{"id":310,"date":"1993-07-15T17:22:01","date_gmt":"1993-07-15T09:22:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/?p=310"},"modified":"2021-06-23T17:39:58","modified_gmt":"2021-06-23T09:39:58","slug":"%e5%81%87%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e4%ba%ba%ef%bc%9a%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e7%9a%84%e7%ac%ac%e4%ba%94%e5%a4%a7%e6%97%8f%e7%be%a4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/1993\/07\/%e5%81%87%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e4%ba%ba%ef%bc%9a%e5%8f%b0%e7%81%a3%e7%9a%84%e7%ac%ac%e4%ba%94%e5%a4%a7%e6%97%8f%e7%be%a4\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff1a\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u3010\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4ee5\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u70ba\u7b46\u540d\uff0c\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300a\u5cf6\u5dbc\u908a\u7de3\u300b\u7b2c8\u671f\uff0c1993\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\uff0c35-46\u9801\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u96f6\u3001\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u65cf\u7fa4<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Rajni Kothari\u66fe\u8aaa\u65cf\u7fa4\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0d\u6297\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d(homogenisation)\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\uff1b\u800c\u7576\u524d\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u662f\u7531\u4e16\u754c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u8207\u4e16\u754c\u6587\u5316\u4e09\u8005\uff0c\u85c9\u7531\u73fe\u4ee3\u79d1\u6280\u3001\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u50b3\u64ad\u7db2\u8def\u8207\u8cc7\u8a0a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u666e\u904d\u6559\u80b2\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u3002\u7576\u7136\u5728\u73fe\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u85c9\u8457\u98a8\u4fd7\u7fd2\u6163\u3001\u793e\u6703\u968e\u5c64\u3001\u795e\u5b78\u6216\u610f\u7fa9\u7cfb\u7d71\u800c\u9020\u6210\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u56de\u61c9\u6216\u53cd\u6297\u73fe\u4ee3(\u800c\u975e\u524d\u73fe\u4ee3)\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u624d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u3002(Rajni Kothari, Ethnicity, in Ethnicity: Identity, Conflict and Crisis<\/em>, eds. Kumar David and S. Kadirgamar. Hong Kong: Arena Press, 1989. p.16)<\/p>\n

\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5927\u81f4\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u4e0a\u8ff0\u65cf\u7fa4\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u5617\u8a66\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u50cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u53f0\u7063\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u95a9\u5357\u3001\u5ba2\u5bb6\u3001\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u3001\u5916\u7701\u9019\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u53f0\u7063\u5176\u5be6\u5c1a\u6709\u7b2c\u4e94\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u8208\u65cf\u7fa4\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u60f3\u6307\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u662f\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u65cf\u7fa4\u3002\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u58f9\u3001\u300c\u5047<\/strong>\u300d<\/strong>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9<\/strong>\uff1a<\/strong>\u507d\u88dd(<\/strong>\u4e0d\u7d14\u771f)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u8aaa\u660e\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u7279\u6027\u8207\u6240\u6307\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5fc5\u9808\u95e1\u660e\u300c\u5047\u300d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u300c\u5047\u300d\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u4e09\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u672c\u7bc0\u5148\u8ac7\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u300c\u5047\u300d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u300c\u507d\u88dd\u300d\u6216\u300c\u4e0d\u7d14\u771f\u300d\u3002\u9019\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u300c\u5047\u300d\u662f\u548c\u300c\u771f\u300d\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684(\u4f8b\u5982\u5047\u9214\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u771f\u9214\u7684)\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u800c\u5efa\u57fa\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u5169\u5c64\u7d50\u69cb\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u50cf\u300c\u8868\/\u88f9\u4e0a\u300d\u300c\u8868\u8c61\/\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u300d\u300c\u865b\u5047\/\u771f\u5be6\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9(essentialism)\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u300c\u5047\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u9019\u7a2e\u771f\u5047\u4e4b\u5206\u7684\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u53cd\u8d8a\u6230\u904b\u52d5\u770b\u7684\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u8a31\u591a\u53cd\u8d8a\u6230\u4eba\u58eb\u80af\u5b9a\u5317\u8d8a\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u79c1\u901a\u6575\u570b\u300d\u7684\u8a00\u884c\u88ab\u5fa1\u7528\u5a92\u9ad4\u8207\u611b\u570b\u6c11\u773e\u770b\u4f5c\u300c\u5047\u7f8e\u570b(un-American)\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4f86\u770b\u9019\u500b\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u5973\u4eba\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u4eba\u76e1\u53ef\u592b\u300d\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u6eab\u67d4\u8b19\u606d\u3001\u4e0d\u9858\u4f8d\u5949\u516c\u5a46\u3001\u4e0d\u9858\u76f8\u592b\u6559\u5b50\u2026\u2026\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5979\u662f\u798f\u4f6c\u4eba\u6216\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff0c\u5979\u7b97\u662f\u300c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u55ce\uff1f\u5979\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u55ce\uff1f\u5979\u662f\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u7cbe\u795e\u300d\u7684\u9053\u6210\u8089\u8eab\u55ce\uff1f\u7b54\u6848\u6050\u6015\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u9019\u6697\u793a\u8457\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e0d\u4f46\u5340\u5206\u300c\u771f\/\u5047\u300d\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u58d3\u6291\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8cb3\u3001\u300c\u5047\u300d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7fa9\uff1a\u6a21\u64ec<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u300c\u5047\u300d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u610f\u601d\u662f\u300c\u6a21\u64ec\u300d(simulation)\u3002\u300c\u6a21\u64ec\u300d\u548c\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u300c\u507d\u88dd\u6216\u4e0d\u7d14\u771f\u300d\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728A\u507d\u88ddB\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6A\u507d\u88dd\u7684\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u529f\uff0cA\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u65bcB\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5728A\u6a21\u64ecB\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e2d\uff0cA\u548c\u88ab\u6a21\u64ec\u7684B\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u7d44\u7e54\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14B\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u548cA\u4e00\u6a23\u53ea\u662f\u500b\u6a21\u64ec\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u9019\u500b\u300c\u6a21\u64ec\u300d\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u5047\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u518d\u548c\u300c\u771f\u5be6\u300d\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u300c\u5047(\u6a21\u64ec)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u672a\u5fc5\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u9084\u8981\u66f4\u771f\u5be6\u3002\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8003\u5bdf\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u300d\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4ee5\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u9762\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u300d\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f\u7684\u3001\u56de\u6eaf\u7684\u3001\u5c01\u9589\u7684\u3001\u8ffd\u5c0b\u539f\u9109\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u4e5f\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e9e\u6d41\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6307\u5411\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u3001\u958b\u653e\u7684\u3001\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684(intersubjective) \u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u53ef\u4ee5\u540d\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\u4e0a\u300c\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u300d\u90fd\u662f\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8a71\u8a9e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u500b\u300c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e0d\u5e38\u662f\u878d\u8cab\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u4fdd\u5b58\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u3001\u672c\u6e90\u7684(original)\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u6216\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u5247\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u300c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u6216\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1b\u300c\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f35\u2015\u2015\u4f8b\u5982\u53f0\u7063\u7368\u7acb\u3002\u800c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u611b\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u3001\u300c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u6216\u300c\u8a8d\u540c\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u6c7a\u65bc\u50cf\u662f\u5426\u4e3b\u5f35\u53f0\u7063\u7368\u7acb\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u653f\u898b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u5730\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u878d\u8cab\u7684\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u662f\u548c\u9019\u7a2e\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u8aaa\u6cd5\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5e38\u807d\u5230\u300c\u53ea\u8981\u8a8d\u540c\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u5c31\u662f(\u65b0)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u4e00\u65e6\u6709\u4e86\u300c\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u6216\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u3001\u9032\u800c\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u624d\u662f\u8a8d\u540c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5224\u6e96\uff0c\u9019\u88f9\u7684\u300c\u8a8d\u540c\u300d\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u55ae\u5411\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\u3001\u540c\u5316(assimilation) \u6216\u6559\u5316\u3002(\u53c3\u898b\u8a3b\u4e8c)<\/p>\n

1993\u5e74\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u5b78\u9032\u884c\u81ea\u9078\u6821\u9577\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u53f0\u5927\u5c0d\u300c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u964c\u751f\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5230\u4e86\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u9375\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u300c\u54b1\u650f\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u3001\u300c\u53ea\u8981\u8a8d\u540c\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u672c\u5916\u7701\u90fd\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u9019\u4e9b\u4fee\u8fad\u4fbf\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u300c\u53f0\u5927\u6821\u9577\u61c9\u8b93\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u505a\u4e00\u4efb\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u500b\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u900f\u9732\u7684\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u96d6\u7136\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f(\u65b0)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u4e9b(\u65b0)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u66f4\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u3001\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u300c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u548c\u300c\u771f\u53f0\u7063\u300d\u53c8\u76f8\u5dee\u7121\u5e7e\u4e86\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u9019\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u53ef\u6db5\u84cb\u672c\u7701\u8207\u5916\u7701\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u300c\u5916\u7701\u4eba\u300d\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u3002(\u5c31\u597d\u50cfChairperson\u539f\u4f86\u53ef\u6db5\u84cb\u7537\u6027\u4e3b\u5e2d\u8207\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709Chairman\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u6db5\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\uff0cChairperson\u8b8a\u6210\u4e86\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e5f\u6709\u500b\u6f14\u8b8a\u7684\u904e\u7a0b[4]<\/a>\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u63da\u68c4\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f\u7684\u672c\u6e90\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u800c\u6307\u5411\u4e00\u500b\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u3001\u958b\u653e\u7684\u3001\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e0b\u4e92\u52d5\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5c0d\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u56de\u6eaf\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u3001\u878d\u8cab\u7684\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u63d0\u51fa\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u500b\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u3001\u975e\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6240\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u662f\u81ea\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u300c\u65b0\u300d\u53f0\u7063\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u56db\u500b\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0b\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5f62\u6210\u65b0\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u2015\u4e00\u500b\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u96d6\u7136\u300c\u65b0\u300d\u4f46\u4e5f\u7d55\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u69cb\u6210\u7d44\u7e54\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u7d55\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7121\u9650\u7684\u53ef\u80fd(\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8d8a\u5357\u4eba)\u3002\u5176\u69cb\u6210\u7d44\u7e54\u4e4b\u539f\u5247\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u65bc\u65b0\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u662f\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e92\u52d5\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u3002\u7121\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u7d44\u7e54\u539f\u5247\u662f\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u5be6\u969b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u90fd\u8981\u771f\u5be6(\u56e0\u70ba\u5be6\u969b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5c1a\u7121\u6cd5\u7b26\u5408\u300c\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u9858\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4f01\u5716\u300c\u985b\u8986\u300d\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4efb\u4e00\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u7279\u5fb5)\uff1b\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u300c\u6975\u5ea6\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u300d(hyper-real) \u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u500b\u6975\u5ea6\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u5247\u662f\u6211\u5011\u6a21\u64ec\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u6211\u5011\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u5be6\u969b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba(\u300c\u5047\u300d\u5728\u6b64\u70ba\u300c\u6a21\u64ec\u300d\u4e4b\u610f)\uff0c\u5247\u5c07\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u6a21\u64ec\u6210\u9081\u5411\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u7684\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u2015\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5206\u5c6c\u65bc\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c 1\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u300d\u662f\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u3001\u73fe\u6210\u7684\u3001\u6975\u5ea6\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5247\u900f\u904e\u9019\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4(\u53ca\u5176\u4e92\u52d5\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4)\u4f86\u5206\u985e\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u69cb\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u6a21\u64ec\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u5047(\u507d\u88dd)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u771f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u5047(\u6a21\u64ec)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u4e5f\u5c07\u662f\u6975\u5ea6\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\/\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u662f\u500b\u7d71\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u662f\u500b(\u547d\u904b)\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7d71\u4e00\u9ad4\u4e0d\u662f\u6df7\u6c8c\u4e0d\u5206\u7684\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6df7\u6c8c\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\/\u4ee3\u7406(represent\u518d\u73fe)\uff0c\u7d71\u6cbb\u968e\u5c64\u4e5f\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u8072\u7a31\u4ed6\u5011\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u610f(\u6216\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u7b49)\u3002\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u9019\u500b\u7d71\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u662f\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u7d44\u7e54\u539f\u5247\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u5206\u5316\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u65cf\u7fa4\u300d\uff1b\u800c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u610f\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5229\u76ca\u300d\u4e5f\u662f\u900f\u904e\u65cf\u7fa4\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4f86\u8868\u9054\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7d71\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u5176\u5be6\u9084\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u5206\u5316\u539f\u5247\u6216\u69cb\u6210\u7d44\u7e54\u539f\u5247\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7531\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u7570\u6027\u6200\u8207\u540c\u6027\u6200\u4e92\u52d5\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u8207\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7537\u6027\u8207\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u8207\u7121\u6bbc\u8778\u725b\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5c0d\u65cf\u7fa4\u539f\u5247\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u7136\u7684(\u6027\u5225\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u81ea\u7136)\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684(\u968e\u7d1a\u539f\u5247\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u4e5f\u5e38\u88ab\u9078\u64c7) \uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u6b64\u539f\u5247\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u6b0a\u529b\u5206\u914d\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\u8207\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u6211\u5011\u5c1a\u53ef\u8003\u5bdf\u65b0\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u4f5c\u70ba\u81ea\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65cf\u7fa4\u65e2\u7136\u88ab\u5047\u8a2d\u70ba\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c \u800c\u4e14\u65e2\u7136\u80fd\u5920\u8981\u6c42\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u53ef\u6295\u5c04\u5176\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u8005(agent)\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5c31\u540d\u6b63\u8a00\u9806\u4e86(legitimate) \u3002\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u7576\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u6216\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e92\u70ba\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u7522\u7269\u6642\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u8b8a\u6210\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u7684\u672c\u6e90(origin)\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u8db3\u81ea\u4e3b\u3001\u53ef\u4ee5\u5275\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6216\u672c\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u2015\u6b77\u53f2\u2015\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u4fbf\u7d55\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd(\u53ea)\u662f\u65cf\u7fa4\u4ea4\u4e92\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e92\u52d5\u7684\u7522\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u7684\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u9738\u6b0a\u96c6\u5718\u6b3d\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u662f(\u65b0)\u53f0\u7063\u547d\u904b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u4efd\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981(\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5360\u64da\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8cc7\u6e90)\u2015\u9019\u4e9b\u908f\u8f2f\u554f\u984c\u50cf\uff1a\u95a9\u5357\u5316\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u7b97\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u65cf\u7fa4\uff1f\u65cf\u7fa4\u662f\u4ee5\u8a9e\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6216\u8840\u7d71\u70ba\u5224\u6e96\uff1f\u901a\u5a5a\u4ee5\u81f3\u65bc\u6df7\u96dc\u8840\u7d71\u53ca\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4eba\u53c8\u7b97\u4ec0\u9ebc\u65cf\u7fa4\uff1f\u985e\u4f3c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4f86\u770b\u5f85\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u88ab\u5bb9\u8a31\u5b83\u5011\u5c0d\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u63d0\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u985b\u8986(\u6700\u591a\u53ea\u80fd\u5c0d\u9019\u63d0\u6cd5\u9032\u884c\u300c\u88dc\u5145\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5efa\u8a2d\u6027\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u300d\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u5b9a\u4e4b)\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u53bb\u6a21\u64ec\u9019\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u53bb\u8ffd\u5c0b\u5230(\u6a21\u64ec)\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u8a8d\u540c\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u505a\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u78ba\u5207\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u505a\u5047(\u6a21\u64ec)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c3\u3001\u300c\u5047\u300d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u7fa9\uff1a\u8ae7\u64ec<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u8ae7\u64ec\u300d(parody) \u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6703\u9017\u7b11\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u6709\u6642\u5373\u4f7f\u6a21\u4eff\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u7121\u610f\u9017\u4eba\u767c\u7b11\uff0c\u800c\u6a21\u4eff\u4e5f\u662f\u552f\u5999\u552f\u8096\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u56e0\u70ba\u6a21\u4eff\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u8108\u7d61\u800c\u4f7f\u6a21\u4eff\u6709\u8af7\u523a\u6216\u9017\u7b11\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8fd1\u4f86\u6b4c\u661f\u8cbb\u7389\u6e05\u8207\u5f35\u83f2\u5728\u300c\u9f8d\u5144\u864e\u5f1f\u300d\u7684\u7bc0\u76ee\u4e0a\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u6a21\u4eff\u5176\u4ed6\u6b4c\u661f\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u9084\u6a21\u4eff\u904e\u694a\u5e06\u3002\u7d50\u679c\u5728\u694a\u5e06\u8207\u80e1\u74dc\u6240\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u300c\u947d\u77f3\u821e\u53f0\u300d\u7bc0\u76ee\u4e0a\uff0c\u694a\u5e06\u7b49\u5247\u6a21\u4eff\u300c\u9f8d\u5144\u864e\u5f1f\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7bc0\u76ee\u4e26\u6a21\u4eff\u8cbb\u7389\u6e05\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u79c0\uff0c\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u694a\u5e06\u6a21\u4eff\u8cbb\u7389\u6e05\u5c0d\u694a\u5e06\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\uff0c\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u694a\u5e06\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u6a21\u4eff\u8cbb\u7389\u6e05\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6a21\u4eff\u8cbb\u7389\u6e05\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u694a\u5e06\u3002(\u8a72\u7bc0\u76ee\u65bc1993\u5e744\u670818\u65e5\u83ef\u8996\u64ad\u51fa)\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9019\u500b\u6a21\u4eff\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u694a\u5e06(\u900f\u904e\u8cbb\u7389\u6e05)\u5728\u507d\u88dd\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u5462\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u5728\u6a21\u64ec\u81ea\u5df1\uff1f\u4e5f\u8a31\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u8aaa\u7684\u901a\u3002\u4f46\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u6a21\u4eff\u662f\u5426\u6545\u610f\u8a87\u5f35\u6216\u9017\u7b11\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6a21\u4eff\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u8108\u7d61\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u7d93\u4f7f\u5f97\u9019\u7a2e\u6a21\u4eff\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u8ae7\u64ec\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u9762\u8ac7\u5230\u7576\u524d\u6709\u95dc\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u771f\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5247\u662f\u6975\u5ea6\u771f\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063(\u4eba)\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff1b\u672c\u6587\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u76f8\u61c9\u65bc\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6240\u53ec\u559a\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u2015\u53f0\u7063\u4eba(\u771f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u6216\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u4eba)\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u7121\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u300c\u507d\u88dd(\u4e0d\u7d14\u771f)\u300d\u53ca\u300c\u6a21\u64ec\u300d\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u56e0\u70ba\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u6240\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u8108\u7d61\u800c\u6709\u8457\u300c\u8ae7\u64ec\u300d\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u4eba\u6703\u662f\u6709\u8ae7\u64ec\u6548\u679c\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u5462\uff1f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5979\uff0f\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e00\u7fa4\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff1a<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u5289\u59d0\u6708\uff0c\u5973\uff0c28\u6b72\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u6211\u5e38\u5e38\u53bb\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u6771\u5357\u4e9e\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u53bb\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u4eba\u5bb6\u8aaa\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u884c\u904d\u5929\u4e0b\u300d\u6211\u771f\u7684\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u3002\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u570b\u969b\u4ff1\u6a02\u90e8\u6211\u505a\u61c9\u53ec\uff0c\u4e5f\u8df3\u812b\u8863\u821e\uff0c\u90a3\u7a2e\u5730\u65b9\u4ec0\u9ebc\u570b\u7c4d\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u500b\u5c0f\u578b\u806f\u5408\u570b\u3002\u6211\u8df3\u821e\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u611f\u89ba\u5230\u300c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u90fd\u76ee\u7736\u91d1\u91d1\u5730\u770b\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

      \n
    1. \u8449\u5bcc\u570b\uff0c\u7537\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5730\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5b78\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u559c\u6b61\u9ad4\u683c\u5065\u58ef\u3001\u4e94\u5b98\u7a81\u51fa\u3001\u52d5\u4f5c\u7c97\u7377\u7684\u7537\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u66f4\u559c\u6b61\u601d\u60f3\u6210\u719f\u3001\u6027\u683c\u7368\u7acb\u7a69\u91cd\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u3002\u6211\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u6709\u548c\u4e0a\u767e\u500b\u7537\u4eba\u767c\u751f\u904e\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u6bcf\u500b\u6708\u90fd\u6703\u53bb\u6350\u8840\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u6211\u548c\u8a31\u591a\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u7fd2\u6163\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u559c\u6b61\u5148\u809b\u4ea4\u518d\u53e3\u4ea4\u3002\u6211\u7279\u5225\u559c\u6b61\u5c0d\u65b9\u967d\u5177\u4e0a\u6cbe\u6eff\u4e86\u6211\u809b\u9580\u9ec3\u9ec3\u7684\u6db2\u9ad4\uff0c\u5e36\u8457\u5927\u4fbf\u7684\u5473\u9053\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u6211\u4e00\u9ede\u9ede\u5730\u628a\u4ed6\u7684\u967d\u5177\u8210\u4e7e\u6de8\u3002\u53ea\u8981\u5728\u505a\u611b\uff0c\u6211\u6703\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u500b\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

        \n
      1. Julia\u674e\uff0c\u5973\uff0c19\u6b72<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u6211\u5f9e\u5341\u4e00\u6b72\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u79fb\u6c11\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e09\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u6691\u5047\u90fd\u6703\u56de\u5230\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u53bb\u590f\u4ee4\u71df\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u548c\u6211\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u7537\u5973\u5b69\u53c3\u52a0\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u6642\u5019\u90fd\u5728\u6771\u5340\u9b3c\u6df7\u3002\u6211\u6703\u8aaa\u53f0\u8a9e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u6703\u570b\u8a9e\u3002\u6211\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba(\u9019\u662f\u6211\u7238\u5abd\u5e38\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u7684)\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5728\u4ea4\u7537\u670b\u53cb\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u9084\u662f\u6bd4\u8f03\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7f8e\u570b\u767d\u4eba\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

          \n
        1. \u8cf4\u7fa9\u96c4\u300140\u591a\u6b72\uff0c\u7537\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u6211\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u5728\u4e2d\u58e2\u7684\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7406\u5bb9\u9662\u300d\u9580\u53e3\u505a\u300c\u4e09\u4e03\u4ed4\u300d\u3002\u6211\u7684\u8001\u95c6\u7684\u62dc\u628a\u5144\u5f1f\u4eca\u5e74\u8981\u7af6\u9078\u4e2d\u58e2\u5e02\u9577\uff0c\u653f\u898b\u662f\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u512a\u5148\u3001\u4e2d\u58e2\u7b2c\u4e00\u300d\u539f\u4f86\u7684\u5e02\u9577\u53bb\u9078\u6843\u5712\u7e23\u9577\u4e86\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

            \n
          1. \u85cd\u4fe1\u68cb<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u6211\u5f9e\u570b\u4e2d\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u559c\u6b61\u5973\u4eba\u5167\u8932\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u5077\u59d0\u59d0\u525b\u6d17\u5b8c\u6fa1\u63db\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u5167\u8932\u4f86\u624b\u6deb\u3002\u59ca\u59ca\u7684\u5167\u8932\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f88\u7279\u5225\u7684\u6c23\u5473\uff0c\u4ee4\u6211\u5f88\u6613\u885d\u52d5\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u767d\u8272\u548c\u6fd5\u7c98\u7c98\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u6211\u66fe\u7528\u820c\u53bb\u8210\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5473\u9053\u5f88\u602a\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6211\u5f88\u559c\u6b61\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u624b\u6deb\u6642\uff0c\u5e38\u4e00\u9762\u7528\u820c\u53bb\u8210\u90a3\u767d\u8272\u7684\u7c98\u6db2\uff0c\u53bb\u805e\u90a3\u6c23\u5473\u548c\u53bb\u5e7b\u60f3\u505a\u611b\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u6700\u559c\u6b61\u5077\u5b78\u6821\u5973\u540c\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u8932\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u6703\u4e09\u66f4\u534a\u591c\u624d\u53bb\u5077\u5979\u5011\u6652\u5728\u5916\u5bbf\u5bbf\u820d\u967d\u53f0\u4e0a\u7684\u6d17\u904e\u7684\u5167\u8932\uff0c\u4f55\u6cc1\u73fe\u5728\u5979\u5011\u90fd\u4e0d\u6562\u62ff\u51fa\u4f86\u6652\u4e86\u3002\u6211\u5c08\u9580\u8d81\u8457\u665a\u98ef\u5f8c\u5b78\u59ca\u5b78\u59b9\u5011\u53bb\u770b\u96fb\u5f71\u6216\u53c3\u52a0\u793e\u5718\u6d3b\u52d5\u6642\uff0c\u5f9e\u5916\u5bbf\u5bbf\u820d\u9802\u6a13\u722c\u9032\u623f\u5167\u627e\u6c92\u6d17\u904e\u7684\u5167\u8932\u3002\u4e0a\u6b21\u738b\u5efa\u7444\u548c\u9673\u6c34\u6241\u5728\u6821\u5167\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u6642\u9593\u6f14\u8b1b\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u7537\u540c\u5b78\u9084\u548c\u5973\u540c\u5b78\u8aaa\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u96e3\u5f97\u7684\u555f\u8499\u6a5f\u6703\uff1b\u90a3\u5929\u7684\u78ba\u6a5f\u6703\u96e3\u5f97\uff0c\u6211\u5f04\u5230\u4e86\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u5fc3\u5100\u9817\u4e45\u7684\u5b78\u59ca\u5b78\u59b9\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5f9e\u9802\u6a13\u722c\u4e0a\u722c\u4e0b\u5f88\u5371\u96aa\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u662f\u500b\u52c7\u6562\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

              \n
            1. \u5176\u4ed6\u7537\u5973\u53f0\u7063\u4eba<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u6709\u95dc\u6211\u5011\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u4eba\u6e23\u300d\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u592a\u591a\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f7c\u6b64\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5171\u901a\u6027\u53ef\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u9019\u88cf\u4e5f\u6c92\u8fa6\u6cd5\u4e00\u4e00\u8a34\u8aaa\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5feb\u6a02\u7684\u5c0f\u742a\uff0c\u559c\u6b61\u6253\u4ea4\u53cb\u96fb\u8a71\uff0c\u8df3\u8fea\u65af\u53ef\uff0c\u505a\u611b\u3002\u9084\u6709\u4e0d\u65b7\u5916\u9047\u7684\u963f\u6770(\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u7121\u804a\u53c8\u5641\u5fc3\uff01\u4ed6\u5374\u81ea\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5927\u60c5\u4eba)\uff1b\u6574\u5929\u6253\u96fb\u52d5\u73a9\u5177\u3001\u559c\u6b61\u8457\u5973\u88dd\u7684\u760b\u72d7\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u90a3\u4e9b\u611b\u597d\u4e00\u908a\u5927\u4fbf\u3001\u4e00\u908a\u624b\u6deb\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u6211\u5011\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u6e23\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5c6c\u65bc\u53f0\u7063\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\u65cf\u7fa4\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u798f\u4f6c\u4eba\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u699c\u6a23\u7684\u5916\u7701\u4eba\uff1f\u6216\u662f\u9053\u5730\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\uff1f\u6216\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8868\u5f70\u4e86\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff1f<\/p>\n

              \u5728\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u5c6c\u65bc\u90a3\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u3002\u7ffb\u95b1\u5831\u7d19\u3001\u6253\u958b\u96fb\u8996\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u7a2e\u838a\u56b4\u7684\u300c\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\u5ba3\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u56db\u65cf\u5171\u548c\u7684\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u88f9\uff0c\u5728\u5b78\u8005\u300c\u65cf\u7fa4\u95dc\u4fc2\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u8a8d\u540c\u300d\u7684\u66f8\u7c4d\u5167\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u8ad6\/\u9ee8\u7db1\/\u6587\u5ba3\u2026\u2026\u4e2d\uff0c\u627e\u4e0d\u8457\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6b78\u5c6c\u5206\u985e\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u5047(\u8ae7\u64ec)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

              (\u5982\u679c\u8b80\u8005\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u61c2\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u4e0d\u59a8\u53d6\u51fa\u300a\u5cf6\u5dbc\u908a\u7de3\u300b\u7b2c7\u671f\uff0c\u7ffb\u5230116-118\u9801\u7684\u3008\u5927\u4fbf\u5831\u3009\u7814\u7a76\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u90a3\u5e7e\u4f4d\u300c\u6211\u611b\u704c\u8178\/\u6211\u611b\u5243\u9670\u6bdb\/\u6211\u7684\u9f9c\u982d\u6703\u767c\u708e\u300d\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u54ea\u500b\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u4f5c\u70ba\u9081\u5411\u53f0\u7063\u838a\u56b4\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u4e4b\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u54ea\u4e00\u500b\uff1f\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u8a62\u554f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u6216\u5404\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u8a93\u70ba\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u6216\u672c\u65cf\u7fa4\u5229\u76ca\/\u547d\u8108\/\u547d\u904b\u596e\u9b25\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5718\u9ad4\uff0c\u3008\u5927\u4fbf\u5831\u3009\u7684\u9019\u5e7e\u4f4d\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u5c6c\u65bc\u8a72\u653f\u6cbb\u5718\u9ad4\u6240\u4ee3\u7406\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u6216\u65cf\u7fa4\uff1f\u672c\u6587\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u50cf\u9019\u985e\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u5176\u5be6\u5c6c\u65bc\u300c\u5047(\u8ae7\u64ec)\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u65cf\u7fa4)\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u8086\u3001\u7d50\u8a9e<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

              \u672c\u6587\u5728\u958b\u982d\u8655\u66fe\u8aaa\uff0c\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u56de\u61c9\u6216\u53cd\u6297\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u624d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u8207\u767c\u5c55\u7684\uff1b\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u8ff0\uff0c\u300c\u65cf\u7fa4\u300d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u300c\u570b\u65cf(\u5bb6)\u8a8d\u540c\u4e00\u4e00\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u6216\u9738\u6b0a\u96c6\u5718\u6240\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u6297\u722d\u4e4b\u4e00\u74b0\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5448\u73fe\u70ba\u4e00\u7fa4\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u81ea\u8db3\u5730\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u5177\u6709\u7368\u7279\u672c\u8cea\u7279\u5fb5\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5be6\u9ad4\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e32\u9023\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u548c\u968e\u7d1a\/\u6027\u5225\/\u2026\u2026\u7b49\u7b49\u65e2\u662f\u6709\u5dee\u7570\u7684\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7684\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u8207\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u6027\u5225\u7b49\u5747\u8655\u65bc\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002(\u53c3\u898b\u8a3b\u4e94)<\/p>\n

              \u53f0\u7063\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u671d\u5411\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u6297\u722d\u7684\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u8d70\u5411\u88ab\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u6536\u7de8\u7684\u5169\u9ee8\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u539f\u672c\u5e36\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u53cd\u5bb0\u5236\u8272\u5f69\u4e4b\u65cf\u7fa4\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u88ab\u7b49\u540c\u70ba\u300c\u5efa\u7acb\u570b\u5bb6\u8a8d\u540c\u6216\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\u8b8a\u6210\u6253\u9020\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u800c\u300c\u722d\u53d6\u65cf\u7fa4\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6703\u88ab\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u6240\u7528\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u65cf\u7fa4\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u6c92\u6709\u548c\u300c\u968e\u7d1a\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6027\u5225\u5e73\u7b49\u300d\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8981\u6c42\u4e32\u9023\u6216\u9023\u5e36\u5728\u4e00\u8d77(solidarity)\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u88ab\u7368\u5c0a\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u6b0a\u512a\u5148\u6216\u6700\u57fa\u8981\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u53f0\u7063\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u5efa\u7acb\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b63\u7a4d\u6975\u5730\u5efa\u69cb\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\uff1b\u53ef\u662f\u9019\u7121\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u89e3\u6c7a\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u8da8\u5411\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u56e0\u70ba\u5176\u5efa\u69cb\u4e4b\u7d42\u6975\u76ee\u7684(teleology) (\u5373\uff0c\u5404\u65cf\u7fa4\u6700\u7d42\u90fd\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba)\u5316\u7d04\u4e86\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703(\u5373\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\/\u570b\u65cf\u4e4b\u5efa\u69cb\u4f54\u7528\u4e86\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8cc7\u6e90\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8cc7\u6e90\u7b49\u7b49)\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d(\u5373\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\/\u570b\u65cf\u5341\u5206\u9192\u76ee\uff0c\u4f46\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u6027\u5225\u3001\u6027\u504f\u597d\u7b49\u7b49\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5374\u96b1\u800c\u4e0d\u898b)\u3002\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5247\u4f01\u5716\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u65cf\u7fa4\u662f\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u65b0\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u7684\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u63a5\u56de\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u6216\u5efa\u69cb\u904e\u7a0b\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u56de\u61c9\u300c\u540c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u8da8\u52e2\u6642\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53bb\u5c0b\u627e\u7570\u8cea\u7684\u7b26\u78bc\u6216\u6587\u5316\u7d93\u9a57\u4f86\u5efa\u69cb\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\u6027\u7684\u7b26\u78bc\u6216\u7d93\u9a57\u5448\u73fe\u70ba\u672c\u8eab\u7368\u7279\u7684\u7279\u8cea\u3001\u96b8\u5c6c\u65bc\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u53ca\u50b3\u7d71\u3002[6]<\/a>\u4f46\u662f\u300c\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d(\u7279\u5225\u662f\u8ae7\u64ec\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u4eba)\u9019\u4e00\u65cf\u7fa4\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u52d5\u5efa\u69cb\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u5404\u81ea\u5efa\u69cb\u6642\u7121\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u300c\u526f\u7522\u54c1\u300d\u2015\u7576\u4f5c\u70ba\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u7684\u56db\u5927\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u5efa\u69cb\u81ea\u5df1\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u5efa\u69cb\u4e86\u300c\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u3002\u4e00\u5207\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u5167\u5448\u73fe\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3001\u4e00\u5207\u8207\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u5b8c\u5168\u7570\u8cea\u7684\u7b26\u78bc\uff0c\u90fd\u53ea\u597d\u88ab\u4e1f\u51fa\u4f86\u53bb\u5efa\u69cb\u300c\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u5c31\u50cf\u904e\u6ffe\u5f8c\u901a\u4e0d\u904e\u7be9\u9078\u7684\u6e23\u6ed3\u4e1f\u9032\u5783\u573e\u7b52\u4e00\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u65e2\u7121\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u3001\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u672c\u8cea\uff1b\u65e2\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5f62\u6210\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u4ee3\u8868\u6216\u518d\u73fe(represent)\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6c92\u6709\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b77\u53f2\u6216\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u7834\u788e\u3001\u7247\u65b7\u3001\u6df7\u4e82\u7684\u7b26\u78bc\u53ca\u7d93\u9a57\u6240\u6df7\u96dc\u800c\u6210\u7684(\u5f8c)\u73fe\u4ee3\u65cf\u7fa4\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u4f60\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\uff1f\u53f0\u7063\u5916\u7701\u4eba\uff1f\u53f0\u7063\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\uff1f\u53f0\u7063\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff1f\u53f0\u7063\u798f\u4f6c\u4eba\uff1f\u4f55\u5fc5\u9019\u9ebc\u905c\uff0c\u4f55\u4e0d\u548c\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u6a23\u4f86\u505a\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\uff1f<\/p>\n

              \u6211\u5011\u5728\u809b\u4ea4\u3001\u5728\u8df3\u821e\u3001\u5728\u96a8\u5730\u5927\u5c0f\u4fbf\u3001\u5728\u653e\u5c41\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u6417\u86cb\u3001\u5728\u76dc\u7528\u516c\u7269\u3001\u5728\u6df7\u3001\u5728\u5077\u61f6\u3001\u5728\u5857\u9d09\u3001\u5728\u9b27\u5834\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u6253\u626e\u3001\u5728\u767c\u6d6a\u3001\u5728\u8ce3\u9a37\u3001\u5728\u901a\u59e6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4eab\u53d7\u6027\u611b\u3001\u5728\u723d\u6b6a\u6b6a\uff0c(\u4f60\u5462\uff1f)\u3002\u6211\u5011(\u90fd)\u662f\u5047\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u6ce8\u91cb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

              [1]<\/a> \u505a\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u985e\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u6545\u4e8b(fables) \u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5076\u800c\u6703\u8aaa\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

              [2]<\/a> \u53ef\u53c3\u898b\u6a5f\u5668\u6230\u8b66\u300c\u8a8d\u540c\u53f0\u7063\u5c31\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u300d\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u6536\u65bc\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u300b\u5510\u5c71\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9801469-471\u3002<\/p>\n

              [3]<\/a> \u9019\u500b\u7126\u616e\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4f86\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u7537\u4eba\u5c0d\u6027\u5225\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\u7126\u616e\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u56de\u6b78\u300c\u539f\u9109\u2015\u571f\u5730\u2015\u6bcd\u89aa\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u5fc5\u9808\u548c\u5176\u6bcd\u89aa(\u5973\u4eba)\u8a8d\u540c\uff0c\u9019\u5c07\u9020\u6210\u4ed6\u6027\u5225\u8a8d\u540c\u7684\u7126\u616e\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u7126\u616e\u4fbf\u53ef\u80fd\u7f6e\u63db\u70ba(displace) \u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1(\u884c\u70ba\u3001\u601d\u7dad\u7b49\u7b49)\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u300c\u771f\u6b63\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u300d\u4e4b\u7126\u616e\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u300c\u771f\u6b63\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u300d\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u7d93\u5e38\u6709\u8c61\u5fb5\u6bcd\u6027\u9670\u67d4\u4e4b\u542b\u610f\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7684\u4fee\u8fad\u5374\u5f80\u5f80\u986f\u5f97\u904e\u5ea6\u967d\u525b\u3002\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u5225\u8a8d\u540c\u4e4b\u7126\u616e\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n

              [4]<\/a> \u6700\u65e9\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u7684\u6700\u521d\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u8981\u5340\u5206\u7a2e\u65cf\u8207\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u52d5\u6a5f\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u53f0\u7063\u4eba\u96d6\u7136\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u540c\u4e00\u7a2e\u65cf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u7531\u65bc\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u8005\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u878d\u8cab\u5730\u767c\u5c55\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a8d\u771f\u5730\u5f9e\u5b78\u8853\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u8003\u5bdf\u53f0\u7063\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e0b\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\u9677\u5165\u8a31\u591a\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe(\u53ef\u53c3\u770b\u3008\u8207\u6d77\u5916\u4eba\u58eb\u8b70\u653f\u8ad6\u3009\uff0c\u675c\u6d0b\u5ba2\uff0c\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u601d\u6f6e\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u671f\uff0c\u6d1b\u6749\u78ef\uff1a\u4e00\u4e5d\u516b\u4e09)\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u675c\u6d0b\u5ba2\u6307\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u6d77\u5916\u4eba\u58eb\u300c\u53c8\u8981\u88dd\u6a21\u4f5c\u6a23\u81ea\u9644\u65bc\u6b77\u53f2\u552f\u7269\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u628a\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u505a\u70ba\u7a2e\u65cf\u8ddf\u73fe\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u5206\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u5374\u7121\u8996\u65bc\u6230\u5f8c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u4f86\u5be6\u65bd\u52a0\u5de5\u5916\u92b7\u7684\u72c2\u98c6\u5f0f\u793e\u6703\u6548\u61c9\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u53f0\u7063\u9084\u6709\u5169\u767e\u591a\u842c\u300e\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u300f\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u5340\u5206\u4e00\u6982\u4ee5\u6236\u53e3\u540d\u7c3f\u70ba\u6e96\uff0c\u6bd4\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\u9084\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u8b8a\u6210\u4e0d\u6298\u4e0d\u6263\u7684\u53f0\u7063\u7a2e\u65cf\uff0c\u4f55\u81ea\u6253\u5634\u5df4\u4e4b\u6158\u91cd\uff01\u300d(\u5f15\u81ea\u524d\u6587)\u4e0d\u50c5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8a8d\u771f\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e0b\u6709\u95dc\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u610f\u8b58\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u4e3b\u5f35\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u8ad6\u8005\u4e4b\u4e3b\u89c0\u671f\u671b\u77db\u76fe(\u53c3\u770b\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u300b\u6a5f\u5668\u6230\u8b66\u7de8\uff0c\u5510\u5c71\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\u9801250-252\u3002)\u51e1\u6b64\u7a2e\u7a2e\uff0c\u9084\u52a0\u4e0a\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u6c11\u65cf\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u9010\u6f38\u6c92\u843d\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u65b0\u53f0\u7063\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5247\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n

              [5]<\/a> \u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u4f46\u53cd\u5c0d\u65cf\u7fa4\u672c\u8cea\u4e3b\u7fa9(\u5373\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u81ea\u8db3\u5730\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5be6\u9ad4)\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u5c0d\u65cf\u7fa4\u5316\u7d04\u4e3b\u7fa9(\u5373\uff0c\u968e\u7d1a\u6216\u6027\u5225\u7b49\u624d\u6709\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u5247\u662f\u7531\u968e\u7d1a\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u69cb\u6210\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u5b8c\u5168\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027)\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u6027(specificities) \u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u95dc\u4fc2\u4f4d\u7f6e\u548c\u5176\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6642\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u5f62\u614b\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\/\u968e\u7d1a\/\u6027\u5225\/\u4e16\u4ee3\/\u6027\u504f\u597d\/\u89aa\u5b50\u2026\u2026(\u9019\u500b\u4e32\u9023\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u76f4\u5217\u8209\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u6398\u51fa\u5404\u7a2e\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u53ca\u5229\u5bb3\u95dc\u4fc2)\u9019\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5f7c\u6b64\u5dee\u7570\u523b\u53c8\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a(\u5373\uff0c\u968e\u7d1a\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u8207\u65cf\u7fa4\/\u6027\u5225\/\u2026\u2026\u7b49\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u65cf\u7fa4\u5247\u662f\u5728\u5b83\u8207\u968e\u7d1a\/\u6027\u5225\/\u2026\u2026\u7b49\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49)\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6bcf\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u7684\u5f62\u614b(formation)\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u968e\u7d1a\/\u6027\u5225\/\u65cf\u7fa4\u2026\u2026\u9019\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u4e26\u672a\u88ab\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u3002\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u6642\u7a7a\u4e2d\uff0c\u65cf\u7fa4\u662f\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7684\uff1b\u5728\u53e6\u4e9b\u6642\u7a7a\u4e2d\uff0c\u968e\u7d1a\u5247\u88ab\u7368\u5c0a\uff1b\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

              \u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u300c\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e0b\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u5efa\u69cb\u6216\u65cf\u7fa4\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u6240\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u3002\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u652f\u6301\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u6587\u5316\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u9019\u5373\u662f\u65cf\u7fa4\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u5e73\u7b49\u9084\u8981\u518d\u4e32\u9023\u8d77\u6027\u5225\/\u6027\u504f\u597d\/\u89aa\u5b50\/\u57ce\u9109\u2026\u2026\u7b49\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u5728\u722d\u53d6(\u4f8b\u5982)\u5ba2\u5bb6\u4eba\u8a9e\u8a00\u6587\u5316\u7d93\u6fdf\u2026\u2026\u6b0a\u6642\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5ba2\u5bb6\u7236\u6b0a\uff0c\u800c\u8b8a\u6210\u722d\u53d6\u5ba2\u5bb6\u7570\u6027\u6200\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5ba2\u5bb6\u300c\u4eba\u300d(\u7537\u5973\u8001\u5c11\u540c\u6027\u6200\u2026\u2026)\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u3002(\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u5c07\u5ba2\u5bb6\u300c\u4eba\u300d\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027)\u3002<\/p>\n

              [6]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5916\u7701\u65cf\u7fa4\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u9003\u96e3\u6216\u907f\u79e6\u3001\u7121\u6cd5\u751f\u6839\u7d93\u9a57\u65e2\u662f\u5916\u7701\u4eba\u65cf\u7fa4\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u5916\u7701\u4eba\u96c6\u9ad4\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u8b58\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u8a8d\u771f\u8003\u7a76\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u767c\u73fe\u907f\u79e6\u7d93\u9a57\u4e5f\u662f\u6b77\u4f86\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u53f0\u7063\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5fc3\u7406\u610f\u8b58\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u5916\u7701\u4eba\u7684\u7368\u7279\u672c\u8cea\u3002(\u6216\u8a31\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u64da\u6b64\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u5916\u7701\u4eba\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u53f2\u300d)\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u82e5\u5c0d\u907f\u79e6\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u5167\u6db5\u518d\u52a0\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5176\u9060\u96e2\u539f\u9109\u3001\u524d\u9014\u832b\u832b\u3002\u5931\u53bb\u50b3\u7d71\u7b49\u7d93\u9a57\u548c\u53f0\u7063\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5316\u5f8c\uff0c\u88ab\u8feb\u96e2\u958b\u7834\u7522\u4e4b\u8fb2\u6751\u5230\u90fd\u5e02\u8a0e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u672c\u7701\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u7d93\u9a57\u4e0a\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u8ac7\u4e0d\u4e0a\u9019\u662f\u5916\u7701\u4eba\u7368\u6709\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u898b\u65cf\u7fa4\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u5efa\u69cb\u800c\u6210\u7684\u3002(\u53c3\u770b\u4f55\u6625\u8564\u5728\u672c\u671f\u5c0d\u6731\u5929\u5fc3\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u3002)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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