{"id":276,"date":"1993-04-16T16:01:26","date_gmt":"1993-04-16T08:01:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/?p=276"},"modified":"2021-06-26T17:08:19","modified_gmt":"2021-06-26T09:08:19","slug":"%e4%bd%9c%e7%82%ba%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%ac%e5%9c%9f%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%ef%bc%9a%e7%9f%a5%e8%ad%98%ef%bc%8f%e6%ac%8a%e5%8a%9b%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%bb%e9%a1%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/1993\/04\/%e4%bd%9c%e7%82%ba%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e6%9c%ac%e5%9c%9f%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%ef%bc%9a%e7%9f%a5%e8%ad%98%ef%bc%8f%e6%ac%8a%e5%8a%9b%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%bb%e9%a1%8c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f5c\u70ba\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u8207\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u3010\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u767c\u8868\u65bc1993\u5e744\u670816\u81f318\u65e5\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u6240\u8209\u884c\u7684\u300c\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8ab2\u7a0b\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u300d\u3002\u5f8c\u6536\u5165\u500b\u4eba\u5c08\u66f8\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u2500\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u58e2\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\uff0c2017\uff0c\u9801247-259\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b<a href=\"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/publication\/2017\/modernity\/pdf\/09.pdf\">\u6b64\u6587\u4e4bpdf\u6a94<\/a>\u4ee5\u4f9b\u95b1\u8b80\u5f15\u7528\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">2017\u5e74\u524d\u8a00\uff1a\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u5167\u5bb9\u53d6\u6750\u81ea\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u8f03\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\uff08\u3008\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\uff1a\u4f5c\u70ba\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u3009\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u7d93\u904e\u6539\u5beb\u7c21\u5316\u7684\u672c\u6587\u66f4\u660e\u78ba\u627c\u8981\u5730\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u6211\u5728\u63a2\u8a0e\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u554f\u984c\u6642\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u542b\u8207\u6211\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\uff08\u672c\u571f\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u8207\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u6613\u61c2\u4e14\u9069\u5408\u975e\u54f2\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u672c\u571f\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\uff08\u53d7\u9650\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff09\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u9019\u5e7e\u5e74\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9ad4\u6703\uff0c\u6211\u665a\u8fd1\u8da8\u5411\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7acb\u5834\uff1a<strong>\u53f0\u7063\u81ea\u8eab\u7121\u6cd5\u751f\u7522\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7bc4\u5f0f\u7af6\u9010\u7684\u7406\u8ad6<\/strong>\uff08\u53c3\u898b\u5361\u7dad\u6ce2\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u984c\u76ee\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5e7e\u500b\u9808\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5:\uff08a\uff09\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\uff08b\uff09\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\uff08c\uff09\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08d\uff09\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\uff08a\uff09\u8207\uff08d\uff09\u96d6\u65e9\u5df2\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7d04\u5b9a\uff08\u4f46\u6216\u4ecd\u6709\u4e9b\u6a21\u7cca\uff09\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u672c\u6587\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5c1a\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u88ab\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u8981\u8b1b\u8b1b\u5169\u4f4d\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u95e1\u91cb\u51fa\u300c\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\uff08local knowledge\uff09\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u5f9e\u300c\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u9032\u800c\u63a8\u6f14\u51fa\u300c\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u8207\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u9019\u4e9b\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\u672c\u6587\u5c07\u63d0\u51fa\u6709\u95dc\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e4b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c0d\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u860a\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\u8981\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\uff08Paul Feyerabend\uff09\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u5169\u500b\u6db5\u7fa9\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5247\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u5c07\u548c\u6700\u5f8c\u8981\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u554f\u984c\u5247\u548c\u300c\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u6709\u95dc\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8ac7\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728<em>Against Method<\/em>\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u5c0d\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\uff09\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u61c9\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5206\u96e2\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u540c\u5b97\u6559\u61c9\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u5206\u96e2\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u7576\u7136\u6709\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e26\u7121\u666e\u904d\u65b9\u6cd5\u8db3\u4ee5\u5340\u5206\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6cd5\u7406\u6027\u5730\u8a3c\u660e\u79d1\u5b78\u5fc5\u7136\u512a\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9664\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u5916\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u61c9\u7368\u5c0a\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u61c9\u58df\u65b7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u66f4\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5728\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e0a\u7406\u61c9\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u65e2\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u773e\u591a\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u7406\u7531\u58df\u65b7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e86\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5375\u7ffc\u4e0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u88ab\u5c0d\u5f85\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u53ca\u5176\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cbe\u795e\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u4fbf\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u8b93\u5916\u884c\u76e3\u7763\u6216\u53c3\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u76f8\u95dc\u4e8b\u5b9c\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u9019\u7a2e\u4f5c\u6cd5\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4ed6\u50b3\u7d71\u6c92\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u6a5f\u6703\u4f86\u63a5\u8fd1\u6559\u80b2\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u5730\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u5730\u4f4d\u8207\u5229\u76ca\u3002\uff08\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\uff0c<em>Against Method <\/em>300-309\uff1b<em>Science in a Free Society <\/em>73-107\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u624b\u6bb5\u8fc5\u901f\u9054\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7406\u60f3\u4e2d\u4e4b\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u7684\u7de0\u9020\u662f\u500b\u6f2b\u9577\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c<strong>\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2<\/strong>\uff08general education\uff09\u4e5f\u61c9\u5728\u6b64\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8d77\u67d0\u7a2e\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u6b64\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u5c1a\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5b78\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u6559\u80b2\u6216\u666e\u901a\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9810\u5099\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u80fd\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8ddf\u96a8\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6280\u80fd\u5728\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u90fd\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u5728\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5360\u6709\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\uff08<em>Against Method<\/em> 308\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5b8c\u5168\u540c\u610f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u8207\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u601d\u8003\uff1b\u672c\u6587\u6700\u5f8c\u9084\u6703\u518d\u56de\u5230\u9019\u500b\u8a71\u984c\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u5148\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6307\u51fa\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c\u3001\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8ac7\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u8ac7\u5230\u79d1\u5b78\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u512a\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u50cf\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u795e\u8a71\uff09\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u4e2d\u7372\u76ca\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u505a\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0f\u5bb0\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6230\u52dd\u4e86\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3001\u795e\u8a71\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u6bd4\u8f03\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9580\u5f92\uff08\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f81\u670d\u8005\uff09\u7684\u8239\u5805\u70ae\u5229\u58d3\u5236\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3002\u5728\u9019\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u65e2\u7121\u5c0d\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\u6bd4\u8f03\u897f\u65b9\u8207\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u5169\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8207\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u93ae\u58d3\u3002. . . \u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u3001\u9ad4\u5236\u7684\u3001\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u8ecd\u4e8b\u58d3\u529b\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\uff08<em>Science in A Free Society<\/em> 102\uff09\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u5c0d\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u93ae\u58d3\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0d\u4f46\u81ea\u8eab\u88ab\u93ae\u58d3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u667a\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u8207\u5fc3\u9748\u5747\u53d7\u5974\u5f79\u3002\uff08<em>Against Method<\/em> 299\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u4e86\uff08\u897f\u65b9\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u72af\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0d\u79d1\u5b78\uff0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff0c\uff08\u9019\u4e09\u8005\u5747\u5ba3\u7a31\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u9032\u6b65\u3001\u7e41\u69ae\u3001\u6587\u660e\u3001\u555f\u8499\u3001\u8207\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5247\u662f\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5974\u5f79\u6216\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u69cb\u6210\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u8b49\u660e\u897f\u65b9\u512a\u8d8a\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53d6\u4ee3\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u539f\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u8cb7\u8fa6\u968e\u5c64\u4e5f\u6975\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u800c\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7372\u6709\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u5229\u76ca\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u9664\u4e86\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u529b\u91cf\u300d\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5f37\u8abf\u77e5\u8b58\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08<em>Farewell to Reason<\/em> 82-85\uff09\u3002\u50cf\u4e2d\u91ab\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u98f2\u98df\u6587\u5316\u3001\u4fdd\u5065\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u89c0\u5ff5\u3001\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u6587\u5316\u3001\u91ab\u85e5\u5de5\u696d\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u5546\u696d\u3001\u4eba\u969b\u7db2\u7d61\u3001\u91ab\u85e5\u4fdd\u96aa\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u7b49\u2500\u2500\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u2500\u2500\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u58d3\u6291\u6216\u53d6\u4ee3\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u95dc\u7269\u8cea\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8b1b\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u5148\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7531\u570b\u5bb6\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u53c8\u51fa\u53e3\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u518d\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u3001\u672c\u571f\u5de5\u85dd\u3001\u98a8\u4fd7\u7fd2\u6163\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u9019\u500b\u300c\u5f37\u52a0\uff0d\u51fa\u53e3\uff0d\u5f37\u52a0\u300d\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u80cc\u5f8c\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u6975\u6709\u529b\u7684\u3001\u4f86\u81ea\u96c6\u5718\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u667a\u8b58\u4e0a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u652f\u6301\uff08<em>Farewell to Reason<\/em> 2\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8a73\u8ac7\u9019\u4e9b\u6975\u6709\u529b\u4e4b\u96c6\u5718\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5206\u6790\u300c\u5f37\u52a0\uff0d\u51fa\u53e3\uff0d\u5f37\u52a0\u300d\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u3002\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u5730\u7522\u54c1\uff0c\u88ab\u8a2d\u8a08\u4f86\u6eff\u8db3\u5728\u5730\u7684\uff08local\uff09\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u89e3\u6c7a\u5728\u5730\u7684\u554f\u984c\u300d\uff08<em>Farewell to Reason<\/em> 28\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u51fa\u53e3\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u751f\u7522\uff08\u8907\u88fd\uff09\u81ea\u5df1\uff1f\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5982\u679c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5b83\u53c8\u6eff\u8db3\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u8ab0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u5229\u76ca\uff1f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6697\u793a\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u80fd\u7d50\u5408\u539f\u4f86\u5728\u5730\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e26\u4e14\u80fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5730\u88ab\u300c\u53d6\u7528\uff08appropriate\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u672a\u5fc5\u5c31\u662f\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08<em>Farewell to Reason <\/em>28\uff0c85\uff09\uff1b\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u61c9\u5148\u63a2\u7a76\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u88ab\u77e5\u8b58\u8cb7\u8fa6\u53d6\u7528\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u5f9e\u300c\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53d6\u7528\u9032\u53e3\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u5230\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53d6\u7528\u9032\u53e3\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u4e4b\u9032\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u79fb\u6b96\u300d\u548c\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u71df\u9020\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u770b\u53e6\u4e00\u7fa4\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u6211\u4e3b\u8981\u63a1\u7528Joseph Rouse\uff0c\u4ed6\u7d9c\u5408\u4e86Bruno Latour\u7b49\u6240\u8b02\u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e\u6d3e\u8207\u535a\u67ef\uff08M. Foucault\uff09\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rouse\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7528\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u500b\u9ad4\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\uff08\u5085\u67ef\u7528\u8a9e\uff09\u2500\u2500\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c07\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5206\u985e\u3001\u6309\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u5225\u6027\u4f86\u6a19\u660e\u3001\u4e0d\u65b7\u6536\u96c6\u500b\u9ad4\u60c5\u5831\u4ee5\u76e3\u8996\u500b\u9ad4\u7b49\u7b49\u4f5c\u6cd5\u2500\u2500\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u662f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540c\u6a23\u6280\u8853\u3002Rouse\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u662f\u5efa\u69cb\u73fe\u8c61\u300c\u5c0f\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u9ad4\u53ca\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u55ae\u7368\u5b64\u7acb\u51fa\u4f86\u3001\u88ab\u7c21\u5316\u3001\u88ab\u7de8\u78bc\u6216\u505a\u8a18\u865f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5011\u624d\u80fd\u8a8d\u51fa\u5b83\u5011\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\u64cd\u7e31\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u5011\uff08102\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6574\u500b\u8b8a\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ffd\u8e64\u8207\u8a18\u9304\uff1b\u7531\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u64c1\u6709\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u500b\u5225\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u800c\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u64cd\u7e31\u8207\u63a7\u5236\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\uff08104\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e4b\u77e5\u8b58\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u500b\u9ad4\u77e5\u8b58\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u8ffd\u8e64\u8a18\u9304\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6210\u4efd\u6216\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5206\u985e\u3001\u7de8\u78bc\u3001\u5b58\u6a94\u3001\u53ca\u8a18\u9304\u4e0b\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u8207\u50be\u5411\u300d\uff08Rouse 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166\uff09\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7528\u65bc\u5bb0\u5236\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\u5176\u5be6\u79fb\u6b96\u81ea\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u8655\u7406\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u6280\u8853\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u628a\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u666e\u904d\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u6280\u8853\uff08\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u5316\u7684\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u7684\u3001\u6216\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u548c\u5efa\u69cb\u79d1\u5b78\u4e8b\u696d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6280\u8853\u9023\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u4f46\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5167\u5728\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u4e5f\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6cd5\u862d\u514b\u798f\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u8207\u4eba\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u6709\u5167\u5728\u95dc\u9023\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rouse\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e0a\u9762\u5f15\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u79fb\u6b96\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u4e4b\u548c\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u71df\u9020\u300d\uff08world-making\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u9023\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u2026\u2026\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e43\u6839\u690d\u65bc\u5c0d\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u548c\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u767c\u5c55\u65b0\u6280\u80fd\u8207\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u771f\u7406\u548c\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u2026\u2026\u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u64f4\u6563\u5230\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u85c9\u8457\u79d1\u5b78\u6280\u8853\u8207\u5100\u5668\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u628a\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u8207\u60c5\u5883\u8abf\u6574\u70ba\u53ef\u904b\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u6750\u6599\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u71df\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u2500\u2500\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u300c\u5c08\u9580\u6280\u8853\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u8853\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5100\u5668\u3001\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u8853\u6240\u986f\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u300d\u9019\u4e09\u8005\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\uff08211\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u628a\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u300c\u79fb\u6b96\u300d\u5230\u793e\u6703\u5176\u4ed6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u5c0d\u5916\u5728\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u6216\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u8207\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u6703\u300c\u5927\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u6703\u50cf\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e00\u6a23\u52d5\u4f5c\uff1b\u9032\u800c\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u300c\u5c0f\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u64cd\u7e31\u63a7\u5236\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b\u6280\u8853\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u793e\u6703\u300c\u5927\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56db\u3001\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u548c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u79fb\u6b96\u76f8\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u4e5f\u88abRouse\u904b\u7528\u5230\u77e5\u8b58\u79fb\u6b96\u4e0a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5b78\u79d1\u6240\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u9019\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e2d\u5fc5\u9808\u52a0\u4e0a\u300c\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u6240\u898f\u7d04\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u6216\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u300d\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u4f7f\u6709\u95dc\u6b64\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u70ba\u771f\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u6539\u8b8a\u6216\u9650\u5236\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u8207\u8a00\u8ac7\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u8655\u65bc\u300c\u6b63\u5e38\u6216\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6a19\u6e96\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e2d\u300d\u3002\u7167\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u653e\u8af8\u56db\u6d77\u7686\u70ba\u771f\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u88ab\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\u53bb\u300d\uff08Rouse 79\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rouse \u628a\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u5747\u8a2d\u60f3\u70ba\u300c\u5728\u5730\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u8a2d\u60f3\u53ef\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u4e4b\u64f4\u6563\u300d\uff08dissemination\uff09\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u64f4\u6563\u4e0d\u50cf\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\u300c\u5171\u76f8\u7684\u4f8b\u793a\u300d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f35\u4e09\u662f\u300c\u4eba\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5171\u76f8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u793a\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u5728\u5730\uff08\u539f\u7522\u5730\uff09\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u79fb\u6b96\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u5fc5\u9808\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5c0d\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u8abf\u6574\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u8907\u88fd\u51fa\u548c\u300c\u539f\u7522\u5730\u300d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u300d\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\uff08cf. Rouse 72\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u64f4\u6563\uff0c\u5927\u62b5\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u53ca\u4e4b\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u5f37\u52a0\uff0d\u51fa\u53e3\uff0d\u5f37\u52a0\u300d\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5c0d\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u3001\u8a00\u8ac7\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u8207\u6d88\u5931\u3001\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6539\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cRouse\u7684\u300c\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\uff08local knowledge\uff09\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6db5\u7fa9\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u4f86\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u3001\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u6642\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u5f97\u66f4\u70ba\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u52a0\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u904b\u7528\u6b0a\u529b\u4f86\u6539\u9020\u6216\u7dad\u6301\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u7b26\u5408\u6a19\u6e96\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u88ab\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u9806\u5229\u6210\u771f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u5957\u7406\u8ad6\u860a\u6db5\u4e86\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u7684\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u79fb\u6b96\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u300c\u79fb\u6b96\u300d\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u5c07\u4e0d\u540c\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u4e4b\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\uff08standardization\uff09\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u6d89\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u7528\u6b0a\u529b\u6539\u9020\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e94\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u7684\u300c\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u300d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rouse\u7684\u300c\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u89c0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7d9c\u8ad6\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u5730\u7684\u3001\u5177\u9ad4\u5b58\u5728\uff08existential\uff09\u7684\u6027\u683c\u2500\u2500\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7e3d\u662f\u5728\u672c\u5730\u73fe\u6709\u8cc7\u6e90\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u300d\u6216\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u6703\u300d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u53ef\u4f9b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\uff09\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u672c\u5730\u56e0\u7d20\u3002<strong>\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u6703\u7684\u6700\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f<\/strong>\uff1a\u5047\u8a2d\u9019\u500b\u5b78\u8853\u554f\u984c\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u8457\u540d\u7d93\u5178\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u53c3\u95b1\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u7d93\u8cbb\u8cfc\u8cb7\u3001\u6216\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u3001\u6216\u6c92\u6709\u7ffb\u8b6f\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ea\u597d\u4f5c\u7f77\uff01\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5c07\u5c31\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\uff01\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u597d\u6bd4\u8aaa\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u67d0\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u61c9\u8a72\u8981\u53bb\u89c0\u5bdf\u5728\u5730\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u4f86\u5370\u8b49\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u672c\u5730\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u7d93\u8cbb\u652f\u6301\u53bb\u89c0\u5bdf\u9019\u7a2e\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u6703\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u73fe\u72c0\uff0c\u53e6\u95e2\u8e4a\u5f91\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\u6240\u8b02\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u6703\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\u5f80\u5f80<strong>\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u7bc4\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u7bc4\u5f0f\u53ca\u5176\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u751f\u7522\u5730\u4e0d\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5f80\u5f80\u6703\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u7f3a\u4e4f\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u6703<\/strong>\uff08\u6211\u5728\u672c\u66f8\u5e8f\u6587\u63d0\u5230\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u6bd4\u8f03\u7f3a\u4e4f\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8cc7\u6e90\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u570b\u5bb6\u8f03\u8ca7\u56f0\u7b49\u7b49\uff09<strong>\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Rouse\u89c0\u9ede\u9084\u7d66\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u555f\u793a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\u77e5\u8b58\u79fb\u6b96\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u4e4d\u60f3\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u6280\u8853\u6027\u689d\u4ef6\u53ca\u7269\u8cea\u6027\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5f04\u500b\u50cf\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u50cf\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\uff09\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u6750\u6599\uff08\u5be6\u9a57\u6a23\u54c1\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\uff09\u3001\u8cfc\u8cb7\u6216\u9032\u53e3\u6a19\u6e96\u897f\u65b9\u5be6\u9a57\u8a2d\u5099\u5100\u5668\u5716\u66f8\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u63a1\u53d6\u540c\u6a23\u88dd\u7f6e\u5668\u6750\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ca\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7b49\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7814\u7a76\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u689d\u4ef6\u5c1a\u4e0d\u53ea\u9019\u4e9b\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8005\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5979\u9808\u5177\u6709\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u80fd\u529b\u8207\u5c08\u696d\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u770b\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u80fd\u529b\u8207\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u904b\u7528\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u300c\u6a19\u6e96\u904b\u7528\u65b9\u5f0f\u300d\uff08\u8cbc\u8fd1\u897f\u65b9\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u6240\u9808\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u4e5f\u9808\u8981\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u9069\u7576\u7684\u300d\uff08\u5373\u7b26\u5408\u897f\u65b9\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\uff09\u5b78\u8853\u7d44\u7e54\u53ca\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u9069\u7576\u7684\u300d\u6b0a\u5a01\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u5b78\u8853\u502b\u7406\u3001\u529f\u7e3e\uff08merits \u6307\u5b78\u8853\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u8a8d\u5b9a\u3001\u69ae\u8b7d\u3001\u5831\u916c\u7b49\uff09\u5206\u914d\u3001\u8a55\u4f30\u7cfb\u7d71\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5018\u82e5\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u539f\u7522\u5730\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u4f5c\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u53cd\u99c1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5373\u4f7f\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u539f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u88ab\u7b97\u4f5c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8907\u88fd\u6216\u8a3c\u5be6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u6240\u9700\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u751f\u7522\u8005\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u7269\u8cea\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u53c8\u7121\u6cd5\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u66f4\u5ee3\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6216\u7d50\u69cb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\uff0c\u537b\u53c8\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5b8c\u5168\u6210\u529f\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u300d\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u600e\u6a23\u624d\u7b97\u662f\u6a19\u6e96\u60c5\u6cc1\uff1f<strong>\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u9918\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6700\u7d42\u662f\u900f\u904e\u8a6e\u91cb\u8207\u8faf\u8ad6\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5354\u5546\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u5354\u5546\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6b0a\u529b\u6298\u885d\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u6b0a\u529b\u7b49\u5247\u548c\u7576\u5730\u7684\u653f\u7d93\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u8108\u7d61\u6709\u95dc<\/strong>\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u653f\u7d93\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u8108\u7d61\u5dee\u7570\u8f03\u5927\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u5728\u79fb\u6b96\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u6642\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ee5\u5f37\u52e2\u6b0a\u529b\u4f86\u5118\u91cf\u9020\u5c31\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u6210\u529f\uff0c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b78\u8853\u8a0e\u8ad6\u53ef\u80fd\u63a1\u53d6\u540c\u897f\u65b9\u4e00\u6a23\u81ea\u7531\u767c\u8a00\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u6587\u5316\u8af8\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u4e3b\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u4f7f\u897f\u5f0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u5c31\u50cf\uff0c\u4e00\u7fa4\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u897f\u65b9\u9032\u53e3\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u88dd\u7f6e\u3001\u5100\u5668\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4e4b\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u6216\u5408\u683c\u5730\u8907\u88fd\u67d0\u500b\u5be6\u9a57\uff08\u5408\u683c\u8207\u5426\u81ea\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5354\u5546\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u5354\u5546\u300d\u5728\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u53ef\u53c3\u8003Mulkay, chapter 3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5f37\u52e2\u5728\u9020\u5c31\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\u6642\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u8f03\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\u6703\u8ce6\u4e88\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u529f\u7e3e\uff08epistemic merits\uff09\u8207\u793e\u6703\u529f\u7e3e\uff08social merits\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u554f\u984c\u53ca\u53d6\u5411\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u6587\u737b\u7b49\u82e5\u76f8\u7576\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u8f03\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u77e5\u8b58\u529f\u7e3e\uff0c\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6709\u5b78\u8853\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u671f\u520a\u767c\u8868\u3002\u53c8\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7559\u5b78\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8005\u8f03\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5e38\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u529f\u7e3e\uff08\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u5408\u683c\u3001\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5831\u916c\u8f03\u9ad8\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u7d66\u4e88\u529f\u7e3e\u539f\u672c\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u6703\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8ff0\u73fe\u8c61\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\uff1b\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u8868\u660e\u300c\u539f\u7522\u5730\u300d\u6216\u666e\u4e16\u77e5\u8b58\uff08universal knowledge\uff09\u751f\u7522\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5176\u6b0a\u5a01\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u4ed6\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u6709\u6642\u7121\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\uff08\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u300c\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6307\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u5c31\u662f\u6b0a\u5a01\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8b8a\u6578\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u67d0\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u9818\u57df\u6216\u5b78\u79d1\u5167\u7f3a\u4e4f\u300c\u6a19\u6e96\u300d\u7684\u6216\u9069\u7576\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff082\uff09\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u5408\u4e4e\u897f\u65b9\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u672c\u5730\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002\u5728\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u90fd\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u8a72\u9818\u57df\u6216\u5b78\u79d1\u5167\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u2500\u2500\u9664\u975e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff09\u5b78\u8853\u529f\u7e3e\u5b8c\u5168\u8981\u4ee5\u767c\u8868\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u671f\u520a\u70ba\u8a08\u7b97\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u6709\u6642\u7121\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff1a\u7279\u5225\u5728\u8af8\u5982\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u672c\u8eab\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u5167\u90e8\u77db\u76fe\u8207\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u6703\u6e1b\u640d\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u2500\u2500\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5728\u67d0\u9818\u57df\u6216\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u300c\u5371\u6a5f\u300d\u6642\u671f\u6700\u70ba\u660e\u986f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u7121\u6cd5\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u672c\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8005\u6709\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u53bb\u751f\u7522\u5bcc\u6709\u672c\u571f\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6709\u672c\u571f\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u4e43\u662f\u6307\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\u4e0a\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\u53ca\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u860a\u6db5\u4e0a\u6216\u6240\u63a5\u5408\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e0a\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u300c\u539f\u7522\u5730\u300d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e9\u671f\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u900f\u904e\u64f4\u6563\u65b9\u5f0f\u9054\u5230\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u64f4\u6563\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u5247\u662f\u900f\u904e\u7559\u5b78\u897f\u65b9\u6216\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u66f8\u7c4d\uff08\u671f\u520a\u53d6\u5f97\u76f8\u5c0d\u56f0\u96e3\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u300c\u5c71\u5be8\u300d\u6216\u4e0d\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u6b0a\u5a01\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8a55\u50f9\u6216\u5236\u88c1\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u8fd1\u671f\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u570b\u969b\u64f4\u6563\u6a21\u5f0f\u9010\u6f38\u88ab\u63a7\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u80e1\u4e82\u8a6e\u91cb\u897f\u65b9\u8457\u4f5c\u3001\u5c71\u5be8\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u8207\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u4e5f\u9010\u6f38\u897f\u5f0f\u5c08\u696d\u5316\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4e00\u822c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u672c\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u60f3\u8981\u812b\u96e2\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8b58\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e26\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u3002\u63a7\u5236\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u9054\u6210\u5247\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u7684\u65e5\u6f38\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u516d\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u571f\u5316<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u7d9c\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u8aaa\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u5730\u7684\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u77e5\u8b58\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7a2e\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\uff0c<strong>\u77e5\u8b58\u5fc5\u9808\u5448\u73fe\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u300c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u300c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u300d\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u904e\u7a0b\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c07\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u7684\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\u53ca\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5747\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\u5730\u6a19\u6e96\u531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in general\uff09\u7684\u502b\u7406\uff0d\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\u2500\u2500\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7ba1\u7406\uff08scientific management\uff09\u8207\u672c\u5730\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u6216\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\uff08technocracy\uff09\u7684\u95dc\u9023\u2500\u2500\u90a3\u9ebc\u70ba\u4f55\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u6b63\u7576\u5730\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5c1a\u9808\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5c0d\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u53ca\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u300c\u5f8c\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u5316\u300d\u4f5c\u4e00\u756a\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u91d0\u6e05\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff08<strong>\u53ef\u53c3\u898b\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u3008\u6587\u5316\u6279\u8a55\u8207\u526f\u520a\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u3009\u5f8c\u534a\u90e8\u95dc\u65bc\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6<\/strong>\uff09\uff1b\u5728\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u50c5\u80fd\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u6216\u8a31\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u65b9\u9762\u3001\u53d6\u5411\u65b9\u9762\u3001\u6216\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7bc4\u570d\u6216\u9818\u57df\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u9818\u57df\uff08\u4e26\u975e\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6709\u61c9\u7528\u6216\u5be6\u7528\u6027\u683c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u5305\u62ec\u50cf\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5305\u62ec\uff08\u5982\u672c\u6587\u6240\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\uff09\u4ee5\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u5df1\u7d93\u6697\u793a\u904e\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4ee5\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u82e5\u80fd\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\u4ee5\u672c\u5730\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u554f\u984c\u70ba\u53c3\u7167\u80cc\u666f\u2500\u2500\u96d6\u7136\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u6307\u6d89\u8207\u95dc\u9023\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u3001\u9ed8\u6703\u7684\uff08tacit\uff09\u2500\u2500\u5247\u53ef\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u73fe\u5be6\u6027\u3001\u5be6\u969b\u6027\u53ca\u502b\u7406\u9053\u5fb7\uff0d\u793e\u6703\u6027\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u5177\u6709\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6027\u683c\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u81ea\u7136\u9817\u5177\u672c\u571f\u6027\u683c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6240\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u6db5\u610f\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u66fe\u63d0\u53ca\u6578\u500b\u6db5\u610f\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u505a\u70ba\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u529b\u91cf\uff1b\u79d1\u5b78\u900f\u904e\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u2500\u2500\u6559\u80b2\u2500\u2500\u58df\u65b7\u4e86\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u9818\u57df\uff1b\u9084\u6709Rouse-Foucault\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u5c1a\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u6db5\u610f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6db5\u610f\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u85c9\u7531\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\u800c\u89f8\u53ca\u73fe\u5be6\u6216\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u6280\u8853\u65b9\u9762\u4e4b\u722d\u8b70\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u6210\u70ba\u4ee5\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u53c3\u7167\u80cc\u666f\uff1b\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u8af8\u5982\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u554f\u984c\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7b49\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u8faf\u8ad6\u8207\u6df1\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\u4e4b\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ca\u8ad6\u8a3c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e03\u3001\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u56de\u5230\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u9019\u500b\u8a71\u984c\u3002\u524d\u9762\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u61c9\u5728\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u5360\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u96d6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5b8c\u5168\u63a5\u53d7\u4ed6\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u81f3\u5c11\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u628a\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7576\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u5ba3\u50b3\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u8b1b\u58c7\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u63cf\u8ff0\u70ba\u4e86\u9810\u5099\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u6c11\u80fd\u626e\u6f14\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u9053\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u7a2e\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5fc5\u8981\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u53bb\u719f\u7fd2\u4e00\u5207\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u6700\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5b78\u751f\u5c0d\u4e00\u5207\u5ba3\u50b3\u2500\u2500\u5305\u62ec\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u8ad6\u8a3c\u300d\u7684\u5ba3\u50b3\u2500\u2500\u6709\u514d\u75ab\u80fd\u529b\u3002\uff08<em>Against Method<\/em> 308\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u5c0d\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u770b\u6cd5\u50c5\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u61c9\u70ba\u57f9\u990a\u6279\u5224\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9810\u8a2d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u5730\u4f4d\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u4e0d\u9810\u8a2d\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u771f\u7406\u300d\uff09\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5c0d\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u6216\u770b\u6cd5\u5728\u6211\u5011\u770b\u4f86\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u6709\u95dc\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u591a\u534a\u8ac7\u5230\u300c\u5169\u7a2e\u6587\u5316\u300d\uff0c\u5373\u8a8d\u70ba\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u61c9\u7576\u4fc3\u9032\u4eba\u6587\u6587\u5316\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e92\u76f8\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u8a00\u8ac7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u6587\u5316\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6b0a\u529b\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u5316\u986f\u7136\u5360\u64da\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6bd4\u8f03\u512a\u52e2\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u6587\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u81ea\u6211\u8aa4\u89e3\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u8207\u5176\u5f37\u8abf\u5169\u7a2e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e92\u76f8\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5f37\u8abf\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3001\u502b\u7406\u3001\u6587\u5316\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u6279\u5224\u8a8d\u8b58\u3002\u800c\u4ee5\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u70ba\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u672c\u571f\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u626e\u6f14\u4e00\u500b\u4fc3\u9032\u6279\u5224\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u7279\u5225\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5728\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6559\u5b78\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u80fd\u5920\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u8a6e\u91cb\u5c07\u4e00\u4e9b\u73fe\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\u6216\u502b\u7406\uff0d\u793e\u6703\u8003\u91cf\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u8207\u8ad6\u8a3c\u4e32\u8b30\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9810\u5099\u5b78\u751f\u5c0d\u9019\u985e\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u76f8\u95dc\u4e4b\u4e8b\u52d9\u6709\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b78\u751f\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90\u4ee5\u53c3\u8207\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f15\u7528\u66f8\u76ee<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Almond, Breda and Donald Hill.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8220;Introduction.&#8221; \u00a0<em>Applied Philosophy: Morals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 and Metaphysics in Contemporary Debate<\/em>.\u00a0 Eds. Breda Almond and Donald Hill.\u00a0 London: Routledge, 1991. \u00a01-6.<\/p>\n<p>Feyerabend, Paul. <em>\u00a0Against Method<\/em>.\u00a0 London: NLB, 1975.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;. \u00a0<em>Farewell to Reason<\/em>.\u00a0 London, Verso, 1987.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;. \u00a0<em>Science in a Free Society<\/em>.\u00a0 London: NLB, 1978.<\/p>\n<p>Latour, Bruno.\u00a0 &#8220;Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science<\/em>.\u00a0 Eds. Karin Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkay.\u00a0 London: Sage, 1983.\u00a0 141-170.<\/p>\n<p>Mulkay,\u00a0\u00a0 Michael.\u00a0 <em>Science and the Sociology of Knowledge.<\/em>\u00a0 London: George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1979.<\/p>\n<p>Rouse, Joseph. \u00a0 <em>Knowledge and Power: Toward a Political Philosophy of Science<\/em>.\u00a0 Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1987.<\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u7dad\u6ce2\uff0c\u3008\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u4f5c\u70ba\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u4e4b\u524d\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u7814\u7a76\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u25cb\u4e8c\u671f\uff0c2016\u5e743\u6708\uff0c227-254\u9801\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3010\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u767c\u8868\u65bc1993\u5e744\u670816\u81f318\u65e5\u5728\u53f0\u7063<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=276"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":800,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/276\/revisions\/800"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}