{"id":298,"date":"1993-06-01T17:03:49","date_gmt":"1993-06-01T09:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/?p=298"},"modified":"2021-06-26T17:07:33","modified_gmt":"2021-06-26T09:07:33","slug":"%e7%9f%a5%e8%ad%98%ef%bc%8f%e6%ac%8a%e5%8a%9b%ef%bc%9a%e4%bd%9c%e7%82%ba%e6%96%b0%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e5%80%8b%e4%b8%bb%e9%a1%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/1993\/06\/%e7%9f%a5%e8%ad%98%ef%bc%8f%e6%ac%8a%e5%8a%9b%ef%bc%9a%e4%bd%9c%e7%82%ba%e6%96%b0%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e4%b8%80%e5%80%8b%e4%b8%bb%e9%a1%8c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\uff1a\u4f5c\u70ba\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u984c"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u3010\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u521d\u7a3f\u66fe\u65bc1993\u5e743\u670820\u65e5\u5728\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u4e00\u4e9b\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6703\u4e2d\u5ba3\u8b80\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u300a\u4eba\u6587\u5b78\u5831\u300b11\u671f\uff0c1993\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u980185-115\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\u6536\u5165\u500b\u4eba\u5c08\u66f8\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u2500\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u58e2\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\uff0c2017\uff0c\u9801261-295\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b<a href=\"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/publication\/2017\/modernity\/pdf\/10.pdf\">\u672c\u6587\u4e4bpdf\u6a94<\/a>\u4ee5\u4f9b\u95b1\u8b80\u5f15\u7528\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\uff082017\u5e74\u524d\u8a00\uff09\u6211\u5728\u5beb\u4f5c\u672c\u6587\u6642\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u96d6\u7136\u958b\u59cb\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u6587\u5316\u77e5\u8b58\u5708\u6d41\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u591a\u53ea\u662f\u8ac7\u8ad6\u5085\u67ef\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u672c\u6587\u4e5f\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5085\u67ef\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u904b\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8a31\u591a\u7acb\u5373\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff08\u50cf\u904e\u53bb\u7f8e\u570b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ac7\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u300d\u3001\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u8b70\u984c\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u5de6\u6d3e\u5c0d\u5927\u5b78\u5354\u52a9\u8ecd\u5de5\u7d9c\u5408\u9ad4\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u8b70\u984c\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5085\u67ef\u7684\u554f\u984c\u610f\u8b58\u6240\u95dc\u5207\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u6216\u7576\u6642\u53f0\u7063\u54f2\u5b78\u6216\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u5c0d\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u89d2\u5ea6\u751a\u5c11\u89f8\u53ca\uff1b\u6240\u4ee5\u6fc0\u767c\u6211\u5beb\u4f5c\u6b64\u6587\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u8a71\u8a9e\u5167\u4f86\u958b\u5c55\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u5177\u6709\u7684\u591a\u6a23\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u652f\u914d\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\uff08\u5c08\u5bb6\u6cbb\u570b\uff09\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u5354\u5546\u904e\u7a0b\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\uff0d\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\uff08\u5e38\u614b\u5316\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u5c6c\u65bc\u6574\u7406\u901a\u8ad6\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u6211\u53e6\u5916\u5247\u4ee5\u6b64\u6587\u90e8\u4efd\u6750\u6599\u5beb\u4e86\u7bc7\u8f03\u8ad6\u722d\u98a8\u683c\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff08\u5373\u524d\u4e00\u7bc7\u3008\u4f5c\u70ba\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u3009\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\uff08the new philosophy of science\uff09\u4e43\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u908f\u8f2f\u5be6\u8a3c\u8ad6\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f8c\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u5e36\u6709\u53cd\u5c0d\u6ce2\u67cf\uff08Karl Popper\uff09\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002\u300c\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u540d\u7a31\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u5e03\u6717\uff08Harold Brown\uff09\u90a3\u672c\u9817\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u3001\u4ecb\u7d39\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u300a\u77e5\u89ba\uff0c\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u6295\u5165\uff1a\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300b\uff081977\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u5e03\u6717\u5728\u66f8\u4e2d\u9664\u4e86\u5eab\u6069\uff08Thomas Kuhn\uff09\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u63d0\u53ca\u97d3\u68ee\uff08Norwood R. Hanson\uff09\u3001\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\uff08Paul Feyerabend\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u5c0d\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u6b63\u5982Don Ihde\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u5b78\u8005\u7576\u7136\u6703\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u82f1\u7f8e\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6210\u5f62\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u5927\u7684\u662f\u5eab\u6069\u300d\uff0811\uff09\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u5f8c\u5eab\u6069\u300d\uff08Post-Kuhnian\uff09\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u300c\u5f8c\u5eab\u6069\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u2500\u2500\u800c\u975e\u67d0\u500b\u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u6216\u67d0\u500b\u554f\u984c\u6846\u67b6\u2500\u2500\u4f86\u8868\u5fb5\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u7a81\u986f\u4e86\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u8a00\u8ac7\u7684\u591a\u5143\u7570\u8cea\u8207\u958b\u653e\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u7684\u78ba\u662f\u5eab\u6069\u4e4b\u5f8c\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8a00\u8ac7\uff08philosophical discourse of science\uff09\u7684\u5be6\u6cc1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u984c\u76ee\u8072\u7a31\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u5143\u7570\u8cea\u4e14\u6d69\u701a\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff08theme\uff09\uff0c\u4e4d\u805e\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8072\u7a31\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u5546\u69b7\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5728\u53ef\u7a31\u5f97\u4e0a\u300c\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u8a00\u8ac7\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f03\u5c6c\u65bc\u975e\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u300c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u82f1\u7f8e\u7b49\u570b\u7684\u300c\u6fc0\u9032\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3e\u300d\u548c\u5f62\u5f62\u8272\u8272\u7684\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u6d3e\u8207\u65b0\u5de6\u6d3e\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u96d6\u7136\u5c0d\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u95dc\u554f\u984c\u5747\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e00\u5411\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7a81\u51fa\u8207\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u7121\u9808\u672c\u6587\u9019\u7a2e\u8a66\u8ad6\u6027\u8cea\u6587\u7ae0\u4f86\u9ede\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u6bd4\u8f03\u65b0\u92b3\u7684\u5b78\u6d3e\u6216\u8da8\u52e2\u78ba\u5be6\u89f8\u53ca\u4e86\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u984c\u76ee\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u80fd\u5426\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5df2\u88ab\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\uff08\u5982\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9032\u6b65\u8207\u7406\u6027\u554f\u984c\uff09\u76f8\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u5247\u5c1a\u6709\u5f85\u5c0d\u9019\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5b78\u6d3e\u6216\u8da8\u52e2\u4f5c\u66f4\u4e00\u6b65\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u6587\u65e8\u8da3\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u65e2\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e3b\u6d41\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u8655\u7406\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u984c\u76ee\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u984c\u76ee\u592a\u300c\u6b50\u9678\u300d\uff08\u54f2\u5b78\uff09\u3001\u592a\u300c\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u300d\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e2d\u62c9\u51fa\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u6839\u7d05\u7dda\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7b56\u7565\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u4f55\u610f\u7fa9?\u5f9e\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u5c64\u6b21\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u517c\u9867\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5169\u500b\u5c64\u9762\uff1a<strong>\u4e00\u500b\u5c64\u9762\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u63a2\u7a76\u5be6\u5728\uff08<\/strong><strong>reality<\/strong><strong>\uff09\u7684\u667a\u6027\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\u5247\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10<\/strong>\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0d\u6703\u50c5\u9650\u65bc\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u8207\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5c0d\u4fc3\u9032\u54f2\u5b78\u5167\u8af8\u5c08\u9580\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5c0d\u8a71\u662f\u9817\u6709\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u54f2\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u5c64\u6b21\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u6216\u6ce8\u91cd\u897f\u65b9\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u5c1a\u53ef\u4f7f\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u6709\u73fe\u5be6\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u6216\u80fd\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u6709\u95dc\u53f0\u7063\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u6280\u8853\u7684<strong>\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78<\/strong>\uff08applied philosophy\uff09\u3002\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\uff1a\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u56fa\u7136\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5df2\u767c\u5c55\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4ea6\u6709\u5176\u73fe\u5be6\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8207\u5f62\u614b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u4e0a\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u8207\u968e\u5c64\u5316\u7b49\uff09\uff0c<strong>\u53f0\u7063\u5c31\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u570b\u5bb6\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u8108\u7d61<\/strong>\u3002\u5373\u4ee5\u79d1\u6280\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u6280\u8853\uff09\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u7684\u554f\u984c\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u56fa\u7136\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4e00\u6a23\u5747\u6709\u79d1\u6280\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c<strong>\u4f46\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u9084\u6709\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u900f\u904e\u79d1\u6280\u9032\u884c\u6587\u5316\u4fb5\u7565\u8207\u6b96\u6c11\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u554f\u984c\uff08\u4e0b\u8a73\uff09\u3002\u5728\u300c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u54f2\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4eca\u65e5\uff08<\/strong><strong>cf. Hosle<\/strong><strong>\uff09\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u5708\u82e5\u60f3\u4ee5\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6216\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8996\u91ce\u4f86\u7814\u7a76\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u8457\u91cd\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u6703\u4fb7\u9650\u65bc<\/strong><strong>(<\/strong><strong>\u548c\u672c\u571f\u8108\u7d61\u8f03\u7121\u95dc\u7684<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><strong>\u7d14\u7cb9\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u9818\u57df\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7d93\u5e38\u5728\u5b78\u9662\u5167\u5916\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u88ab\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u6db5\u7fa9\u537b\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u8457\u4f5c\u53ca\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u800c\u4e0d\u5b9a\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u672c\u6587\u5728\u767c\u73fe\uff0f\u767c\u5c55\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c07\u5c0d\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u773e\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u6db5\u7fa9\u4f5c\u4e00\u6574\u7406\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u6558\u8ff0\u4e2d\u9010\u4e00\u5c55\u9732\uff08reveal\uff09\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u5c0d\u6bd4\u9023\u7d50\u8a5e\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u6db5\u7fa9\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u860a\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u58f9<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u9996\u63a8\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u6642\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u300c\u59ff\u614b\u300d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6bd4\u8f03\u908a\u7de3\u6216\u975e\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u8a3c\u8207\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u90e8\u4efd\u5747\u9817\u70ba\u7b26\u5408\u4e3b\u6d41\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8ad6\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u5177\u6709\u5c08\u9580\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6280\u8853\u6027\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e3b\u6d41\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u54e1\uff08Jerry Ravetz 9\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4e3b\u6d41\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u5728\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u53e6\u4e9b\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4ed6\u6703\u6709\u5341\u5206\u602a\u7570\u7684\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u98a8\u683c\u7684\u3001\u53ca\u975e\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1b\u7279\u5225\u662f\u4ed6\u6703\u660e\u767d\u5730\u8868\u8ff0\u81ea\u8eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u6575\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u860a\u6db5\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u662f\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u660e\u78ba\u4e5f\u6700\u591a\u89f8\u53ca\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u9996\u5148\u82b1\u8f03\u591a\u7bc7\u5e45\u4f86\u6a19\u660e\u4ed6\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7248\u7684\u300a\u53cd\u5c0d\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\uff08<em>Against Method<\/em>\u7c21\u5beb\u70ba\u300a\u53cd\u300b\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u4f7f\u7528\u5f8c\u555f\u8499\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3001\u300c\u9054\u9054\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff08\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0a\u91cd\u500b\u6027\u3001Mill\u5f0f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u4f86\u8868\u5fb5\u4ed6\u7684\u300c\u600e\u9ebc\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u300d\uff08anything goes\uff09\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u773e\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u5927\u9ad4\u7cbe\u795e\u5728\u65bc\u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u6709\u653e\u8af8\u56db\u6d77\u7686\u6e96\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d(\u300a\u53cd\u300b295)\u3002\u4f46\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u6bd4\u8f03\u56b4\u8b39\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f03\u9069\u5408\u8868\u5fb5\u4ed6\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u8a9e\u8a5e\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u300c\u9054\u9054\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b21n\uff09\u3002\u6574\u9ad4\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6bd4\u8f03\u63a5\u8fd1\u90a3\u7a2e\u5f37\u8abf\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e26\u4e14\u5229\u7528\u300c\u85dd\u8853\u5275\u4f5c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u7684\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u91cd\u8996\u60f3\u50cf\u3001\u72c2\u60f3\u3001\u505a\u5922\u7b49\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b52\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a>\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5373\u662f\u85dd\u8853\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8aaa\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u6709\u6642\u5019\u5fc5\u9808\u50cf\u85dd\u8853\u5275\u4f5c\u4e00\u6a23\uff08\u9019\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u5f9e\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u300c\u767c\u73fe\u4e4b\u8108\u7d61\uff0f\u8a3c\u6210\u4e4b\u8108\u7d61\u300d\u4e4b\u5206\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u53c3\u898b\u300a\u53cd\u300b165-167\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u9054\u9054\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u6709\u6642\u4e5f\u6703\u5f15\u4f86\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\u8207\u53cd\u61c9\u3002John Krige\u5728\u8a55\u8ad6\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6642\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u64c1\u8b77\u9054\u9054\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u62d2\u65a5\u9769\u547d\uff08146\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u5e7e\u4e4e\u7b49\u65bc\u8aaa\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u53cd\u5c0d\u90a3\u7a2e\u8b1b\u9769\u547d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><strong>[2]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u548c\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9084\u662f\u6709\u5176\u5171\u901a\u9ede\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u5c0d\u300c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8207\u79e9\u5e8f\u300d\u6301\u53cd\u5c0d\u614b\u5ea6\u3002\u5c0d\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e8b\u7269\u7684\u65e2\u5b9a\u79e9\u5e8f\u5373\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b187\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u9808\u8981\u52a0\u4ee5\u6297\u62d2\u7684\u3002\u800c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u300a\u53cd\u300b\u7d50\u8ad6\u7ae0\u4e2d\u95e1\u660e\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\u860a\u6db5\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u570b\u5bb6\u53ca\u5176\u6559\u80b2\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8108\u7d61\u88cf\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u570b\u5bb6\uff09\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f9e\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u300d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d<\/strong>\uff0c\u5728\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e4b\u524d\u65e9\u5c31\u6709\u6b64\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u8ad6\u53ca\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u6642\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u6d41\u50b3\u7d71\u6216\u63d0\u6cd5<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><strong>[3]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5207\u5165\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u537b\u548c\u6b64\u4e00\u50b3\u7d71\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8ca2\u737b\u5728\u65bc\u4ed6\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c1a\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u500b\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6839\u672c\u7121\u6cd5\u8ac7\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\uff09\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u9810\u8a2d\u4fbf\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u5fc5\u9808\u548c\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u975e\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u6709\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u5340\u5206\u300d\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u300a\u53cd\u300b\u4e2d\u6311\u6230\u9019\u500b\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7d50\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\u5373\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u7121\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u610f\u5473\u8457\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5206\u754c\u4e26\u7121\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u6839\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u95dc\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5206\u754c\u554f\u984c\uff08demarcation problem\uff09\u5411\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u820a\u300d\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5c0d\u5206\u754c\u554f\u984c\u7684\u985b\u8986\u7b49\u65bc\u6311\u6230\u6574\u500b\u820a\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u975e\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u7684\u5206\u754c\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u8aaa\u9019\u500b\u5206\u754c\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u662f\uff1a\u9019\u500b\u5206\u754c\u5b58\u5728\u8457\uff01\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u6709\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c<strong>\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5206\u754c\u6703\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u5462\uff1f\u56e0\u70ba\uff1a\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b<\/strong><strong>\u2500\u2500<\/strong><strong>\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u6559\u80b2<\/strong><strong>\u2500\u2500<\/strong><strong>\u4e0d\u65b7\u5f37\u5316\u8207\u8907\u88fd\uff08<\/strong><strong>reproduce<\/strong><strong>\u518d\u751f\u7522\uff09\u6b64\u4e00\u5206\u754c<\/strong>\uff0c\u70ba\u6b64\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u624d\u8ad6\u8b49\u9019\u4e00\u5206\u754c\u7684\u5bb3\u8655\u4ee5\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u7368\u5c0a\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u4e0d\u826f\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u7d42\u4e3b\u5f35\u5247\u662f<strong>\u8981\u6c42\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5206\u96e2\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5206\u96e2\u4e00\u6a23<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b300\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8ad6\u8b49\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u5206\u96e2\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6578\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7406\u7531\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u5747\u4ee5\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89f8\u53ca\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u4fb7\u9650\u65bc\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5728\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u53cd\u300b\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5f97\u66f4\u6e05\u695a<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><strong>[4]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u300b\uff08<em>Science in a Free Society<\/em>\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31\u300a\u81ea\u300b\uff09\u53ca\u4fee\u8a02\u7248\u7684<em>Against Method<\/em>\uff08\u7c21\u5beb\u70ba\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300b\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u53ca\u9192\u76ee\u5730\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u9808\u5206\u96e2\uff0c\u4e43\u56e0\u70ba\u552f\u6709\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u300d\u662f\u8aaa\u5404\u7a2e\u50b3\u7d71\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u5e73\u7b49\u6b0a\u5229\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a5\u8fd1\u6b0a\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6a5f\u6703\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b106\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u638c\u63e1\u6559\u80b2\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6a5f\u6703\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b30\u3001\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300b246\uff09\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u7684\u8a2d\u60f3\u61c9\u662f\u7121\u53ef\u722d\u8b70\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u6240\u6709\u50b3\u7d71\u90fd\u61c9\u7d66\u4e88\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u53bb\u81ea\u7531\u7af6\u722d\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u63a5\u8457\u5f9e\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u5206\u754c\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u88dc\u5145\u7684\u8ad6\u8b49\uff0c\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u79d1\u5b78\u53ea\u662f\u773e\u591a\u50b3\u7d71\u6216\u773e\u591a\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e4b\u4e00\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u61c9\u5047\u570b\u5bb6\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u88ab\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6216\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4fbf\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e5f\u662f\u773e\u591a\u5b97\u6559\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u4e0d\u61c9\u4eab\u6709\u7279\u6b0a\u3001\u512a\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u570b\u6559\u300d\uff1b\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u5206\u96e2\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u540c\u570b\u5bb6\u61c9\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u5206\u96e2\u4e00\u6a23\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b106-107\uff0c\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300b256-259\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u978f\u56fa\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u7d66\u4e88\u79d1\u5b78\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u58df\u65b7\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u4e86\u570b\u5bb6\u9019\u7a2e\u4f5c\u70ba\uff1f\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7d50\u5408\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6b0a\u529b\u88ab\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u5728\u54ea\u88cf\uff1f\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u64f4\u5927\u7bc4\u570d\u5730\u554f\uff1a\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u7684\uff1f\u5c0d\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8457\u540d\u56de\u7b54\u662f\u7531\u99ac\u5eab\u8272\uff08Herbert Marcuse\uff09\u8207\u54c8\u4f2f\u746a\u65af\uff08Jurgen Habermas\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u570b\u5bb6\u58df\u65b7\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u6280\u8853\u662f\u7528\u4f86\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u570b\u5bb6\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff1b\u9019\u88e1\u81ea\u7136\u9084\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u6574\u500b\u6709\u95dc<strong>\u6280\u8853\u7d71\u6cbb<\/strong>\uff08technocracy\uff09\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7121\u7591\u5730\u6bd4\u8f03\u504f\u91cd<strong>\u570b\u5bb6\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u79d1\u5b78<\/strong>\u9019\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u975e<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u570b\u5bb6<\/strong>\u9019\u4e00\u5c64\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u5230\u524d\u9762\u90a3\u500b\u8f03\u5c0f\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f37\u8feb\u6027\u77e5\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u662f\u88ab\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6240\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u96d6\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u4ee5\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u5f0f\u63d0\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u60f3\u5176\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u5c31\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e00\u518d\u62a8\u64ca\u7684\u300c\u7ae5\u8a71\u6545\u4e8b\u300d\uff1a\u9019\u500b\u7ae5\u8a71\u6545\u4e8b\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u6587\u5316\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u8207\u504f\u898b\u4e4b\u5916\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b302\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\u9019\u500b\u300c\u7ae5\u8a71\u6545\u4e8b\u300d\u9084\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u529f\u80fd\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b303\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u4ee5\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8b1b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u6c7a\u5b9a\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5916\u884c\u4e0d\u61c9\u63d2\u624b\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u610f\u5728\u978f\u56fa\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u968e\u5c64\u9ad8\u4eba\u4e00\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u793e\u6703\u5831\u511f\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b303-304\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u5229\u76ca\u8207\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u6216\u76e3\u7763\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9023\u7e6b\u5230\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u968e\u5c64\u8207\u5916\u884c\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u89f8\u53ca\u4e00\u500b\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e26\u672a\u76f4\u63a5\u89f8\u53ca\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u542b\u610f\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c<strong>\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236<\/strong>\u300d\uff08professional dominance\uff09\u6216\u300c<strong>\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b<\/strong>\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5c08\u5bb6\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u6b0a\u529b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u300c\uff08\u5c08\u696d\uff09\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u548c\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u6240\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u6b0a\u529b\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u95dc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u2500\u2500\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u5c08\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u91ab\u751f\u8655\u7f6e\u75c5\u4eba\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff09\u2500\u2500\u6bd4\u524d\u9762\u90a3\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6240\u6307\uff08\u5373\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u3002\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u968e\u5c64\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\u4e00\u5b9a\u6709\u627f\u64d4\u8005\u6216\u651c\u5e36\u8005\uff08carrier\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u5fc5\u6709\u4e00\u5c08\u696d\u968e\u5c64\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u968e\u5c64\u5728\u884c\u4f7f\u77e5\u8b58\u6642\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u884c\u4f7f\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u968e\u5c64\u5c07\u56e0\u884c\u4f7f\u5176\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u7372\u5f97\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u505a\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u5831\u511f\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u5c31\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u968e\u5c64\u6240\u5206\u914d\u5230\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u8d85\u904e\u4e86\u5176\u6240\u61c9\u5f97\u7684\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b304\uff09\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4f3c\u53ef\u63a8\u60f3\uff0c<strong>\u77e5\u8b58\u5fc5\u7136\u548c\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\u6709\u95dc<\/strong>\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u914d\u5373\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u914d\u3002\u7b49\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9084\u6703\u518d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u88cf\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u5c1a\u5305\u62ec\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u8ad6\u5316\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u7684\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\uff08formal knowledge\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><strong>[5]<\/strong><\/a>\uff0c\uff08\u6728\u5de5\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u662f\u9019\u88cf\u6240\u6307\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u3002\u5f17\u5fb7\u5b6b\uff08Eliot Freidson\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u95dc\u9023\u5176\u5be6\u9700\u8981\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u651c\u5e36\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5275\u9020\u6216\u6d88\u8cbb\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u77e5\u8b58\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u6216\u793e\u6703\u6709\u6240\u5f71\u97ff\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u6b0a\u529b\u6216\u529b\u91cf\uff089\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5149\u6709\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u5c31\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c1a\u9808\u8981\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\uff09<strong>\u8cc7\u683c\u8a3c\u660e<\/strong>\uff08Credentials\uff09\u624d\u80fd\u9032\u5165\u5c08\u696d\u968e\u5c64\uff0c\u65b9\u80fd\u9032\u800c\u5f9e\u5c08\u696d\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u6b0a\u529b\uff1b\u65e2\u7136\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\uff0f\u77e5\u8b58\u5f9e\u5c08\u696d\u5236\u5ea6\u4f86\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b78\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u7d00\u5f8b\uff08discipline\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u651c\u5e36\u8005\uff0c\u5c0d\u4e86\u89e3\u300c\uff08\u5c08\u696d\uff09\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684 (Freidson 17\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5236\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u5145\u6eff\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4f7f\uff08\u5426\u5247\u5982\u4f55\u300c\u7d00\u5f8b\u300d\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1f\uff09\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5fc5\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5b89\u6392\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u6b64\u7a2e\u6b0a\u529b\u5b89\u6392\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u9019\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u610f\u4e5f\u9808\u8981\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u95e1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5c0f\u5e38\u8b58\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u7cbe\u82f1\u77e5\u8b58\u5e38\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u6538\u95dc\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u958b\u653e\u53c3\u8207\u7684\uff08Freidson 4-5\uff09\u3002\u9019\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u4f7f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u5a01\u8105\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b76\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6c7a\u7b56\u61c9\u7576\u958b\u653e\u7d66\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u300c<strong>\u5916\u884c<\/strong>\u300d\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u5236\u5ea6\u8cc7\u683c\u8a3c\u660e\u7684\u4eba\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u5e38\u56e0\u70ba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8cc7\u683c\u8a3c\u660e\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u6c7a\u7b56\u904e\u7a0b\u8207\u8cc7\u6e90\u904b\u7528\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u6216\u5916\u884c\u76e3\u7763\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u548c\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u793e\u7fa4\uff09\u81ea\u4e3b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u9019\u985e\u63d0\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u885d\u7a81\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u800c\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u985e\u63d0\u6cd5\u5728\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u300d\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\u662f\u5f88\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u3002\u5176\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0d\u5916\u4e4e\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u61c9\u53d7\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u5916\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5e72\u64fe\u4e91\u4e91<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><strong>[6]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e00\u8a9e\u9053\u7834\u5730\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u3014\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u3015\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u91d1\u9322\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u4e0d\u8981\u5c0d\u61c9\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u4e4b\u8aaa\u8a5e&#8230;\u300d\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b99\uff09\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5f9e\u7d0d\u7a05\u4eba\u8655\u53d6\u5f97\u91d1\u9322\u4ee5\u767c\u5c55\u6602\u8cb4\u7684\u300c\u5927\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\uff08big science\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u62d2\u7d55\u7d0d\u7a05\u4eba\u76e3\u7763\u6216\u53c3\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u6c7a\u7b56\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u7559\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u8ac7\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u6642\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5047\u8a2d\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u7de0\u9020\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6f2b\u9577\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u5206\u96e2\u4ee5\u53ca\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u800c\u9054\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5fc5\u9808\u4e0d\u53d7\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u5e72\u9810\u300d\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300bviii\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u64d4\u5fc3\u7531\u65bc\u5916\u884c\u7684\u76e3\u7763\u800c\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\u53d7\u5230\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u5e72\u9810\uff1b\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u5916\u884c\u300d\u4e0d\u4f46\u6709\u6b0a\u5229\u5728\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b78\uff09\u4e2d\u9078\u64c7\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b86-87\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u7531\u65bc\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u6539\u9769\u800c\u4f7f\u300c\u5916\u884c\u300d\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\uff09\u5177\u5099\u5c0d\u8af8\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u5224\u65b7\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b308-309\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e5f\u7531\u65bc\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u9019\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u8655\u7406\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u554f\u984c\u2500\u2500\u56e0\u70ba\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8a8d\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u61c9\u7576\u5206\u958b\uff1b\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\uff0c\u7368\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u65e9\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\uff0c\u65e9\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u5546\u696d\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4e86\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b100\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u81ea\u7531\u300d\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5411\u4eba\u6c11\u5439\u5653\u79d1\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u7d66\u4eba\u6c11\u6d17\u8166\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b306\uff09\u3002<strong>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u81ea\u4e3b\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8aaa\u8a5e\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u7576\u7136\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u62b5\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u5546\u696d\u5e72\u9810\u5f71\u97ff\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u8aaa\u8a5e\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u5be6\u8108\u7d61\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u7684\u300c\u5916\u884c\u300d\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u3001\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u52d5\u614b\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2<\/strong>\u3002\u9019\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u4e14\u61c9\u88ab\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u8a71\u984c\u537b\u5728\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5f9e\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5c0d\u5916\u884c\u76e3\u7763\u6216\u53c3\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4e0d\u4f46\u5c0d\u50cf\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u8ab2\u7a0b\u554f\u984c\uff09\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u61c9\u7528\u7b49\u554f\u984c\u6709\u6b0a\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u6709\u6b0a\u53c3\u8207\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b86-87, 96-98\u3002\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300b258-259\u3002\uff09\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u81f3\u5c11\u90e8\u4efd\u548c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5426\u5b9a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u6709\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u4e4b\u5340\u5206\u76f8\u547c\u61c9\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u4e00\u65e6\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u5340\u5206\u88ab\u6cef\u6ec5\u4e86\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u5340\u5206\u4fbf\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u4eba\u70ba\u7684\u300d\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b306\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u9760\u8457\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u7d44\u7e54\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u5340\u5225\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\uff09\uff1b\u6545\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u651c\u5e36\u8005\uff08\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u5c08\u5bb6\u300d\uff09\u548c\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u651c\u5e36\u8005\uff08\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u5916\u884c\u300d\uff09\u5169\u8005\u7684\u5340\u5206\u4e5f\u4fbf\u53ea\u6709\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e86\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b303-304\uff09\u3002\u6309\u7167\u9019\u500b\u908f\u8f2f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u50cf\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6703\u5ba3\u7a31\uff1a\u5c08\u5bb6\u8207\u5916\u884c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5340\u5206\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u5916\u884c\u4e0d\u50cf\u5c08\u5bb6\u90a3\u6a23\u901a\u904e\u8003\u8a66\u800c\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u8cc7\u683c\u8b49\u660e\u6216\u53d7\u96c7\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u6a5f\u69cb\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8b49\u5c08\u5bb6\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u53d6\u5f97\u4e0a\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5c0d\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5225\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u53ea\u6703\u9020\u6210\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7121\u6cd5\u96c6\u601d\u5ee3\u7fa9\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u53cd\u7701\uff0c\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9032\u5c55\u662f\u6709\u5bb3\u7684\u3002\uff08\u6bd4\u8f03\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b\u5340\u5206\u6709\u5bb3\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u5c55\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a\u300a\u53cd\u300b306\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u5eab\u6069\u5f0f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6279\u8a55\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u300c\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u6709\u76ca\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u5c55\u300d\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<strong>\u5c08\u5bb6\u8207\u5916\u884c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5340\u5206\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e43\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u5165\u6210\u719f\u671f\u7684\u7522\u7269<\/strong>\uff1b\u5171\u4eab\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u4e4b\u5e38\u614b\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7121\u9808\u518d\u70ba\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u984c\u7b49\u722d\u5435\u4e0d\u4f11\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u56e0\u70ba\u7e2e\u5c0f\u7bc4\u570d\u8207\u773c\u754c\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u800c\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u8a73\u7d30\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u8207\u6548\u7387\uff08effectiveness and efficiency\uff09\u5927\u589e\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u8aaa\u662f\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u7684\uff08cf. Kuhn 80, 86\uff09\u3002\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5916\u884c\u4e0d\u8207\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u5206\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u5178\u7bc4\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u52e2\u5fc5\u9020\u6210\u7121\u6548\u7387\u7684\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6487\u958b\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u5c55\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u52a9\u6216\u6709\u5bb3\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u8ac7\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff1a\u5728\u5e38\u614b\u79d1\u5b78\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u5916\u884c\u548c\u5c08\u5bb6\u540c\u4eab\u5171\u901a\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7e3d\u662f\u5c0f\u65bc\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u540c\u4eab\u5171\u901a\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u7528\u5eab\u6069\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u548c\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u6e2c\uff1a\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5171\u8b58\uff08\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u7684\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u7684&#8230;\uff09\u7e3d\u662f\u591a\u65bc\u5c08\u5bb6\u8207\u5916\u884c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5171\u8b58\u6216\u5178\u7bc4\u5fc5\u7136\u548c\u5c08\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\uff08\u5c08\u696d\u8a13\u7df4\u9020\u6210\u6216\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u5c08\u5bb6\u8207\u5916\u884c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5340\u5206\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u5340\u5206\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u65b7\u8aaa\u5171\u8b58\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u8207\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5c07\u4e4b\u653e\u5728\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u3001\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u4f86\u770b\u3002\u5373\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f<strong>\u5c08\u5bb6\u8207\u5916\u884c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5340\u5206\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5c08\u5bb6\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\uff08<\/strong><strong>knowledge production<\/strong><strong>\uff09\u7684\u6548\u7387<\/strong>\uff1b\u800c\u5c08\u5bb6\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u2500\u2500\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5171\u540c\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u5f7c\u6b64\u5747\u9ed8\u6703\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08tacit knowledge\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u300c\u884c\u898f\u300d\u6216\u502b\u7406\u3001\u67d0\u500b\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u300c\u50b3\u7d71\u300d\u6b0a\u5a01\u3001\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u539f\u5247\u7b49\u7b49\u2500\u2500\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u5e6b\u52a9\u5c08\u5bb6\u5011\u5f7c\u6b64\u5206\u5de5\u5408\u4f5c\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\u4e26\u4e14\u5f62\u6210\u5718\u968a\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6e90\u4e5f\u662f\u5340\u5206\u5c08\u5bb6\u8207\u5916\u884c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5206\u5de5\u8207\u5167\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u6a5f\u5236\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u7e7c\u7e8c\u7dad\u6301\u8457\u9019\u4e9b\u5340\u5206\u6216\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u6545\u800c<strong>\u4f7f\u63d0\u9ad8\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u4e4b\u6548\u7387\u8207\u751f\u7522\u529b\u6210\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u540c\u610f\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u751f\u7522\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u751f\u7522\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5206\u5de5\u8207\u5167\u90e8\u89d2\u8272\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5bb0\u5236\u6216\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u4fc2\u70ba\u63d0\u9ad8\u751f\u7522\u529b\uff08productivity\uff09\u8207\u751f\u7522\u6548\u7387\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u751f\u7522\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u53ca\u5176\u751f\u7522\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u4e5f\u6b63\u626e\u6f14\u4e86\u50cf\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u5bb0\u5236\u822c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u63d0\u9ad8\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u6548\u7387\u8207\u751f\u7522\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e<\/strong><strong>power<\/strong>\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u73fe\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u77e5\uff0c\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u5bb3\u751f\u7522\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4e43\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u5011\u672a\u7d93\u7d00\u5f8b\u6216\u4e0d\u5b88\u7d00\u5f8b\uff08disciplined\uff0c\u6b64\u5b57\u4ea6\u4f5c\u300c\u5b78\u79d1\u300d\u89e3\uff09\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5979\u5011\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u53d7\u5236\u5ea6\u734e\u61f2\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53d7\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u2500\u2500\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5916\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u300c\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u8207\u76ee\u6a19\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u5979\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u63a5\u53d7\u5979\u5728\u67d0\u7814\u7a76\u8a08\u5283\u4e2d\u88ab\u6307\u5b9a\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6216\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u5c08\u5bb6\u516c\u8a8d\u300c\u61c9\u7576\u300d\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u8207\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1b\u60df\u6709\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u4e0a\u5c64\u624d\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u63a7\u5236\u8a08\u5283\u7684\u6b65\u9a5f\u8207\u57f7\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5916\u884c\uff08\u751a\u81f3\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u4e0b\u5c64\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u54e1\uff09\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ce6\u8207\u9019\u7a2e\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u662f\u5979\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u95dc\u6574\u500b\u8a08\u756b\u4e4b\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9019\u500b<strong>\u5f9e\u751f\u7522\u6548\u7387\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5916\u884c\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u8cea\u7591<\/strong>\uff08\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u9810\u6599\u5230\u9019\u985e\u8cea\u7591\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u61c9\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u4ee5\u300c\u66b4\u6c11\u7d71\u6cbb\u300d\uff08mob rule\uff09\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4f86\u8cea\u7591\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c3\u8207\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6548\u7387\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u5e38\u88ab\u7528\u4f86\u8cea\u7591\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c3\u8207\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u300c\u66b4\u6c11\u7d71\u6cbb\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6548\u7387\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u5747\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u67d0\u500b\u5148\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u76ee\u7684\uff08\u5982\u5c0b\u6c42\u79d1\u5b78\u771f\u7406\u3001\u7d2f\u7a4d\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u767c\u5c55\u79d1\u5b78\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u76ee\u7684<strong>\u53ea\u662f\u793e\u6703\u6574\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e2d\u67d0\u500b\u6b21\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u6216\u76ee\u7684<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u751f\u7522\u6d3b\u52d5\u9019\u7a2e\u6b21\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u70ba\u9054\u5230\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u63a1\u53d6\u5408\u4e4e\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u884c\u52d5\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6b21\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u76ee\u7684\uff0d\u7406\u6027\u884c\u52d5\u300d\uff08purposive-rational action\uff09\u7684\u539f\u5247\u6216\u898f\u5247\uff0c<strong>\u82e5\u7167\u54c8\u4f2f\u746a\u65af\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7121\u9650\u5236\u5730\u5f9e\u5176\u539f\u4f86\u9069\u7528\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u6b21\u7cfb\u7d71\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6574\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7cfb\u7d71<\/strong>\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u4e0d\u80fd\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u6574\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u6574\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7d71\u6216\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u539f\u5247\u8207\u898f\u7bc4\uff0c\u548c\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u9019\u500b\u6b21\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u539f\u5247\u8207\u898f\u7bc4\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e0d\u61c9\u4ee5\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u898f\u5247\u4f86\u898f\u7bc4<\/strong>\uff08cf. Habermas 96\uff09\u3002<strong>\u8207\u54c8\u4f2f\u746a\u65af\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e0d\u4f46\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u9019\u500b\u6b21\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e0d\u61c9\u64f4\u5f35\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u61c9\u8a72\u652f\u914d\uff0f\u51cc\u99d5<\/strong><strong>\uff08<\/strong><strong>overrule<\/strong><strong>\uff09<\/strong><strong>\u6b21\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\u8207\u50f9\u503c<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300b258-259\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u61c9\u8a72\u652f\u914d\uff0f\u51cc\u99d5\u300c\u771f\u7406\u300d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b86-87\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u652f\u914d\uff0f\u51cc\u99d5\u300d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u751a\u81f3\u662f\uff1a\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6c11\u4e3b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u8207\u66f4\u5fb9\u5e95\u5730\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b309\uff09\u3002\u56b4\u683c\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u88cf\u89f8\u53ca\u7684\u61c9\u8a72\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u61c9\u8a72\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5fc5\u9808\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u4e43\u662f\u5354\u5546\uff08negotiation\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u975e\uff08\u50cf\u54c8\u4f2f\u746a\u65af\u8aaa\u7684\uff09\u300c\u7d14\u9760\u8f03\u4f73\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u300d\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002\uff08\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\u300c\u8ad6\u8b49\u300d\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5ba3\u50b3\uff1a\u300a\u53cd\u300b308\uff09\u4e0d\u904e\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u537b\u5c0d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u5354\u5546\u7684\u554f\u984c\u8457\u58a8\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7b49\u4e0b\u6703\u518d\u8655\u7406\u5b83\u5011\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u8cb3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u8ac7\u5230\u79d1\u5b78\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u512a\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u50cf\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u795e\u8a71\uff09\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u4e2d\u7372\u76ca\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u5230<strong>\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u505a\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0f\u5bb0\u5236<\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;\u300c\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u5f9e\u4f86\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u548c\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6574\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u3001\u795e\u8a71\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u9ad4\u6709\u904e\u516c\u5e73\u7af6\u722d\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u795e\u8a71\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6d88\u5931\u6216\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u6bd4\u8f03\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9580\u5f92\u662f\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8239\u5805\u70ae\u5229\u58d3\u5236\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3002\u9019\u4e4b\u4e2d\u65e2\u7121\u3014\u5c0d\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\u3015\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\u6bd4\u8f03\u3014\u897f\u65b9\u8207\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u5169\u8005\u7684\u3015\u65b9\u6cd5\u8207\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u6b96\u6c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u93ae\u58d3\u3002&#8230;\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u512a\u8d8a\u6027\u4e0d\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u8ad6\u8b49\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u3001\u9ad4\u5236\u7684\u3001\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u8ecd\u4e8b\u58d3\u529b\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u300b102\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5beb\u8457\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u5c0d\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u6c11\u65cf\u4e4b\u93ae\u58d3\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u6c11\u65cf\u4e0d\u4f46\u81ea\u8eab\u88ab\u93ae\u58d3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u667a\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u4e26\u88ab\u8feb\u63a5\u53d7\u55dc\u8840\u7684\u535a\u611b\u5b97\u6559\u2500\u2500\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u3002\u3014\u88ab\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u4e2d\u3015\u6700\u8070\u660e\u7684\u9084\u5f97\u5230\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u734e\u8cde\u2500\u2500\u2026\u2026\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u3002&#8230;&#8230;\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u50b3\u7d71\u6beb\u7121\u8ad6\u8b49\u75d5\u8de1\u5730\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u8207\u5fc3\u9748\u5747\u53d7\u5974\u5f79\u3002\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u300b299\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u52fe\u52d2\u51fa\u4e86\uff08\u897f\u65b9\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u72af\u89d2\u8272\uff1a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0d\u79d1\u5b78\uff0d\u57fa\u7763\u6559<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\"><strong>[7]<\/strong><\/a>\uff0c\uff08\u9019\u4e09\u8005\u5747\u5ba3\u7a31\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u9032\u6b65\u3001\u7e41\u69ae\u3001\u6587\u660e\u3001\u555f\u8499\u3001\u8207\u7f8e\u597d\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5247\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5974\u5f79\u6216\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u4efd\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u8b49\u660e\u897f\u65b9\u512a\u8d8a\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9664\u4e86\u8239\u5805\u70ae\u5229\u9019\u7a2e\u5974\u5f79\u5bb0\u5236\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684power\uff08\u529b\u91cf\uff09\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u9019\u7a2e\u5974\u5f79\u5fc3\u9748\u667a\u8b58\u7684Power<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\"><strong>[8]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5728\u8a55\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b<strong>\u8cb7\u8fa6\u968e\u5c64<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e5f\u6975\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u800c\u5728\u6b96\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7372\u6709\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u968e\u5c64\u5229\u76ca\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u300c\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u529b\u91cf\u300d\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5c1a\u5728\u591a\u8655\u8ac7\u53ca\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u9664\u4e86\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u754c\u79d1\u5b78\u53ea\u662f\u773e\u591a\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u7a2e\u300d\u5916\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300b3\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f37\u8abf\u77e5\u8b58\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08<em>Farewell to Reason<\/em>\u300a\u518d\u898b\u7406\u6027\u300b82-85\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u4f8b\u5982<strong>\u4e2d\u91ab<\/strong>\u2500\u2500\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6700\u559c\u6b61\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e4b\u4e00<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\uff09\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u98f2\u98df\u6587\u5316\u3001\u4fdd\u5065\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u89c0\u5ff5\u3001\u6027\uff0f\u6027\u5225\u6587\u5316\u3001\u91ab\u85e5\u5de5\u696d\u8207\u76f8\u95dc\u5546\u696d\u3001\u4eba\u969b\u7db2\u7d61\u3001\u91ab\u85e5\u4fdd\u96aa\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u7b49\u2500\u2500\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u2500\u2500\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u58d3\u6291\u6216\u53d6\u4ee3\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u89c0\u5ff5\u300d\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u8a31\u591a\u6709\u95dc\u7269\u8cea\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u8b1b\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u5148\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u7531\u570b\u5bb6\u5f37\u52a0\uff08impose\uff09\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u53c8\u51fa\u53e3\uff08export\uff09\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u518d\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\uff1b\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u5dee\u7570\u3001\u672c\u571f\u5de5\u85dd\u3001\u98a8\u4fd7\u7fd2\u6163\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u9019\u500b\u300c\u5f37\u52a0\uff0d\u51fa\u53e3\uff0d\u5f37\u52a0\u300d\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u80cc\u5f8c\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u6975\u6709\u529b\u7684\u3001\u4f86\u81ea\u96c6\u5718\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u667a\u8b58\u4e0a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u652f\u6301\uff08\u300a\u518d\u898b\u7406\u6027\u300b2\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8a73\u8ac7\u9019\u4e9b\u6975\u6709\u529b\u4e4b\u96c6\u5718\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5206\u6790\u300c\u5f37\u52a0\uff0d\u51fa\u53e3\uff0d\u5f37\u52a0\u300d\u7684\u6a5f\u5236\uff08mechanism\uff09\u3002\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5728\u5730\u7522\u54c1\uff08local commodity\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u8a2d\u8a08\u4f86\u6eff\u8db3\u5728\u5730\u7684\uff08local\uff09\u9700\u6c42\u548c\u89e3\u6c7a\u5728\u5730\u7684\u554f\u984c\u300d\uff08\u300a\u518d\u898b\u7406\u6027\u300b28\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u7576\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u51fa\u53e3\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u518d\u751f\u7522\uff08reproduce\u8907\u88fd\uff09\u81ea\u5df1\uff1f\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5982\u679c\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5b83\u53c8\u6eff\u8db3\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u8ab0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u6216\u5229\u76ca\uff1f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6697\u793a\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u80fd\u7d50\u5408\u539f\u4f86\u5728\u5730\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u662f\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u300a\u518d\u898b\u7406\u6027\u300b85\uff09\u4e26\u4e14\u5b83\u80fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5730\u88ab\u300c\u53d6\u7528\u300d\uff08appropriate\uff09\uff08\u300a\u518d\u898b\u7406\u6027\u300b28\uff09\uff1b\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u61c9\u5148\u63a2\u7a76\u51fa\u53e3\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u88ab<strong>\u77e5\u8b58\u8cb7\u8fa6<\/strong>\u53d6\u7528\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\u5f9e\u300c\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53d6\u7528\u9032\u53e3\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u5230\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53d6\u7528\u9032\u53e3\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u4e4b\u9032\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6211\u5011\u4e3b\u8981\u5229\u7528\u7684\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u6578\u500b\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u9023\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff1b\u9019\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u9996\u5148\u767c\u73fe\u6216\u8f03\u5b8c\u5099\u5730\u767c\u5c55\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6db5\u7fa9\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u627e\u5f97\u5230\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u66f4\u5b8c\u5099\u5730\u767c\u5c55<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\"><strong>[10]<\/strong><\/a>\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6b63\u5982\u6587\u7ae0\u958b\u982d\u8655\u5c0d\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7b56\u7565\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u5c31\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff08text\uff09\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u958b\u59cb\u8ad6\u53ca\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5c07\u5c0d\u524d\u9762\u6578\u7a2e\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e4b\u6db5\u7fa9\u52a0\u4ee5\u767c\u5c55\u5916\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u767c\u6398\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u53c3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u4f86\u81ea\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u53ca\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ed6\u5011\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u5408\u6d41\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u5408\u6d41\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u767c\u5c55\u80cc\u666f\u8207\u8da8\u52e2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u628a\u79d1\u5b78\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u667a\u6027\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u5167\u5bb9\u4e0d\u53d7\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u6216\u56e0\u7d20\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u81ea\u7136\u6703\u5340\u5206\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff08\u524d\u8005\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7d44\u7e54\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6d89\u8db3\u79d1\u5b78\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5247\u7814\u7a76\u90a3\u4e9b\u6703\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u4e0b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u81ea\u8eab\u6709\u4e00\u5167\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u793e\u6703\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u50c5\u80fd\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u79d1\u5b78\u6703\u4e0d\u53d7\u793e\u6703\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5247\u5617\u8a66\u53bb\u91cd\u5efa\u90a3\u500b\u5167\u5728\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u52d5\u6416\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5169\u500b\u5340\u5206\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5c0d\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u3001\u7279\u5225\u662f\u58a8\u9813\uff08R. K. Merton\uff09\u4e4b\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u773e\u6240\u516c\u8a8d\uff0c\u5eab\u6069\u5c0d\u52d5\u6416\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5340\u5206\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u6700\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6309\u7167M. D. King\u5c0d\u5eab\u6069\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u5eab\u6069\u5426\u8a8d\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u4fc2\u6309\u7167\u4e00\u500b\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3001\u975e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u800c\u5c55\u958b\u7684\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u662f\u88ab\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u500b\u5225\u7684\u3001\u300c\u5728\u5730\u7684\u300d\uff08local\uff09\u50b3\u7d71\u6240\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u50b3\u7d71\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff08King 5\uff09\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5728\u77e5\u8b58\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e0d\u662f\uff08\u50cf\u58a8\u9813\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff09\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u975e\u793e\u6703\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u6240\u652f\u914d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d7\u5728\u5730\u7684\u3001\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u6240\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u50b3\u7d71\u66ff\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u5be6\u969b\u505a\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u5eab\u6069\u8b02\u4e4b\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\uff09\u754c\u5b9a\u4e86\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u6216\u61c9\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u7d50\u8ad6\u3001\u6210\u679c\uff09\u624d\u7b97\u4f5c\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u50b3\u7d71\u6240\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u79d1\u5b78\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u4e26\u70ba\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u6240\u8a8d\u53ef\u4e14\u6295\u8eab\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5373\u662f\u300c\u5178\u7bc4\u300d\uff08King 21\uff09\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8a6e\u91cb\u89d2\u5ea6\u56fa\u7121\u7279\u5225\u65b0\u5947\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u9ede\u51fa\u4e86\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u7522\u7269\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c<strong>\u5e38\u614b\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u9019\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u63a7\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u9769\u547d\u5247\u662f\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u6b0a\u529b\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u53cd\u6297<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5f9eKing\u5c0d\u5eab\u6069\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u4f86\u770b\uff0c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u7531\u79d1\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01<\/strong><strong>\u2500\u2500<\/strong><strong>\u800c\u975e\u7406\u6027<\/strong><strong>\u2500\u2500<\/strong><strong>\u6240\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7cfb\u7d71<\/strong>\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u6b0a\u5a01\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6027\u8cea\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u5178\u7bc4\u4f86\u904b\u7528\u5176\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u53d6\u4ee3\u6216\u63a8\u7ffb\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5eab\u6069\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5c07\u79d1\u5b78\u7576\u4f5c\u67d0\u7a2e\u6b0a\u529b\u7cfb\u7d71\u3001\u7576\u4f5c\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u50b3\u7d71\u4e4b\u6b0a\u5a01\u70ba\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u793e\u6703\u63a7\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u6cd5\u4e26\u4e0d\u96e3\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u2500\u2500\u53ea\u8981\u6211\u5011\u80fd\u770b\u5230\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u904b\u7528\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u548c\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\uff1b\u6b63\u5982\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5a01\u4e4b\u904b\u7528\u5373\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u5be6\u8e10\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\uff08\u800c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e92\u76f8\u69cb\u6210\uff08mutually constituting\uff09\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u601d\u8def\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u6b0a\u529b\u4e26\u975e\u7121\u5f62\u9ad4\u7684\uff08disembodied\uff09\u795e\u7955\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u4ea6\u975e\u96e2\u9b42\u822c\u7684\uff08disembodied\uff09\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u5373\u4ee5\u77e5\u8b58\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u4e26\u975e\u96e2\u9b42\u822c\u7684\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6587\u672c\u3001\u8a00\u8ac7\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u6280\u5de7\u3001\u7269\u54c1\u7b49\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff1b\u77e5\u8b58\u6c38\u9060\u662f\u9ad4\u73fe\u5728\uff08embodied\uff09\u5177\u9ad4\u4e8b\u7269\u8207\u884c\u52d5\u4e2d\u7684<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"><strong>[11]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u56de\u5230\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u53ca\u4e4b\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8207\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5408\u6d41\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u6211\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u662f\u8302\u51f1\uff08Michael Mulkay\uff09\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u7d9c\u8ad6\u6027\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u300b\uff08\u7c21\u7a31\u300a\u79d1\u300b\uff09\u7d9c\u5408\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\uff08\u50cfB. Wynne, J. Law, P. E. Chubin, \u4ee5\u53caEdinburg\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684D. Bloor, B. Barnes\u548cBath\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684H. M. Collins, T. Pinch\u7b49\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u9817\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8302\u51f1\u7684\u300a\u79d1\u300b\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u300c\u5354\u5546\u300d\uff08negotiation\uff09\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u5360\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8aaa\uff0c<strong>\u8302\u51f1\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3001\u5171\u8b58\u3001\u6210\u679c\u3001\u6216\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u793e\u6703\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5efa\u69cb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f4\u63a5\u7531\u7269\u7406\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u7d66\u4e88\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u7d50\u8ad6\u6216\u5171\u8b58\u7684\u9054\u6210\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u6210\u54e1\u5728\u5e73\u7b49\uff08\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u4e2d\u5be6\u969b\u64c1\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u6b0a\u529b\uff09\u3001\u516c\u5e73\u53c3\u8207\uff08\u4e0d\u5e36\u4efb\u4f55\u5148\u898b\u6216\u504f\u898b\uff09\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5834\u5408\u4e2d\uff08\u800c\u975e\u79c1\u4e0b\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u5834\u5408\uff09\uff0c\u9760\u8457\u7d14\u7cb9\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\u900f\u904e\u5354\u5546\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u975e\u516c\u5e73\u53c3\u8207\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5305\u62ec\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5834\u5408\u6216\u79c1\u4eba\u5834\u5408\u4e2d\u9054\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8302\u51f1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u9084\u9808\u8981\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u89e3\u8aaa\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u4f46\u64c1\u6709\u8db3\u4ee5\u63ed\u793a\u5916\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u8a31\u591a\u5df2\u7d93\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u8b49\u64da\u8207\u5224\u6e96\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u53d7\u904e\u9069\u7576\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u53ca\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7d00\u5f8b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u64c1\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u4fee\u990a\u3001\u8207\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8b49\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e0d\u53d7\u793e\u6703\u5916\u5728\u56e0\u7d20\u6216\u500b\u4eba\u56e0\u7d20\u626d\u66f2\u3002\u8302\u51f1\u5247\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u67d0\u500b\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u9069\u7528\u6027\u3001\u67d0\u500b\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3001\u8a55\u4f30\u5be6\u9a57\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u8207\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6280\u8853\u53ca\u8a8d\u77e5\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u6027\u898f\u7bc4\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u7b49\uff0c\u7686\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684<strong>\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90<\/strong>\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u7d55\u5c0d\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5747\u6709\u53ef\u88ab\u518d\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u9918\u5730\uff1b\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u56e0\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u8207\u300c\u5728\u5730\u7684\u300d\uff08local\uff09\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u4e00\u518d\u5730\u88ab\u8a6e\u91cb\u8457\uff0c\u4e00\u518d\u5730\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f86\u8b49\u6210\uff08justify\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\uff08Mulkay,\u300a\u79d1\u300b49-95\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5373\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u516c\u8a8d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u6216\u300c\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u80fd\u50cf\u6b63\u7d71\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u8b49\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u300c\u7406\u6027\u300d\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u908f\u8f2f\u4e0d\u80fd\u300c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u300d\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90<\/strong>\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u53e3\u982d\u4e0a\u63a5\u53d7\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u6216\u908f\u8f2f\uff0c\u4e26\u7528\u4ee5\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u6216\u6311\u6230\u5225\u4eba\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff09\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7684\u95dc\u9023\u662f\u900f\u904e\u8a6e\u91cb\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff1b\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u6216\u6309\u7167\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u908f\u8f2f\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u7d50\u679c<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u88e1\u8aaa\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u8207\u518d\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u5354\u5546\u300d\u3002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ranking\uff09\u63a1\u53d6\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9996\u6b21\u53bb\u63a2\u7d22\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u7a76\u7adf\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u793e\u7fa4\u5167\u6ef2\u900f\u5f97\u591a\u6df1\u9060\u300d\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u300b120\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u4e4b\u5354\u5546\u662f\u4e00\u500b<strong>\u6b0a\u529b\u73fe\u8c61<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u6b0a\u529b\u73fe\u8c61\u65e2\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u53ca\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4e5f\u548c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5236\u5ea6\u7d44\u7e54\u5916\u7684\u6587\u5316\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u529b\u76f8\u95dc\u2500\u2500\u56e0\u70ba\u5354\u5546\u6642\u6240\u904b\u7528\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u975e\u6280\u8853\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u8302\u51f1\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u8302\u51f1\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u5728\u904e\u53bb\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u4e2d\u95dc\u65bc\u968e\u5c64\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u734e\u52f5\u7cfb\u7d71\u3001\u512a\u52e2\u7a4d\u7d2f\u7b49\u73fe\u8c61\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f03\u5c11\u8457\u91cd\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5ee3\u6cdb\u4e14\u6df1\u5165\u7684\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff09\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u6027\u5225\u3001\u65cf\u7fa4\u7b49\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a8\u8ad6\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u671b\u79d1\u5b78\u5354\u5546\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u65b9\u80fd\u5920\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u516c\u5e73\u53c3\u8207\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u4e0a\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u55ae\u55ae\u9054\u5230\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u4e4b\u5916\u6574\u500b\u5ee3\u5927\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u624d\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u8086<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u6211\u5011\u9019\u500b\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u300d\uff08knowledge society\uff09\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\uff0c\u95dc\u4fc2\u8457\u7279\u5225\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u9019\u4fbf\u662f<strong>\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u6216\u5c08\u5bb6\u6cbb\u570b<\/strong>\uff08technocracy\uff09\u3002\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\uff0f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5df4\u6069\u65af\uff08Barry Barnes\uff09\u5728\u6279\u8a55\u54c8\u4f2f\u746a\u65af\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u610f\u54c8\u4f2f\u746a\u65af\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u5747\uff08\u7b49\uff09\u300d\u5728\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e2d\u548c\u300c\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u5747\uff08\u7b49\uff09\u300d\u76f8\u5c0d\u61c9\uff08Barnes 99\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u6db5\u7fa9\uff1b\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u6b0a\u529b\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u6280\u8853\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5206\u914d\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff1a\u64c1\u6709\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u6280\u8853\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u8d8a\u591a\u6a5f\u6703\u6216\u624b\u6bb5\u64c1\u6709\u6280\u8853\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5c31\u64c1\u6709\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff08Barnes 100\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u6069\u65af\u8ac7\u53ca\u6b64\u554f\u984c\u6642\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u5747\u9020\u6210\u4e26\u4e14\u7dad\u6301\u4e86\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u5747\uff08104\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u770b\u6cd5\u6703\u5f15\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u500b\u96e3\u984c\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5c08\u9580\u5316\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5fc5\u8981\u4e4b\u60e1\uff08Barnes 24\uff09\u2500\u2500\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5c08\u9580\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6280\u8853\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7919\u6b0a\u529b\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u537b\u4e5f\u6709\u5176\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u6027\u8207\u597d\u8655\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u70ba\u4e86\u6b0a\u529b\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u8005\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5c08\u9580\u5316\u7684\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u5931\u53bb\u5c08\u9580\u5316\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff08Barnes 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as Science: An Essay on the Relation Between Scientific and Everyday Knowledge&#8221;\uff09\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6ce2\u65b0\u986f\u793a\u50b3\u7d71\u52a9\u7522\u8853\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u7a2e\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6709\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u6703\u529f\u80fd\uff08&#8221;Midwifery&#8221; 370-372, 375, 316\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f<strong>\u52a9\u7522\u8853\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5316<\/strong>\u904e\u7a0b\u4e26\u975e\u4ec0\u9ebc\u555f\u8499\u6230\u52dd\u8499\u6627\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5149\u91c7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u52a9\u7522\u58eb\u5747\u70ba\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u91ab\u5b78\u9010\u6b65\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7121\u6cd5\u9032\u5165\u5927\u5b78\u53bb\u5b78\u7fd2\u89e3\u5256\u5b78\u4ee5\u767c\u5c55\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u52a9\u7522\u8853\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u7537\u6027\u91ab\u5e2b\u58df\u65b7\u4e86\u8655\u7406\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\uff08&#8221;Midwifery&#8221; 376\uff09\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u6ce2\u65b0\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u4e0d\u540c\u77e5\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u5c0d\u6297\u6642\u2500\u2500\u4ea6\u5373\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u6392\u51fa\u512a\u52a3\u9ad8\u4e0b\u6642\u2500\u2500\u6975\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u64c1\u6709\u8005\u70ba\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6b0a\u529b\u4f5c\u793e\u6703\u9b25\u722d\u4e4b\u6642\u3002\u9019\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u5c1a\u70ba\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5c08\u5bb6\u8207\u793e\u6703\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u7d50\u76df\u300d\u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u5f85\u601d\u8003\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u79d1\u5b78\u5c08\u5bb6\u4ecd\u5805\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u300c\u6bd4\u8f03\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\u6216\u512a\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u6bcf\u65e5\u751f\u6d3b\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u79d1\u5b78\u5c08\u5bb6\u80fd\u5426\u771f\u7684\u548c\u88ab\u5979\u6240\u300c\u670d\u52d9\u300d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u96c6\u5718\u5e73\u7b49\uff1f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u6ce2\u65b0\u90a3\u88cf\u5f97\u5230\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u9748\u611f\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u8981\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u4e2d\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\u53d6\u5f97\u512a\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u300c\u5f8c\u8a2d\u6027\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u898f\u7bc4\u6027\u6216\u898f\u7d04\u6027\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c<strong>\u90a3\u9ebc\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5fc5\u9808\u5360\u64da\u4e00\u500b\u6bd4\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u9019\u500b\u6b0a\u529b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u4f86\u63d0\u4f9b\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u66ff\u570b\u5bb6\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u5b98\u50da<\/strong>\uff0c\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u5bcc\u52d2\uff08Steve Fuller\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u8ac7\u9019\u500b\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u860a\u542b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u4e86\u9054\u6210\u9019\u500b\u512a\u4f4d\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u5bcc\u52d2\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u61c9\u7576\u7531<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u8a55\u4f30<\/strong>\u8f49\u63db\u5230<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u653f\u7b56<\/strong>\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u54f2\u53ca\u5176\u4e0d\u6eff\u300b<em>Philosophy of Science and Its Discontent <\/em>135\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5efa\u8b70\u4e2d\u89f8\u53ca\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u56fa\u7136\u4ecd\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u570b\u5bb6\uff09\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5e72\u9810\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u6216\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u9593\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5df2\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u5316\u4e86\uff08rationalization\uff09\u3002\u5f9e\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u900f\u904e\u5c08\u5bb6\u77e5\u8b58\u4f86\u7d71\u6cbb\u4eba\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f<strong>\u900f\u904e\u5c08\u5bb6\u77e5\u8b58\u4f86\u7d71\u6cbb\u5c08\u5bb6<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u5bcc\u52d2\u5efa\u8b70\u7684\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u90b1\u8cd3\u8207\u745e\u65af\u63d0\u6c83\uff08Daryl E. Chubin and Sal Restivo\uff09\u5247\u6697\u793a\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u2500\u2500\u6216\u66f4\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5f8c\u8a2d\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u7b49\uff09\u2500\u2500<strong>\u61c9\u8207\u4eba\u6c11\u529b\u91cf\u7d50\u5408<\/strong>\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5f8c\u8a2d\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u61c9\u6210\u70ba\u300c<strong>\u793e\u6703\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u8207\u904b\u52d5\u8005<\/strong>\u300d\uff08Chubin &amp; Restivo 62\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u90b1\u8cd3\u8207\u745e\u65af\u63d0\u6c83\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u5373\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f5c\u51fa\u67d0\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u5f35\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52d5\uff0874\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u5f80\u5f80\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f8c\u8a2d\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6216\u300c\u653f\u7b56\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u300d\uff0875\uff09\uff0c\u61c9\u95e1\u660e\u79d1\u5b78\u8cc7\u6599\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e0a\u81ea\u5229\u4e26\u7406\u6027\u5316\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u8cc7\u6599\u5982\u4f55\u7dad\u6301\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u53d7\u56db\u5468\u6587\u5316\u5f71\u97ff\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u5047\u8c61\uff0c\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u8cc7\u6599\u5982\u4f55\u59a8\u7919\u6b63\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u884c\u52d5\uff0863\uff09\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f8c\u8a2d\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e0d\u518d\u5047\u88dd\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u4e0d\u504f\u4e0d\u501a\u7684\uff08non-partisan\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u653f\u7b56\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u6279\u5224\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u5979\u6703\u6307\u51fa\uff08prescribe\uff09\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u8cc7\u6599\u61c9\u7576\u6216\u4e0d\u61c9\u7576\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0863-66\uff09\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"><strong>[12]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u4f0d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6709\u95dc\u5bcc\u52d2\u3001\u90b1\u8cd3\u3001\u8207\u7aef\u65af\u63d0\u6c83\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u89f8\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u860a\u6db5\u53ca\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b97\u662f\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff0c\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u5404\u7a2e\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8457\u58a8\u6700\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8b02\u6fb3\u6d32\u5b78\u6d3e\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\uff08Alan Chalmers\uff09\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u548c\u67d0\u7a2e\u300c\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u300d\u79d1\u54f2\u89c0\u9ede\u4e4b\u6298\u8877\uff1a\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u652f\u6301\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5c0d\u666e\u904d\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c0d\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u2500\u2500\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u512a\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u2500\u2500\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u300b<em>What Is This Thing Called Science<\/em><em>\uff1f<\/em>140-141\uff09\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u5c1a\u8a66\u5716\u4fdd\u5b58\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5176\u865b\u69cb\u300b<em>Science and Its Fabrication<\/em> 3\uff1b\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u300b124-132, 136\uff09\uff1b\u4e0d\u904e\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u8b93\u653f\u6cbb\uff08\u6b0a\u529b\uff09\u7684\u6b78\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6b78\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5c0d\u4ed6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u672c\u4f86\u65e9\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u90fd\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8b70\u984c\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5176\u865b\u69cb\u300b1-3\uff09\u3002\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u53ea\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u5340\u5206\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6027\u8a55\u4f30\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\uff08\u5982\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\uff09\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff0c\u552f\u6709\uff08\u70ba\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u76ee\u6a19\u800c\u9032\u884c\u7684\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u7121\u6cd5\u548c\u8ffd\u6c42\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5176\u865b\u69cb\u300b116, 40\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u96d6\u7136\u540c\u610f\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u300c\u6c92\u6709\u666e\u904d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d\u4e4b\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u300c\u4e0d\u540c\u6b77\u53f2\u6642\u671f\u4e4b\u53ef\u8b8a\u52d5\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u8207\u6a19\u6e96\u300d\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5176\u865b\u69cb\u300b6-23\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e26\u975e\u300c\u600e\u9ebc\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u300d\uff08anything goes\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6027\u8a55\u4f30\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u8a55\u4f30\u9084\u662f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u7121\u6cd5\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u958b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u2500\u2500\u5982\u5efa\u7acb\u53ef\u61c9\u7528\u65bc\u5be6\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e4b\u6982\u62ec\uff08generalization\uff09\u3001\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u4e0d\u65b7\u6539\u9032\u64f4\u5145\u6210\u9577\u7b49\u2500\u2500\u5c31\u88ab\u985b\u8986\u4e0d\u898b\u4e86\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5176\u865b\u69cb\u300b121-122, 24, 38-40\uff09\u3002\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u5728\u6b64\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u7406\u7531\u662f\u50b3\u7d71\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u4e2d\u58a8\u9813\uff08Merton\uff09\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u8faf\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8a73\u7d30\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6216\u8003\u616e\u8af8\u5982\u8302\u51f1\u7b49\u4eba\u5c0d\u58a8\u9813\u6b64\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff08cf. Mulkay\u300a\u79d1\u300b63-70\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u4e26\u4e0d\u56e0\u800c\u4e3b\u5f35\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u76ee\u6a19\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u61c9\u512a\u5148\u88ab\u5be6\u73fe\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u5176\u865b\u69cb\u300b40\uff09\uff1b\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0d\u61c9\u5c07\u793e\u6703\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u554f\u984c\u6a21\u7cca\u5316\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u61c9\u63d0\u9632\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u7684\u5371\u96aa\uff08124-125\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6fb3\u6d32\u5b78\u6d3e\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u770b\u4f86\u5927\u81f4\u548c\u55ac\u83ab\u65af\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u5728\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u4fee\u8fad\u3000<em>The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method<\/em>\u300b\u9019\u672c\u4ee3\u8868\u8a72\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u4e4b\u5c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u7de8\u8005John Schuster and Richard Yeo\u63d0\u8b70\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u904b\u7528\u53ef\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u5c08\u6280\u6027\u8faf\u8ad6\u8207\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7684\u300c\u5167\u90e8\u300d\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u5c64\u6b21\u4e2d\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u5f35\u521d\u6b65\u5730\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u3001\u5354\u5546\u8207\u8a55\u4f30\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8207\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u5c64\u6b21\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u300c\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\u5c64\u6b21\u3002\uff08xi\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5b78\u6d3e\u6210\u54e1\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684David Miller\u5728\u9019\u672c\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e2d\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8a00\u8ac7\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u548c\u63d0\u5021\u6216\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u7279\u5b9a\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u9032\u8def\uff08approach\uff09\u76f8\u95dc\u300d\uff08251\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u66f8\u5c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\uff0c\u7de8\u8005Schuster and Yeo\u4e5f\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5404\u7a2e\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u5e38\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u8207\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u4f5c\u70ba\u8ad6\u8a3c\u8cc7\u6e90\u800c\u7528\u300d\uff08xii\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u548c\u8302\u51f1\u5c07\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u7576\u4f5c\u5728\u8faf\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u7b26\u865f\u6216\u4fee\u8fad\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u6216\u8b74\u8cac\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff08cf. Mulkay\uff0c<em>Science, Technology, and Society<\/em> 120\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u66f4\u70ba\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u662f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c64\u6b21\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8a00\u8ac7\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u5ef6\u7533\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b78\u8853\u653f\u6cbb\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7531\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u4f86\u5340\u5206\u5b78\u6d3e\u8207\u540c\u76df\uff09\u3001\u5b78\u8853\u5206\u79d1\u6216\u5206\u985e\uff08\u5373\u900f\u904e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u4f86\u5206\u5b78\u79d1\uff0c\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5373\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u5340\u5206\uff09\u3001\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5236\u5ea6\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u7d44\u7e54\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u73fe\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u901a\u5e38\u6210\u70ba\u66ff\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u8faf\u8b77\u6216\u5ba3\u50b3\u7684\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u662f\u66ff\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u4f5c\u300c\u516c\u95dc\u300d\uff0c\u66ff\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u6587\u5316\u50f9\u503c\u6253\u5ee3\u544a\u7684\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u7d93\u5e38\u6709\u5404\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u3001\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u3001\u4e0d\u65b7\u4fee\u6539\u8207\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u7e3d\u53ef\u4ee5\u85c9\u8457\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8a00\u8ac7\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u5448\u73fe\u70ba\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u53ca\u50f9\u503c\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u501a\u4ed7\u7684\u5373\u5728\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u6709\u500b\u55ae\u4e00\u666e\u904d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\uff08Schuster and Yeo\uff0c&#8221;Introduction&#8221;\uff0cxiii\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e5f\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u5f97\u5230\u793e\u6703\u7684\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u8302\u51f1\u66fe\u7d93\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u76f8\u4f3c\u770b\u6cd5\uff08\u300a\u79d1\u300b82\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Yeo\u5728\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u2500\u2500\u4f5c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u516c\u95dc\u7684\u4fee\u8fad\u8cc7\u6e90\u2500\u2500\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\u5747\u628a\u81ea\u8eab\u5448\u73fe\u70ba\u53ef\u63a5\u8fd1\u6216\u53ef\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\uff08accessible\uff09\u55ae\u4e00\u7684\uff08single\uff09\u8207\u53ef\u8f49\u79fb\u7684\uff08transferable\uff09\uff08262\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\u90fd\u66fe\u4fc3\u92b7\u904e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u5f62\u8c61\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u88ab\u5f62\u5bb9\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5916\u884c\u6216\u696d\u9918\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u63a5\u8fd1\u6216\u53d6\u5f97\uff0c\u9019\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5efa\u7acb\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5f62\u8c61\uff08264\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5f62\u8c61\u6070\u6210\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u4fc3\u9032\u79d1\u5b78\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5230\u4e86\u5f8c\u4f86\u79d1\u5b78\u66f4\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u5316\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u4fbf\u5f37\u8abf\u79d1\u5b78\u601d\u8003\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u529b\u8207\u5c08\u6280\u6027\uff08272-273\uff09\uff1b\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0cYeo\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u300c\u55ae\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u4e86\u7d71\u4e00\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u7d71\u7684\u5927\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u53bb\u5340\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u512a\u52a3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u6bd4\u8f03\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\uff09\uff08279\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u53ef\u8f49\u79fb\uff0c\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ef6\u7533\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u79d1\u3001\u6216\u4eba\u985e\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u6d3b\u9818\u57df\uff08282-283\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u6fb3\u6d32\u5b78\u6d3e\u5c0d\u65bc\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6240\u4f5c\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53cd\u5c0d\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u3001\u8302\u51f1\u7b49\u4eba\u5c0d\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u6027\u529f\u7528\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff08Schuster and Yeo\uff0c&#8221;Introduction&#8221; xii\uff09\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u5247\u548c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u3001\u8302\u51f1\u7b49\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9ede\u51fa\u79d1\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u7684\u793e\u6703\u529f\u7528\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u529f\u7528\u548c\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u529f\u7528\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u88dc\u5145\u4e86\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7b49\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u4e0d\u5c11\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u9678<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u770b\u53e6\u4e00\u7fa4\uff08cluster\uff09\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u9019\u662f\u7531Joseph Rouse\u7d9c\u5408Bruno Latour\u7b49\u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e\u6d3e<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"><strong>[13]<\/strong><\/a>\u8207\u5085\u67ef\uff08M. Foucault\uff09\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u3002Rouse\u96d6\u4e0d\u662f\u9019\u7fa4\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u7684\u539f\u5275\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u7d9c\u5408\u6bd4\u8f03\u660e\u78ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rouse\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7528\u4f86\u5efa\u7acb\u500b\u9ad4\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\uff08power techniques\uff0c\u5085\u67ef\u7528\u8a9e\uff09\u2500\u2500\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5c07\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5206\u985e\u3001\u6309\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u500b\u5225\u6027\u4f86\u6a19\u660e\u3001\u4e0d\u65b7\u6536\u96c6\u500b\u9ad4\u60c5\u5831\u4ee5\u76e3\u8996\u500b\u9ad4\u7b49\u7b49\u4f5c\u6cd5\u2500\u2500\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u662f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u540c\u6a23\u6280\u8853\uff08\u9019\u500b\u8ad6\u9ede\u4ea6\u5f97\u6b78\u529f\u65bcLatour and Woolgar\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u3002Rouse\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u662f\u5efa\u69cb\u73fe\u8c61\u300c\u5c0f\u300d\u4e16\u754c\uff08micro-world\uff09\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u7269\u9ad4\u53ca\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u55ae\u7368\u5b64\u7acb\u51fa\u4f86\u3001\u88ab\u7c21\u5316\u3001\u88ab\u7de8\u78bc\u6216\u505a\u8a18\u865f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5011\u624d\u80fd\u8a8d\u51fa\u5b83\u5011\u4f86\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\u64cd\u7e31\u63a7\u5236\u5b83\u5011\uff08<em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 102\uff09\u3002Rouse\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u5275\u9020\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8868\u5fb5\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u5167\u5728\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u800c\u88ab\u8a18\u9304\u4e0b\u4f86\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\u50c5\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u5168\u90e8\u8b8a\u5316\u986f\u73fe\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8ffd\u8e64\u8207\u8a18\u9304\uff1b\u9019\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u64c1\u6709\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u500b\u5225\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u85c9\u8457\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u800c\u7528\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u64cd\u7e31\u8207\u63a7\u5236\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\uff08<em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 104\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e4b\u77e5\u8b58\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u548c\u5efa\u7acb\u500b\u9ad4\u77e5\u8b58\u6240\u7528\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u6027\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u8ffd\u8e64\u8a18\u9304\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6210\u4efd\u6216\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5206\u985e\u3001\u7de8\u78bc\u3001\u5b58\u6a94\u3001\u53ca\u8a18\u9304\u4e0b\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u8207\u50be\u5411\u300d\uff08Rouse, <em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 104\uff09\uff0c\u628a\u9019\u53e5\u8a71\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u63db\u6210\u300c\u793e\u6703\u5927\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u4e5f\u662f\u6210\u7acb\u7684<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><strong>[14]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002<strong>\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u8853\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u88ab\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4<\/strong>\uff08Latour\uff0c&#8221;GiveMe&#8221; 166\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\"><strong>[15]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0cRouse\u504f\u91cd\u7684\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u641e\u79d1\u5b78\u800c\u975e\u641e\u653f\u6cbb\uff09\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6548\u679c\uff08<em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 210\uff09\u3002Rouse\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u5979\u5011\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6750\u6599\u8207\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u662f\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u88e1\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u6548\u679c\u300d\uff08<em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 226\uff09\uff1b\u4ed6\u91cd\u7533\uff1a<strong>\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7528\u65bc\u5bb0\u5236\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\u5176\u5be6\u79fb\u6b96\u81ea\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u8655\u7406\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u6280\u8853<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5167\u5efa\u69cb\u3001\u64cd\u5f04\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u8996\u4f5c\u6eff\u4f48\u65bc\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u4e4b\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7db2\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5167\u7522\u751f\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u4e5f\u76f4\u63a5\u6d89\u53ca\u9650\u5236\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u8af8\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u9650\u5236\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u5f37\u52a0\u65bc\u4eba\u65b9\u80fd\u5ef6\u7533\u90a3\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u65bc\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e4b\u5916\u3002&#8230;\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u5fc5\u9808\u88ab\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u300c\uff08\u6b0a\u529b\uff09\u96c6\u7d50\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5340\u57df\u300d\uff08&#8221;block&#8221;\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u300c\u5340\u57df\u300d\u5167\u3001\u4e5f\u85c9\u8457\u9019\u500b\u300c\u96c6\u7d50\u300d\uff0c\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u628a\u6211\u5011\u5f62\u5851\u70ba\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0f\u884c\u70ba\u8005 (subjects\/agents)\u3002\uff08<em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 212\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u628a\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u666e\u904d\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u5c0d\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u6280\u8853\uff08\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u7406\u6027\u5316\u7684\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u7684\u3001\u6216\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff09\u548c\u5efa\u69cb\u79d1\u5b78\u4e8b\u696d\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6280\u8853\u9023\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e0d\u4f46\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5167\u5728\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u4e5f\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u6cd5\u862d\u514b\u798f\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u8207\u4eba\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u6709\u5167\u5728\u95dc\u9023\u3002\u7531\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\u5085\u67ef\u3001Latour\u3001Woolgar\u3001Rouse\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u4ee5\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u8207\u66f4\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5370\u8b49\u4e86\u6cd5\u862d\u514b\u798f\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08cf. Taylor 159\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rouse\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e0a\u9762\u5f15\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u79fb\u6b96\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u4e4b\u548c\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u71df\u9020\u300d\uff08world making\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u9023\u7e6b\u8d77\u4f86\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>&#8230;\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e43\u6839\u690d\u65bc\u5c0d\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u548c\u64cd\u5f04\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u767c\u5c55\u65b0\u6280\u80fd\u8207\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u771f\u7406\u548c\u767c\u73fe\u65b0\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002&#8230;\u9019\u4e9b\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u80fd\u64f4\u6563\u5230\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u662f\u85c9\u8457\u79d1\u5b78\u6280\u8853\u8207\u5100\u5668\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u628a\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u8207\u60c5\u5883\u8abf\u6574\u70ba\u53ef\u904b\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u6750\u6599\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u6108\u4f86\u6108\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u71df\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u2500\u2500\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u300c\u5c08\u9580\u6280\u8853\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u8853\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5100\u5668\u3001\u9019\u4e9b\u6280\u8853\u6240\u986f\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u300d\u9019\u4e09\u8005\u7cfb\u7d71\u6027\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002\uff08<em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 211\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u628a\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u300c\u79fb\u6b96\u300d\u5230\u793e\u6703\u5176\u4ed6\u9818\u57df\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u5c0d\u5916\u5728\u793e\u6703\u74b0\u5883\u6216\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u8207\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u793e\u6703\u300c\u5927\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u6703\u50cf\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e00\u6a23\u52d5\u4f5c\uff1b\u9032\u800c\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u300c\u5c0f\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u64cd\u7e31\u63a7\u5236\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b\u6280\u8853\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u793e\u6703\u300c\u5927\u300d\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u548c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u79fb\u6b96\u76f8\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u601d\u7dad\u4e5f\u88abRouse\u904b\u7528\u5230<strong>\u77e5\u8b58\u79fb\u6b96<\/strong>\u4e0a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u5b78\u79d1\u6240\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u901a\u5e38\u5728\u9019\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e2d\u5fc5\u9808\u52a0\u4e0a\u300c\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u4e2d\u6240\u898f\u7d04\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u6216\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u300d\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u4f7f\u6709\u95dc\u6b64\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u70ba\u771f\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u6539\u8b8a\u6216\u9650\u5236\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u8207\u8a00\u8ac7\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u8655\u65bc\u300c\u6b63\u5e38\u6216\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6a19\u6e96\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e2d\u300d\u3002\u7167\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u653e\u8af8\u56db\u6d77\u7686\u70ba\u771f\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u300c\u4e00\u500b\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u88ab\u53ef\u9760\u5730\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u65b0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\u53bb\u300d<\/strong>\uff08Rouse, <em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 79\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rouse\u628a\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u5747\u8a2d\u60f3\u70ba\u300c\u5728\u5730\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u8a2d\u60f3\u53ef\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u300c<strong>\u77e5\u8b58\u4e4b\u64f4\u6563<\/strong>\u300d\uff08dissemination\uff09\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u65b0\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u64f4\u6563\u4e0d\u50cf\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u4e2d\u300c\u5171\u76f8\u7684\u4f8b\u793a\u300d\uff08the instantiation of the universal\uff09\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f35\u4e09\u662f\u300c\u4eba\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5171\u76f8\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u793a\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u5728\u5730\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e4b\u79fb\u6b96\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u79fb\u6b96\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u8abf\u6574\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u4ee5\u518d\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u548c\u300c\u539f\u7522\u5730\u300d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u300d\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\uff08cf. <em>Knowledge and Power<\/em> 72\uff09\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u64f4\u6563\uff0c\u5927\u62b5\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u53ca\u4e4b\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u5f37\u52a0\uff0d\u51fa\u53e3\uff0d\u5f37\u52a0\u300d\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u5c0d\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3001\u7269\u8cea\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u8207\u6d88\u5931\u3001\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u6539\u9020\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0cRouse\u7684\u300c\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\uff08local knowledge\uff09\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6db5\u7fa9\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u4f86\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u3001\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u3001\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u6642\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u5f97\u66f4\u70ba\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u52a0\u77e5\u8b58\uff08the imposition of knowledge\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u904b\u7528\u6b0a\u529b\u4f86\u6539\u9020\u6216\u7dad\u6301\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u7b26\u5408\u6a19\u6e96\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u88ab\u5f37\u52a0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u9806\u5229\u6210\u771f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5f8c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u548c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8af8\u6db5\u7fa9\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u662fRouse\u6bd4\u8f03\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u53ca\u800c\u548c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u5373\uff0c<strong>\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u67d0\u5730\uff08\u5373\u67d0\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u4e4b\u5834\u6240\uff09\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5448\u73fe\u70ba\u548c\u539f\u7522\u5730\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u76f8\u540c<\/strong>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u53f0\u7063\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u5426\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u81ea\u5275\u7684\u91ce\u72d0\u79aa\uff09\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6703\u7d00\u5f8b\u9019\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u751f\u7522\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u751f\u7522\u7b26\u5408\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u689d\u4ef6\u8207\u5426\u4e26\u975e\u81ea\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u8a6e\u91cb\u3001\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6b0a\u529b\u5354\u5546\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u7d66\u4e88\u4e00\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8005\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u751f\u7522\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u672c\u571f\uff08local\uff09\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u77e5\u8b58<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><strong>[16]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u67d2<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7c21\u5316\u5730\u89e3\u8b80\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d04\u7565\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u89f8\u53ca\u7684\u591a\u500b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u5690\u8a66\u7d9c\u8ff0\u9019\u4e9b\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u5fc5\u9808\u8072\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u6db5\u7fa9\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6558\u8ff0\u4e2d\u9010\u4e00\u5c55\u73fe\u800c\u53c8\u88ab\u53cd\u8986\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u5011\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u96e3\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u8a00\u660e\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u7d9c\u8ff0\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u6db5\u7fa9\u7684\u6307\u5f15\uff08indication\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u9023\u7d50\u5c0d\u6bd4\u8a5e\u7684\u5b57\u9762\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u8457\u5169\u8005\u5408\u4f5c\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u5bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6307\u8457\u5169\u8005\u67d0\u7a2e\u8861\u7a81\u7684\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u6db5\u7fa9\u5747\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u300c\u5408\u4f5c\u300d\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u4e26\u7dad\u6301\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u6b0a\u529b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u4e14\u652f\u6301\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u6240\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6700\u50b3\u7d71\u6db5\u7fa9\uff1a\u300c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\uff09<\/strong>\u300d\u3002\u5c31\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u4e4b\u300c\u885d\u7a81\u300d\u9762\u4f86\u770b\u9019\u500b\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u81ea\u7531\u6216\u81ea\u4e3b\u4ee5\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u5e72\u9810\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u5c31\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u4e4b\u300c\u5408\u4f5c\u300d\u9762\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5247\u662f(1)\u79d1\u5b78\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u8207\u5f37\u5316\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\uff08\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\uff09\uff0c(2)\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u8207\u652f\u6301\u79d1\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u300c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u6c11\u4e3b<\/strong>\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u529b\u91cf\u6216\u6b0a\u529b\uff09\u300d\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u6db5\u7fa9\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u9762\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8655\u7406\u7684\u6587\u672c\u8f03\u5c11\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u5ba3\u50b3\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u901a\u4fd7\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5247\u7d93\u5e38\u8ac7\u8ad6\u79d1\u5b78\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u9032\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5982\u4f55\u4fc3\u9032\u79d1\u5b78\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u7684\u885d\u7a81\u9762\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u4e09\u500b\u7bc4\u570d\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u50b3\u7d71\uff09\u5167\u90e8<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u6709\u8af8\u5982\u968e\u5c64\u5316\u3001\u512a\u52e2\u7a4d\u7d2f\u4e4b\u984c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u8a71\u984c\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u8207\u300c\u9769\u547d\u300d\u578b\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u5eab\u6069\u5f0f\u8a71\u984c\uff1b\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5167\u90e8\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u8a5e\u8a9e\u4f86\u6db5\u84cb\u9019\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u793e\u6703<\/strong>\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u5411\u4f86\u5373\u5145\u65a5\u65bc\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5b78\u300d\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8cac\u4efb\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u502b\u7406\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5f8c\u679c\uff08\u5982\u5c0d\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5a01\u8105\u3001\u5c0d\u7d93\u6fdf\u53ca\u570b\u5bb6\u9810\u7b97\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\u300d\uff08\u5c08\u9580\u77e5\u8b58\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u5c08\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\uff09\u7684\u8a00\u8ac7\u4e2d\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u300c\u5916\u884c\u53c3\u8207\u300d\u5247\u662f\u793e\u5340\u6216\u7279\u5225\u793e\u6703\u5718\u9ad4\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7b49\u4e8b\u52d9\u9032\u884c\u5e72\u9810\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u570b\u969b<\/strong>\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8a00\u8ac7\u4e2d\u770b\u5f97\u5230\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5bb0\u5236\u529b\u91cf\uff09\uff1b\u53e6\u5916\u9084\u6709\u4e9b\u8a71\u984c\uff0c\u50cf\u6280\u8853\u8f49\u79fb\u3001\u8cc7\u8a0a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u6587\u5316\u63a7\u5236\u6216\u5bb0\u5236\u3001\u8cc7\u8a0a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u667a\u6167\u8ca1\u7522\u6b0a\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u570b\u969b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u53ef\u88ab\u7d0d\u5165\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u591a\u5728\u50b3\u64ad\u7b49\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u88ab\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5247\u5c1a\u672a\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u5c0d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8a71\u984c\u4e4b\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e4b\u6db5\u7fa9\uff0c\u53ef\u5f9e\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u3001\u5206\u914d\u5169\u65b9\u9762\u4f86\u6db5\u84cb\u3002\u5728<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522<\/strong>\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8302\u51f1\u7b49\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e4b\u5354\u5546\u6b64\u4e00\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u529b\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7d44\u7e54\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff09\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u7269\u3002\u9084\u6709\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u672c\u8eab\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u5169\u8005\u5f88\u96e3\u5206\u958b\uff09\u65e2\u662f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u751f\u7522\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u8207\u8a08\u5283\u904e\u7a0b\u4e4b\u6c7a\u7b56\u6b0a\u529b\u4f86\u6e90\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\uff08\u9032\u800c\u734e\u52f5\u7cfb\u7d71\uff09\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u539f\u5247\uff1b\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u6240\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u793e\u6703\u63a7\u5236\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u7814\u7a76\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u5a01\uff09\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u7684\u6548\u7387\u554f\u984c\u4e5f\u90fd\u53ef\u88ab\u7d0d\u5165\u9019\u7d44\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5167\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u5206\u914d<\/strong>\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\u5c0d\u61c9\u8457\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u5747\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u9019\u4e00\u7d44\uff08cluster\uff09\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u95dc\u6db5\u7fa9\u5c1a\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u7b49\u7d1a\u6216\u512a\u52a3\u7684\u6392\u5e8f\uff08ranking\uff09\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u651c\u5e36\u8005\u4e4b\u968e\u5c64\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u6b0a\u529b\u76f8\u95dc\u7b49\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u7565\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u6280\u7d71\u6cbb\u300d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c08\u5bb6\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u793e\u6703\u591a\u5143\u6b0a\u529b\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u5716\u50cf\u5747\u5c6c\u6b64\u4e00\u7d44\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u8207\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78<\/strong>\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e5f\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7d44\uff08\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\uff09\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u6211\u5011\u66fe\u7d93\u63d0\u5230\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u8207\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u53ef\u4f5c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u5236\u5ea6\u7d44\u7e54\u6b0a\u529b\u904b\u4f5c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u8af8\u5982\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u5340\u5206\u8207\u6392\u5e8f\uff09\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u5354\u52a9\u570b\u5bb6\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u884c\u5ba3\u50b3\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u7b49\u516c\u95dc\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u6280\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8aee\u8a62\u6216\u57f7\u884c\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5f8c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u7d44\u6db5\u7fa9\u5247\u662f\u5728\u672c\u6587\u672b\u7531Rouse\u5728<em>Knowledge and Power<\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u6240\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u50b3\u67ef\u5f0f\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7528\u65bc\u5bb0\u5236\u500b\u9ad4\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\u5176\u5be6\u79fb\u6b96\u81ea\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u8655\u7406\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u6280\u8853\u3002\u9019\u5957\u7406\u8ad6\u860a\u6db5\u4e86\uff1a<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u7684\u5728\u5730\u77e5\u8b58\u79fb\u6b96\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u300c\u79fb\u6b96\u300d\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u5c07\u4e0d\u540c\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u5834\u6240\u4e4b\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\u6a19\u6e96\u5316\uff08<\/strong><strong>standardization<\/strong><strong>\uff09\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u6d89\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u7528\u6b0a\u529b\u6539\u9020\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u6db5\u7fa9\u6216\u8a31\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u8207\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5584\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6db5\u7fa9\u662f\u5f9e\u7acb\u5834\u4e92\u7570\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u5c0e\u884d\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u6709\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u5247\u4ecd\u8a66\u5716\u4fdd\u5b58\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\u6027\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c1a\u975e\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6574\u7406\u901a\u8ad6\uff08survey\uff09\uff0c\u6545\u4e0d\u6562\u8072\u7a31\u5df2\u7aae\u76e1\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6db5\u7fa9\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5c31\u672c\u6587\u767c\u6398\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u9019\u500b\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u90a3\u4e9b\u6db5\u7fa9\u5df2\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5145\u6c9b\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f9b\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\u6b64\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>\u5f15\u7528\u66f8\u76ee<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Barnes, Barry.\u00a0 <em>About Science<\/em>.\u00a0 New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6hme, Gernot.\u00a0 &#8220;Demarcation as a Strategy of Exclusion: Philosophers and Sophists.&#8221;\u00a0 B\u00f6hme and Stehr 57\u201166.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, &#8220;Midwifery as Science: An Essay on the Relation Between Scientific and Everyday Knowledge.&#8221;\u00a0 Stehr and Meja 365\u2011385.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00f6hme, Gernot and Nico Stehr, eds.\u00a0 <em>The Knowledge Society: The Growing Impact of Scientific Knowledge on Social Relations<\/em>.\u00a0 Dordercht: Dreidel, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Brown, Harold.\u00a0 <em>Perception, Theory and Commitment: The New Philosophy of Science<\/em>.\u00a0 Chicago: Precedent Publishing Inc., 1977.<\/p>\n<p>Chalmers, Alan.\u00a0 &#8220;The Galileo that Feyerabend Missed: An Improved Case against Method.&#8221;\u00a0 Schuster and Yeo 1\u201131.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, <em>Science and Its Fabrication<\/em>.\u00a0 Minneapolis, U of Minnesota P: 1990.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;. <em>What Is This Thing Called Science?<\/em>\u00a0 2nd ed.\u00a0 St. Lucia, Queensland: U of Queensland P, 1982.<\/p>\n<p>Chubin, Daryl E. and Sal Restivo.\u00a0 &#8220;The &#8216;Mooting&#8217; of Science Studies: Research Programmes and Science Policy.&#8221;\u00a0 Knorr- Cetina and Mulkay 52\u201183.<\/p>\n<p>Feyerabend, Paul.\u00a0 <em>Against Method<\/em>.\u00a0 London: NLB, 1975.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, <em>Against Method<\/em>. rev. edition.\u00a0 London: Verso, 1988.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, <em>Farewell to Reason<\/em>.\u00a0 London, Verso, 1987.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, <em>Science in a Free Society<\/em>.\u00a0 London: NLB, 1978.<\/p>\n<p>Freidson, Eliot.\u00a0 <em>Professional Powers: A Study of the Institutionalization of Formal Knowledge<\/em>.\u00a0 Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Fuller, Steve.\u00a0 <em>Philosophy of Science and Its Discontents<\/em>.\u00a0 London: Westview Press, 1989.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, <em>Social Epistemology<\/em>.\u00a0 Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>Habermas, J\u00fcrgen.\u00a0 <em>Toward A Rational Society: Student Protest, Science and Politics<\/em>.\u00a0 Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00f6sle, Vittorio.\u00a0 &#8220;The Third World as a Philosophical Problem.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Social Research <\/em>59.2 (1992): 227\u2011262.<\/p>\n<p>Ihde, Don.\u00a0 <em>Instrumental Realism: The Interface Between Philosophy of Science And Philosophy of Technology<\/em>.\u00a0 Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>King, M. D.\u00a0 &#8220;Reason, Tradition, and the Progressiveness of Science.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>History and Theory<\/em> 10.1 (1971): 3\u201132.<\/p>\n<p>Knorr-Cetina, Karin and Michael Mulkay, eds.\u00a0 <em>Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science<\/em>.\u00a0 London: Sage, 1983.<\/p>\n<p>Krige, John.\u00a0 <em>Science, Revolution and Discontinuity<\/em>.\u00a0 Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1980.<\/p>\n<p>Kuhn, Thomas.\u00a0 <em>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions<\/em>.\u00a0 2nd Ed. in Foundations of the Unity of Science.\u00a0 Vol. II.\u00a0 eds. Otto\u00a0 Neurath, et al.\u00a0 Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1970.\u00a0 53\u2011272.<\/p>\n<p>Latour, Bruno.\u00a0 &#8220;Give Me a Laboratory and I Will Raise the World.&#8221;\u00a0 Knorr-Cetina and Mulkay 141\u2011170.<\/p>\n<p>Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar.\u00a0 <em>Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts<\/em>.\u00a0 London: Sage, 1979.<\/p>\n<p>Miller, David Philip.\u00a0 &#8220;Method and the &#8216;Micropolitics&#8217; of Science: The Early Years of the Geological and Astronomical Societies of London.&#8221;\u00a0 Schuster and Yeo 227\u2011257.<\/p>\n<p>Mulkay, Michael.\u00a0 <em>Science and the Sociology of Knowledge<\/em>.\u00a0 London: George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1979.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, <em>Science, Technology, and Society: A Sociological Pilgrimage<\/em>.\u00a0 Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>Ravetz, Jerry.\u00a0 &#8220;Ideological Commitments in the Philosophy of Science.&#8221; \u00a0<em>Radical Philosophy<\/em> 37 (1984): 5-11.<\/p>\n<p>Rouse, Joseph.\u00a0 <em>Knowledge and Power: Toward a Political Philosophy of Science<\/em>.\u00a0 Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1987.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, &#8220;Policing Knowledge: Disembodied Policy for Embodied Knowledge.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Inquiry<\/em> 34 (1992): 353\u201164.<\/p>\n<p>Schuster, John and Richard Yeo.\u00a0 &#8220;Introduction.&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0 Schuster and Yeo ix-xxxvii.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;, eds.\u00a0 <em>The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method<\/em>.\u00a0 Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Taylor, Charles.\u00a0 &#8220;Foucault on Freedom and Truth.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Political Theory<\/em> 12.2 (1984): 152\u2011183.<\/p>\n<p>Yeo, Richard.\u00a0 &#8220;Scientific Method and the Rhetoric of Science in Britain, 1830\u20111917.&#8221;\u00a0 Schuster and Yeo 259\u2011297.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u8a3b<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> John Krige\u66fe\u5c31\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u628a\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u548c\u99ac\u5eab\u8272\uff08H. Marcuse\uff09\u76f8\u6bd4\uff08147\uff09\u3002Krige\u7684\u610f\u601d\u61c9\u7576\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u99ac\u5eab\u8272\u5c0d\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u5169\u8005\u6240\u8eab\u8655\u7684\uff08\u5728\u65b0\u5de6\u6d3e\u601d\u7dad\u7c60\u7f69\u4e0b\u7684\uff09\u6642\u4ee3\u6c1b\u5718\u3002\uff08\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5c0d\u99ac\u5eab\u8272\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u5247\u53ef\u53c3\u898b\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u300b129\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u5728\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u53cd\u99c1Gellner\u5c0d\u300a\u53cd\u300b\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u6642\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7279\u5225\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u53cd\u300b187\u9801\u90a3\u6bb5\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u8aa4\u89e3\u7684\u6bb5\u843d\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5f37\u8abf\u4e86\u4ed6\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u7121\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u975e\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff08\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u300b147n\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982Sanford A. Lakoff\uff0c<em>Knowledge and Power: Essays on Science and Government<\/em> (New York: The Free Press, 1966). \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u66f8\u76ee\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u50b3\u7d71\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u89f8\u53ca\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0cJean-Jacques Salomon\uff0c<em>Science and Politics<\/em>. trans. by Noel Lindsay (Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1973). \u4ee5\u53caDanial S. Greenbeng, <em>The Politics of Pure Science: An Inquiry Into the Relationship between Science and Government in the United States<\/em> (New York: The New American Librany Inc., 1967)\u3002\u5747\u662f\u6b64\u4e00\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u540d\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u53cd\u300b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c07\u8a72\u66f8\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u5176\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u860a\u6db5\u90e8\u4efd\u52a0\u4ee5\u64f4\u5145\u6539\u5beb\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u4efd\u5247\u69cb\u6210\u3008\u518d\u898b\u7406\u6027\u3009\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u4e26\u6536\u65bc\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u540c\u540d\u66f8\u4e2d\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\uff0c\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u53c8\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u6709\u95dc\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u6750\u6599\u7de8\u5165\u4fee\u6b63\u7248\u7684\u300a\u53cd\u5c0d\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Formal Knowledge\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u6587\u8108\u4e2d\u2500\u2500\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7576\u5b83\u88ab\u8ce6\u4e88\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u542b\u610f\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u5b78\u9662\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u6642\u2500\u2500\u53ef\u80fd\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6210\u300c<strong>\u6b63\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58<\/strong>\u300d\u6703\u66f4\u6070\u7576\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6b64\u8655\u7684Formal Knowledge\u986f\u7136\u548c<strong>\u67cf\u62c9\u5716<\/strong>\u7684theory of Form\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u6545\u4ecd\u8b6f\u70ba\u300c\u5f62\u5f0f\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u79d1\u5b78\u81ea\u4e3b\u6216\u81ea\u7531\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\uff09\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u56e0\u7d20\u7576\u7136\u4e26\u4e0d\u55ae\u7d14\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u548c\u300c\u5927\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\uff08big science\uff09\u8208\u8d77\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u5247\u548c\u51b7\u6230\u6642\u671f\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u5ba3\u50b3\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u9ede\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u65e5\u5f8c\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u518d\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u53ca\u300c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u773c\u3002\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u66fe\u7528\u300c\u897f\u65b9\u4f01\u696d\u300d\u6216\u300c\u897f\u65b9\u9032\u6b65\u767c\u5c55\u300d\u7b49\u5b57\u773c\u3002\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u5c1a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u6216\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u5747\u4ee5\u897f\u65b9\u79d1\u6280\u70ba\u99ac\u9996\u662f\u77bb\uff08\u300a\u518d\u898b\u7406\u6027\u300b2\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7d93\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u4ed6\u662f\u7528\u300c\u5fc3\u9748\u8b00\u6bba\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5b57\u773c\uff08\u300a\u53cd\u4fee\u300b4\uff0c286-287\uff0c\u6216\u300a\u81ea\u300b119-120\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u6211\u6307\u5c0e\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u54f2\u7814\u6240\u5b78\u751f\u4f40\u540c\u4fca\u4e4b\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u3008\u8cbb\u82e5\u672c\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5408\u7406\u6027\u554f\u984c\u5c0d\u4e2d\u91ab\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u555f\u767c\u3009\uff081996\uff09\u63a2\u7a76\u4e86\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1aSusantha Goonatilake, <em>Aborted Discovery: Science and Creativity in the Third World<\/em> (London: Zed Press, 1984).\u00a0 Ziauddin Sardar, <em>The Revenge of Athena: Science, Exploitation and the Third World<\/em> (London: Mansell Publishing Ltd., 1988)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u985e\u4f3c\u9019\u7a2eembodied knowledge\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5f88\u65e9\u4fbf\u6d41\u884c\u65bc\u6709\u95dc\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\uff0d\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u8a00\u8ac7\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a0d\u65e9\u6642\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u5e38\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\u300d\u3002Joseph Rouse\u6700\u8fd1\u5728\u8a55\u8ad6Steve Fuller\u6642\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f03\u660e\u78ba\u5730\u63d0\u5230\u9019\u500bembodied knowledge\u89c0\u5ff5\uff08Rouse, &#8220;Policing&#8221;, \u00a0354\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u90b1\u8cd3\u8207\u745e\u65af\u63d0\u6c83\u5728\u6b64\u8655\u767c\u8a00\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u300d\uff08Science Studies\uff09\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7db1\u9818\uff1a\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\uff08Edinburgh\u5b78\u6d3e\u8207Bath\u5b78\u6d3e\uff09\u3001\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5373\u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e\u6d3e\uff09\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u8a08\u91cf\u5b78\u3002\u90b1\u8cd3\u8207\u745e\u65af\u63d0\u6c83\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7db1\u9818\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u5f31\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\uff0c\u610f\u5728\u88dc\u524d\u8ff0\u8af8\u7814\u7a76\u7db1\u9818\u4e4b\u4e0d\u8db3\u6216\u7f3a\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e\u6d3e\u662f\u4e00\u7fa4\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\uff0f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u5305\u62ecKarin D. Knorr-Cetina, Bruno Latour, Steve Woolgar\u7b49\u4eba\uff08\u4ed6\u5011\u548c\u8302\u51f1\u7b49\u4e5f\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u6216\u6c11\u65cf\u8a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u300c\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u7814\u7a76\u300d\u51fa\u540d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\uff08\u793e\u6703\uff09\u5efa\u69cb\u6d3e\u300d\u3002\u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e\u6d3e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u65b0\u5947\u800c\u6709\u8da3\uff0c\u4e5f\u548c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u82e5\u8981\u628a\u5206\u6563\u4e26\u6697\u542b\u5728\u65b0\u6d6a\u6f6e\u6d3e\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u4e3b\u984c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u81f3\u4eca\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u754c\u5c1a\u672a\u5ee3\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5148\u52a0\u4ee5\u95e1\u8ff0\u3002\u9650\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4f5c\u6b64\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u55ae\u55ae\u6307\u51fa\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u6280\u8853\u8207\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\u7684\u985e\u4f3c\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u5920\u7684\uff1bRouse\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u53ef\u53c3\u898b<em>Knowledge and Power <\/em>220-236\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\uff1a\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u662f\u6b64\u8655\u8b1b\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u6280\u8853\u7684\u767c\u6e90\u5730\u6216\u300c\u6e90\u982d\u300d\uff08origin\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u751f\u7522\u7684\u5834\u6240\u90fd\u5c0d\u5be6\u9a57\u5ba4\u6beb\u7121\u5f71\u97ff\uff08Rouse, <em>Knowledge and Power <\/em>228-229\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u5728\u7b46\u8005\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u3008\u4f5c\u70ba\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u571f\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\uff0f\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u8207\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u3009\uff08\u300c\u5927\u5b78\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8ab2\u7a0b\u300d\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\uff0c1993\u5e744\u670816-18\u65e5\uff09\u6709\u5c0d\u6b64\u8ad6\u9ede\u7684\u767c\u63ee\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3010\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u7684\u521d\u7a3f\u66fe\u65bc1993\u5e743\u670820\u65e5\u5728\u4e2d\u7814\u9662<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/298","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=298"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/298\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":798,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/298\/revisions\/798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=298"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=298"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=298"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}