50\u9678\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\uff09\u7684Richard Rorty\u70ba\u90e8\u4efd\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5beb\u4f5c\u5f88\u81ea\u7136\u5c31\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u66f4\u80fd\u4ecb\u5165\u53f0\u7063\u8b8a\u52d5\u4e2d\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\u3001\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7406\u8ad6\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u70ba\u4f55\u6210\u7acb\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u4f55\u6625\u8564\u57281994\u5e74\u53cd\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u5927\u6e38\u884c\u88e1\u558a\u51fa\u201c\u6211\u8981\u6027\u9ad8\u6f6e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u201d\u7684\u53e3\u865f\uff0c\u5728\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9663\u71df\u4e2d\u8207\u4e3b\u6d41\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6709\u4e86\u88c2\u75d5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5283\u6e05\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u80fd\u53e6\u7acb\u5c71\u982d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u3002\u6162\u6162\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u6d3e\u5225\uff0c\u5373\u6027\u6fc0\u9032\u6d3e\u3002\u5728\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5e74\u88cf\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u8209\u8fa6\u5b78\u8853\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u767c\u8868\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u4f86\u66ff\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6027\u6b0a\u6d3e\u958b\u7586\u95e2\u571f\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c0f\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6027\u6fc0\u9032\u6d3e\uff1a\u5f9e\u6027\u89e3\u653e\u5230\u6027\u6b0a\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u80cc\u666f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u56de\u9867\u4e26\u53cd\u601d\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u6027\u6fc0\u9032\u201d\u9019\u7a2e\u908a\u7de3\u5c0f\u773e\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u2500\u2500\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u201c\u6027\u89e3\u653e\u201d\u6216\u662f\u5230\u5f8c\u4f86\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u7684\u201c\u6027\u6b0a\u201d\u2500\u2500\u7562\u7adf\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u5927\u773e\u6216\u5373\u4f7f\u8207\u6211\u5011\u53cb\u5584\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u90fd\u96e3\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u6fc0\u9032\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\u70ba\u4f55\u6211\u5011\u7576\u6642\u975e\u8981\u63a1\u53d6\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4e0d\u53ef\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8981\u660e\u767d\u6211\u5011\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u53cd\u5c0d\u8ab0\uff1f\u8ab0\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6575\u4eba\uff1f\u66f4\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6b77\u53f2\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c3\u898b\u6211\u5f8c\u671f\u5beb\u4f5c\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6fc0\u9032\u6d3e\uff0f\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\uff0f\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e4b\u5206\u6790<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u53ea\u8ac7\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u653f\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7c21\u55ae\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\u9762\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u7576\u7136\u4f86\u81ea\u7f8e\u570b\u4e3b\u6d41\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u53d7\u5230\u6fc0\u9032\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5f71\u97ff<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\u3002\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u5f37\u70c8\u53cd\u5c0d\u6fc0\u9032\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u6027\u6fc0\u9032\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e26\u505a\u70ba\u9177\u5152\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4f86\u6e90\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5c31\u5c0d\u61c9\u8457\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u6027\u6fc0\u9032\u6d3e\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5730\u7de3\uff0d\u6b77\u53f2\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6c92\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u6709\u529b\u6279\u5224\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u8cc7\u6e90<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u89e3\u56b4\u5f8cNGO\u5316\u7684\u65b0\u578b\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\uff08\u5982\u52f5\u99a8\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\uff09\u5f88\u5feb\u6c72\u53d6\u4e86\u4e3b\u6d41\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4fee\u8fad\uff0c\u4e26\u8207\u4e4b\u7522\u751f\u5171\u6cbb\u7684\u5c40\u9762\uff08\u8a73\u898b\u6211\u5728\u4ed6\u8655\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8a3b\u81736\uff09\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u7fa4\u672c\u4f86\u5206\u6210\u5de6\uff0f\u4e2d\uff0f\u53f3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u4e2d\u8207\u53f3\u806f\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6027\u6fc0\u9032\u6d3e\u66f4\u8981\u5b88\u4f4f\u9663\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u5927\u7d041990\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u52302000\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u578b\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u9084\u6c92\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u58ef\u5927\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u6027\u6fc0\u9032\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u6027\u89e3\u653e\u201d\uff0c\u9019\u7576\u7136\u662f\u906d\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u8aa4\u89e3\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7576\u6642\u6709\u8457\u70ba\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u5de6\u6d3e\u66f4\u64f4\u5927\u9818\u57df\u8207\u53bb\u9664\u89e3\u653e\u6c61\u540d\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u539f\u672c\u5a66\u5973\u89e3\u653e\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u3001\u52d5\u7269\u89e3\u653e\u7b49\u7b49\u90fd\u5df2\u7d93\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8a71\u8a9e\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u64f4\u5f35\uff0c\u6f84\u6e05\u6027\u89e3\u653e\u4e0d\u662f\u6027\u958b\u653e\uff08\u6feb\u4ea4\u7b49\uff09\u3002<strong>\u4e00\u65b9\u9762<\/strong>\u9019\u662f\u99ac\u5eab\u8272\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff08\u53ea\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u800c\u975e\u6587\u5b57\u4e2d\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u53bb\u967d\u5177\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6607\u83ef\uff08\u6c92\u6709\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7570\u5316\u7684\u3001\u8207\u5275\u9020\u548c\u52de\u52d5\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u6607\u83ef\uff09\uff0c<strong>\u53e6\u65b9\u9762<\/strong>\u5b83\u63a5\u5408\u4e86Gayle 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href=\"#_ftn9\" 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6027\u5225\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5076\u723e\u5f9e\u9999\u6e2f\u5230\u6df1\u5733\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u53bb\u4e86\u5927\u9678\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u5e78\u800c\u5f8c\u4f86\u56e0\u7de3\u969b\u6703\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u5927\u9678\u5b78\u4eba\u670b\u53cb<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u7279\u5225\u6295\u5951\u8207\u6295\u7de3\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u767c\u8868\u548c\u6bcf\u5e74\u53c3\u8207\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u6f58\u7d8f\u9298\u3001\u9ec3\u76c8\u76c8\u8209\u8fa6\u7684\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u548c\u5927\u9678\u7684\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u5708\u5b50\u719f\u7a14\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u671f\u9593\u4e5f\u591a\u6b21\u9080\u8acb\u5927\u9678\u5b78\u8005\u4f86\u53f0\u7063\u53c3\u52a0\u6703\u8b70\u3002\u9010\u6f38\u6211\u5011\u8a2a\u554f\u5927\u9678\u7684\u983b\u7387\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u505c\u7559\u6642\u9593\u4e5f\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u4e45\uff08\u6211\u66fe\u5728\u6d59\u6c5f\u5927\u5b78\u505a\u904e\u8a2a\u554f\u5b78\u8005\uff09\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u5c0d\u5927\u9678\u73fe\u6cc1\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u7db2\u7d61\u767c\u9054\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5927\u9678\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8cc7\u8a0a\u8207\u5f71\u8996\uff0c\u6162\u6162\u5730\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6687\u770b\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u65b0\u805e\u4e86\uff0c\u4e26\u900f\u904e\u5fae\u4fe1\u5708\u548c\u5927\u9678\u670b\u53cb\u5011\u6709\u66f4\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\u806f\u7e6b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96a8\u8457\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u7368\u6d3e\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u78ba\u7acb\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u5728\u7368\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u52e2\u529b\u7c60\u7f69\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u8271\u82e6\uff1b\u4ee5\u524d\u793e\u904b\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u9918\u5730\u4e5f\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u975e\u7368\u6d3e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u5f80\u5f80\u91c7\u53d6\u5169\u908a\u5404\u625350\u5927\u677f\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u751f\u5b58\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u7232\u7368\u7acb\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u201c\u6c11\u610f\u201d\u7684\u9867\u616e\uff0c\u4e0d\u592a\u9700\u8981\u8003\u616e\u7fa4\u8846\u6216\u8005\u662f\u904e\u53bb\u8ddf\u96a8\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7fa4\u8846\u7684\u611f\u53d7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u4e5f\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u76f4\u63a5\u4ee5\u201c\u4e2d\u570b\u6d3e\u201d\u9762\u76ee\u4f86\u5206\u6790\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5beb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5f9e\u5b78\u554f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f86\u95e1\u8ff0\u7232\u4ec0\u9ebd\u9700\u8981\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u201c\u4e2d\u570b\u8f49\u5411\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u5c0d\u65bc\u7576\u5e74\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u90a3\u7a2e\u5f3a\u8abf\u7ad9\u5728\u5f31\u52e2\u4eba\u6c11\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e00\u5207\u9738\u6b0a\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7acb\u5834\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u53cd\u7701\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u5e38\u5e38\u4ee5\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u59ff\u614b\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u770b\u8d77\u4f86\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u5927\u9060\u5927\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b64\u6211\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u53cd\u7701\uff0c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u6211\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u8f49\u5411\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\u6211\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5167\u4e2d\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u8ad6\u8b49\u9084\u662f\u6709\u4e9b\u5b78\u7fd2\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7562\u7adf\u4e5f\u8aaa\u51fa\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u771f\u7406\u6216\u8005\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5168\u5c40\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u7562\u7adf\u6709\u5b83\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u8108\u7d61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5c0d\u65bc\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u6c38\u6046\u7ad9\u5728\u5f31\u52e2\u53cd\u6297\u7acb\u5834\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u5be6\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5fa9\u8208\u662f\u500b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6b77\u53f2\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b78\u554f\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u96a8\u4e4b\u6709\u6240\u8f49\u8b8a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u803d\u6eba\u5728\uff08\u5f9e\u904e\u53bb1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u7f8e\u570b1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u5927\u76db\u7684\uff09\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u601d\u7dad\u88e1\u3002\u7562\u7adf\u9019\u4e9b\u6279\u5224\u601d\u60f3\u9084\u662f\u6709\u5b83\u5011\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u70d9\u5370\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u5c31\u53bb\u5426\u5b9a\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u78ba\u3001\u89ba\u9192\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u78ba\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u771f\u6b63\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u2500\u2500\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7523\u7269\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5343\u842c\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u5984\u60f3\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u591f\u8d85\u8d8a\u6b77\u53f2\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u6293\u4f4f\u6240\u6709\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u201c\u771f\u7406\u201d\u5728\u6279\u5224\uff08\u7406\u8ad6\uff09\u610f\u8b58\u88cf\u88ab\u8a8d\u7232\u662f\uff1a\u53ea\u8981\u662f\u7232\u8457\u5f31\u52e2\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7232\u8457\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u8aaa\u8a71\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d55\u5c0d\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u771f\u7406\u8207\u6c38\u6046\u53cd\u6297\u59ff\u614b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u8108\u7d61\u88cf\u53bb\u8003\u616e\u9019\u985e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u5be6\u8cea\u6548\u679c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u5c0d\u5730\u7de3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff09\uff0c\u53bb\u8003\u616e\u4e2d\u570b\u5d1b\u8d77\u8207\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u89d2\u8272\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u6216\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u8655\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8a8d\u8b58\u8207\u53cd\u6297\u610f\u8b58\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u7121\u6cd5\u6539\u8b8a\u7f8e\u570b\u7a69\u56fa\u9738\u6b0a\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u5f8c\u7684\u6c38\u6046\u53cd\u5c0d\u59ff\u614b\uff09\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u64fa\u812b\u9019\u7a2e\u7ad9\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6279\u5224\u77e5\u8b58\u4efd\u5b50\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u66f4\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u770b\u5230\u5c6c\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u624d\u80fd\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u600e\u9ebd\u6a23\u7684\uff1f\u6211\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4e0d\u6703\u865b\u5984\u5730\u8a8d\u7232\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u56de\u61c9\u9019\u500b\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u4fb7\u9650\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u9019\u662f\u9999\u6e2f\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u5b78\u8005\u99ae\u8000\u660e\u6240\u64b0\uff08\u53f0\u5317\u74b0\u5b87\u51fa\u7248\u793e1971\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u7528\u901a\u9806\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u8f49\u8b6f\u6539\u5beb\u4e86\u4f86\u81ea\u300a\u570b\u969b\u7d71\u4e00\u79d1\u5b78\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u300b\uff08<em>The International Encyclopedia of Unified Science<\/em>\uff09\u7b49\u6750\u6599\uff08\u9019\u5728\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5be6\u8e10\u662f\u5bb9\u8a31\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f35\u4f5b\u6cc9\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u6d77\u8036\u514b\u7684\u300a\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u79e9\u5e8f\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u5370\u8c61\u6bd4\u8f03\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u662f\u912d\u5b78\u7a3c\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u570b\u969b\u8208\u4ea1\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u9752\u5e74\u99ac\u514b\u601d\uff08\u4f5b\u6d1b\u59c6\u4e5f\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u66fe\u6709\u4eba\u554f\u7576\u6642\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u9577\u738b\u91d1\u5e73\u95dc\u65bc\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4ee5\u70ba\u7136\u5730\u8aaa\u90a3\u662f\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u6771\u897f\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u540c\u4e00\u9663\u71df\u7684\u9673\u5149\u8208\u5e36\u982d\u63d0\u51fa\u201d\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff08\u4ed6\u5f9e\u82f1\u570b\u5de6\u6d3e\u8207\u5f8c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u800c\u884d\u751f\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\uff09\uff0c\u537b\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u6bdb\u6fa4\u6771\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u6211\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u201c\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u201d\u4e26\u975e\u7279\u6307\u6cd5\u862d\u514b\u798f\u5b78\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u7a2e\u6cdb\u5de6\u7ffc\u7684\u65b0\u6279\u5224\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u5361\u7dad\u6ce2\uff0c\u201c\u7576\u4ee3\u53f0\u7063\u6027\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e4b\u6d3e\u5225\u8207\u8b8a\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u9593\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u7063\u7248\uff09\uff0c17\u671f\uff0c2018\u590f\u5b63\u865f\uff0c63-77\u9801\u3002\u5361\u7dad\u6ce2\uff0c\u201c\u53f0\u7063\u540c\u6027\u5a5a\u59fb\u7684\u4e09\u65b9\u722d\u8b70\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u9593\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u7063\u7248\uff09\uff0c17\u671f\uff0c2018\u590f\u5b63\u865f\uff0c78-91\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u6fc0\u9032\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u672c\u8eab\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u4e5f\u5c6c\u65bc\u908a\u7de3\u5c11\u6578\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5f88\u591a\u88ab\u7f8e\u570b\u4e3b\u6d41\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u5438\u6536\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u540c\u4e00\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9084\u5728\u8d77\u6b65\u840c\u767c\u7684\u968e\u6bb5\uff08\u7531\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u8207\u5927\u9678\u7684\u9577\u671f\u5206\u65b7\u9694\u7d55\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4ea4\u6d41\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5927\u9678\u7576\u6642\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff08\u9664\u4e86\u674e\u5c0f\u6c5f\u7b49\uff09\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u662f\u96a8\u8457\u7f8e\u570b\u9053\u8def\u524d\u9032\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> 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