{"id":552,"date":"1995-10-01T14:26:31","date_gmt":"1995-10-01T06:26:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/?p=552"},"modified":"2021-06-26T17:06:57","modified_gmt":"2021-06-26T09:06:57","slug":"%e8%a9%a6%e8%ab%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%e5%80%ab%e7%90%86%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e8%88%88%e8%b5%b7%e6%a2%9d%e4%bb%b6%ef%bc%9a%e6%9c%89%e9%97%9c%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%e5%80%ab%e7%90%86%e5%ad%b8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/1995\/10\/%e8%a9%a6%e8%ab%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%e5%80%ab%e7%90%86%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e8%88%88%e8%b5%b7%e6%a2%9d%e4%bb%b6%ef%bc%9a%e6%9c%89%e9%97%9c%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%e5%80%ab%e7%90%86%e5%ad%b8\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8a66\u8ad6\u7f8e\u570b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u689d\u4ef6\uff1a\u6709\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u722d\u8ad6\u53ca\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u555f\u793a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u3010\u672c\u6587\u539f\u8f09\u65bc\u300a\u7b2c\u56db\u5c46\u7f8e\u570b\u6587\u5b78\u8207\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u8ad6\u6587\u9078\u96c6\uff1a\u54f2\u5b78\u7bc7\u300b\uff0c\u4f55\u5fd7\u9752\u3001\u6d2a\u88d5\u5b8f\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u6b50\u7f8e\u6240\u51fa\u7248\u30021995\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u980153-77\u3002\u5f8c\u6536\u5165\u500b\u4eba\u5c08\u66f8\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u2500\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u58e2\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\uff0c2017\uff0c\u9801297-322\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b<a href=\"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/publication\/2017\/modernity\/pdf\/11.pdf\">\u672c\u6587\u4e4bpdf\u6a94<\/a>\u4ee5\u4f9b\u95b1\u8b80\u5f15\u7528\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><strong>\u6458\u8981<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u9019\u7bc7\u9577\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u63a2\u8a0e\u7f8e\u570b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u689d\u4ef6\uff1b\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u5b78\u9662\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u53d7\u5230\u58d3\u529b\u548c\u6311\u6230\u53bb\u767c\u5c55\u5be6\u969b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u767c\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u5247\u6210\u70ba\u5c0d\uff08\u91ab\u7642\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6703\u8a08\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u7b49\uff09\u5c08\u696d\u7d66\u4e88\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u5c08\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u8207\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e86\u5c08\u696d\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u5408\u4e4e\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\uff08\u5c31\u50cf\u76ee\u524d\u5b78\u754c\u5c0d\u722d\u8b70\u984c\u76ee\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u901a\u904e\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u502b\u7406\u300d\u7684\u5be9\u67e5\u4e00\u6a23\u4f86\u4fdd\u8b49\u7814\u7a76\u5408\u4e4e\u5b78\u8853\u502b\u7406\uff09\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u56e0\u800c\u525b\u597d\u6263\u9023\u4e0a\uff08\u5c1a\u672a\u53d6\u5f97\u6c11\u773e\u5145\u5206\u4fe1\u4efb\u800c\u5e38\u7522\u751f\u7cfe\u7d1b\u7684\uff09\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u300c\u88fd\u9020\u5171\u8b58\u300d\u7684\u9700\u8981\u2500\u2500\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6c7a\u7b56\u7531\u65bc\u662f\u7d93\u904e\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6aa2\u9a57\u6240\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u5408\u4e4e\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u514d\u65bc\u66f4\u57fa\u9032\u7684\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\u8207\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6b63\u5408\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e4b\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e86\u5c08\u696d\u6574\u9ad4\uff08\u800c\u975e\u500b\u5225\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\uff09\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u63a9\u84cb\u4e86\u5f9e\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u8108\u7d61\u4f86\u6aa2\u8996\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u8207\u72c0\u614b\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u5546\u696d\u5316\u7684\u5927\u8da8\u52e2\u4e0b\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5c08\u696d\u7d1b\u7d1b\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u5229\u6f64\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u6240\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u9867\u5ba2\u4e5f\u76f8\u61c9\u5730\u8981\u6c42\u5e02\u5834\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u65e2\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u500b\u5225\u5c08\u696d\u8005\u52a0\u4ee5\u898f\u7bc4\u7ba1\u7406\uff08\u4ee5\u7dad\u6301\u6574\u9ad4\u5c08\u696d\u79e9\u5e8f\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u652f\u914d\u8207\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d66\u4e88\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u5247\u4f86\u81ea\u7b26\u5408\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0a\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5f97\u4ee5\u767c\u7687\u3002\uff08\u76f8\u5c0d\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u5c1a\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u88fd\u9020\u5171\u8b58\u300d\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u5c08\u696d\u9084\u4e0d\u592a\u9700\u8981\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u70ba\u5176\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7ba1\u8f44\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5927\u81f4\u8655\u65bc\u91ab\u75c5\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u800c\u4e0d\u592a\u53d7\u6311\u6230\u3002\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5c07\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u65bc\u73fe\u5be6\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u5247\u662f\u5f9e\u666e\u904d\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u4e2d\u6f14\u7e79\u6216\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d \u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5c07\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u505a\u7d55\u5c0d\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8a8d\u70ba\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4f9d\u8cf4\u8457\u6216\u5bc4\u751f\u65bc\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5247\u6307\u51fa\u67d0\u7a2e\u985e\u578b\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u70ba\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u4e43\u548c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9019\u7a2e\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u89c0\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u95dc\u9023\u3002\uff08\u6211\u628a\u672c\u6bb5\u5167\u5bb9\u53c8\u4ee5\u6975\u7c21\u7d04\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5beb\u6210\u4e00\u7bc7\u77ed\u6587\u4f5c\u70ba\u672c\u6587\u9644\u9304\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u8b80\u8005\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">\u5728\u6587\u672b\uff0c\u5f9e\u5169\u65b9\u9762\u8ac7\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u6216\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u8ac7\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u8996\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\uff08\u61c9\u7528\u7684\uff09\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u8ac7\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u9818\u57df\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6b32\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6f14\u7e79\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u8207\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7684\u800c\u662f\u5e73\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u539f\u5247\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u5b78\u79d1\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5176\u5be6\u6c92\u6709\u4e0d\u8b8a\u6216\u666e\u904d\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u9019\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u63a2\u8a0e\u7f8e\u570b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u689d\u4ef6\uff1b\u5728\u6578\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u689d\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c07\u96c6\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6Alasdair MacIntyre\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70baMacIntyre\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f46\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u5f37\uff0c\u610f\u7fa9\u6df1\u9060\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u76f4\u6307\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u6216\u69cb\u6210\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u5f8c\u8a2d\u6027\u554f\u984c\u5247\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u9020\u6210\u6709\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u524d\u9014\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u529f\u80fd\u7b49\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u672c\u6587\u4e5f\u6703\u89f8\u53ca\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5247\u60f3\u8ac7\u8ac7\u7f8e\u570b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u689d\u4ef6\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u722d\u8ad6\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u61c9\u7528\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u555f\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong>I<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5982Richard Fox and Joseph DeMarco\u6240\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u5f9e1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u958b\u59cb\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7576\u4ee3\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u958b\u555f\u4e86\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u9019\u500b\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff1b1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u81f31980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u5317\u7f8e\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u4e2d\u6210\u9577\u6700\u5927\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff082-3\uff09\uff0cTom L. Beauchamp\u4e5f\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\uff08514\uff09\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5929\u771f\u7684\u4eba\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u76f8\u4fe1\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u662f\u7d14\u7cb9\u5076\u7136\u6216\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u3002Peter Singer\u5728\u4ed6\u7de8\u7684<em>Applied Ethics<\/em>\u7684\u3008\u5c0e\u8ad6\u3009\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u300c\u5148\u662f\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u662f\u8d8a\u6230\u53ca\u5b78\u751f\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u5438\u5f15\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u53bb\u8a0e\u8ad6\u9053\u5fb7\u8b70\u984c\uff1a\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u6b63\u7fa9\u3001\u6230\u722d\u53ca\u516c\u6c11\u62b5\u6297\u6b0a\u3002\u4ee5\u300e\u95dc\u5fc3\u5929\u4e0b\u4e8b\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u300f\u8eab\u4efd\u52a0\u5165\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u9010\u6f38\u89ba\u609f\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u6559\u5c0e\u54f2\u5b78\u6642\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6280\u5de7\u7a81\u7136\u8b8a\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u95dc\u300d\uff08Singer 3\uff09\u3002Peter Singer\u63a5\u8457\u8aaa\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u904b\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u6280\u5de7\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\uff08practical problems\uff09\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u50cf<em>The Journal of Philosophy<\/em>\u9019\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u5efa\u5236\u7684\u8a8d\u53ef\u3001\u6a19\u6e96\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u3001\u548c\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u5b9a\u8abf\u6975\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684<em>Philosophy and Public Affairs<\/em>\u671f\u520a\u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u88ab\u5b78\u8853\u5316\u8207\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff08Singer 3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Peter Singer\u5728\u6b64\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u4e4b\u89e3\u91cb\u9817\u70ba\u5e73\u9762\u3002Singer\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u8aaa\uff0c\u50cf\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u904e\u53bb\u4e5f\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u500b\u300c\u4e45\u9060\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u300d\u57281970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u524d\u986f\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u5c08\u9580\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u9818\u57df\uff08&#8221;Introduction&#8221; 1\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8aaa1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u52d5\u76ea\u8db3\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff08\u6b63\u5982Peter Singer\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\uff09\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u90a3\u9ebc\u591a\u5275\u75db\u537b\u4ecd\u548c\u5be6\u969b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4fdd\u6301\u8ddd\u96e2\uff1f\u57fa\u65bc\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u90a3\u7a2e\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u6216\u79d1\u6280\u9032\u6b65\u800c\u5e36\u4f86\u65b0\u7684\u554f\u984c\u548c\u6311\u6230\u300d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u5e73\u9762<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u300c\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u79d1\u6280\u9032\u6b65\u300d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u5de5\u696d\u9769\u547d\u4ee5\u4f86\u7684\u5e38\u614b\uff08\u985e\u4f3c\u8ad6\u9ede\u53ef\u53c3\u770bEdel 317-318\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u60f3\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u53ef\u80fd\u8981\u5f9e\u5b78\u9662\uff0f\u5b78\u8853\u7684\u5167\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\u548c\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u5169\u65b9\u9762\u4f86\u770b\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u5c07\u8981\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u5b78\u9662\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u53d7\u5230\u58d3\u529b\u548c\u6311\u6230\u53bb\u767c\u5c55\u5be6\u969b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5176\u767c\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\u5247\u56e0\u5176\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u5c08\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u9019\u525b\u597d\u6263\u9023\u4e0a\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u300c\u88fd\u9020\u5171\u8b58\u300d\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff1b\u6545\u800c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5f97\u4ee5\u767c\u7687\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u52d5\u76ea\u900f\u904e\u5b78\u751f\u904b\u52d5\u885d\u64ca\u4e86\u5b78\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b78\u9662\u548c\u300c\u8ecd\u4e8b\uff0d\u5de5\u696d\u7d9c\u5408\u9ad4\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u5b78\u751f\u6b0a\u529b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5c0d\u8ab2\u7a0b\u53ca\u4eba\u4e8b\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u53c3\u8207\uff09\u3001\u5b78\u8853\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u793e\u6703\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u95dc\u806f\u7b49\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5747\u88ab\u4e00\u4e00\u63d0\u4e86\u51fa\u4f86\u3002Fox and DeMarco\u63d0\u5230\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u793a\u5a01\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u61c9\u8a72\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u958b\u6709\u95dc\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u74b0\u4fdd\u3001\u793e\u6703\u6b63\u7fa9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u91ab\u85e5\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u4f01\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5247\u5728\u5927\u5b78\u5916\u53d7\u5230\u5ee3\u6cdb\u6ce8\u610f\u7b49\u7b49\uff0812\uff09\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u52d5\u76ea\u4e5f\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u65b9\u9762\u885d\u64ca\u4e86\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u7576\u9053\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u53d6\u5411\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u6cdb\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u6b50\u9678\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u73fe\u8c61\u5b78\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u8a6e\u91cb\u5b78\u3001\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u6cd5\u862d\u514b\u798f\u5b78\u6d3e\uff09\u3001\u7d50\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\uff08\u65b0\uff09\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u601d\u6f6e\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u6fc0\u9032\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u652f\u6301<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\u3002\u800c\u7576\u6642\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u4e2d\u884c\u70ba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u4f86\u6e90\u7684\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\uff08\u7576\u6642\u4e5f\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u8a9e\u8a00\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5be6\u8b49\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\uff09\u4ea6\u62db\u81f4\u62a8\u64ca\u2500\u2500\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u5b78\u751f\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u9818\u8896Herbert Marcuse\u5c0d\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6279\u5224<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\uff1b\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5f8c\u8a2d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u5341\u5206\u7406\u8ad6\u50be\u5411\u7684\u898f\u7bc4\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u90fd\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u812b\u96e2\u5be6\u969b\u3001\u7121\u7528\u3002\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\uff08\u6cdb\uff09\u6b50\u9678\u54f2\u5b78\u4f3c\u4e4e\u986f\u5f97\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u76f8\u5e72\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u537b\u7531\u65bc\u5404\u6d3e\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u4e3b\u5bb0\u7f8e\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u800c\u96e3\u4ee5\u53d6\u5f97\u6559\u8077<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u5b78\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u53d7\u5230\u885d\u64ca\u3001\u539f\u6709\u5efa\u5236\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u616e\u5b78\u751f\u6b0a\u529b\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u6c23\u6c1b\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u76f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u89f8\u53ca\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u52e2\u5fc5\u6703\u7522\u751f\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u5371\u6a5f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u5c0d\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5efa\u5236\uff08establishment\uff09\u7684\u58d3\u529b\u8207\u6311\u6230\u4ecd\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u69cb\u6210\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u5145\u5206\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u500b\u689d\u4ef6\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\uff1a\u5f9e\u4e8b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7b26\u5408\u4e86\u7576\u6642\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u300c\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u683c\u300d\uff08ethos\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5176\u7368\u7279\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u3001\u6027\u683c\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u539f\u4f86\u300c\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u611f\u89ba\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u8b70\u984c\u767c\u8a00\u4e26\u975e\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4efd\u5167\u7684\u4e8b\u300d\uff08Fox and DeMarco 2\uff1bToulmin 265\uff1b\u5c0d\u6b64\u6709\u7570\u8b70\u7684\u5247\u662fHare<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\uff09\uff0c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u4e0d\u662f\u9069\u7576\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5de5\u4f5c\u300d\uff08Fox and DeMarco 15\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b78\u4e5f\u61c9\u8a72\u6392\u9664\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u8b70\u984c\u7684\u610f\u898b<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\uff1b\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4fbf\u61c9\u8a72\u8b93\u79d1\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\u6216\u5c08\u5bb6\uff08\u800c\u975e\u5b97\u6559\u5bb6\u3001\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5bb6\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff09\u53bb\u8655\u7406\u89e3\u6c7a\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u8f49\u8b8a\u5230\u63a5\u53d7\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u52e2\u5fc5\u4e5f\u9808\u7b26\u5408\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u683c\u3002\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u683c\u4e2d\u96d6\u6709\u9003\u96e2\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u5f9e\u65e9\u671f\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5b78\u6d3e\u5728\u6b50\u6230\u548c\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5e74\u4ee3\u6d78\u6deb\u5728\u7d14\u6de8\u7684\u6578\u7406\u908f\u8f2f\u4e2d\u770b\u7684\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u4e5f\u9084\u6709\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u683c\uff08\u4e00\u5ea6\u8868\u9054\u5728\u5f8c\u8005\u8fd1\u4e4e\u5b97\u6559\u72c2\u71b1\u3001\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\uff09\u3002\u9019\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u683c\u6709\u6642\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u89c0\u6210\u5206\uff08\u4e0d\u904e\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5247\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u4fe1\u689d\u6108\u884c\u6108\u9060\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u89c0\u2500\u2500\u4e5f\u660e\u986f\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u73fe\u4ee3\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u5167\u2500\u2500\u5f37\u8abf\uff1a\u4e0d\u518d\u63a5\u53d7\u5b97\u6559\u53ca\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u79d1\u5b78\u5730\u7d44\u7e54\u5de5\u696d\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u91cd\u8996\u5c08\u9580\u6280\u8853\u8207\u8a13\u7df4\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u5c08\u5bb6\u53ca\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u662f\u4fc3\u9032\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u65d7\u624b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7a4d\u6975\u5730\u5efa\u69cb\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u53ca\u793e\u6703\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u6210\u5c31\u5408\u7406\u5316\u7684\u793e\u6703<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7cbe\u795e\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u662f\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300d\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u7684\uff08professional\uff09\u3001\u5c08\u6280\u7684\uff08technical\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u900f\u904e\u5c08\u9580\u6280\u5de7\uff08expertise\uff09\u800c\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4fbf\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u7cfb\u8feb\u65bc\u6642\u52e2\u800c\u96a8\u4fbf\u61c9\u4ed8\u5145\u6578\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\uff081\uff09\u67d0\u500b\u54f2\u5b78\u9818\u57df\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff09\u6216\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\uff09\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5ef6\u4f38\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\uff09\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u54f2\u5b78\u5c08\u9580\u6280\u5de7\u8207\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u904b\u7528\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u6709\u95dc\u5be6\u969b\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u7684\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u4e4b\u5c08\u696d\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5c08\u696d\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u5be6\u969b\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u2500\u2500\u96d6\u7136\u5979\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u610f\u898b\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u8aaa\u4e86\u5c31\u7b97\u6578\u300d\uff08authoritative\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u8ca2\u737b\u5c31\u50cf\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b78\u5c08\u5bb6\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u5c07\u662f\u4eba\u985e\u6210\u5c31\u5408\u7406\u5316\u793e\u6703\u6240\u9700\u5de5\u5177\u4e2d\u6bd4\u8f03\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u8a00\u8ac7\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e09\u9ede\u5747\u5f97\u5230\u8a8d\u53ef\uff0c\u4e09\u9ede\u5747\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u50c5\u7576\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5177\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u6642\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e8b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u65b9\u80fd\u7b26\u5408\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u548cethos\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8a00\u8ac7\u4e2d\u6709\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0a\u8ff0\uff081\uff09\uff082\uff09\uff083\uff09\u4e09\u9ede\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u88dc\u5145\u6558\u8ff0\u5982\u5f8c\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\uff081\uff09\u548c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u8de8\u79d1\u7cfb\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5229\u7528Beauchamp\u7684\u5f15\u8ff0\u8868\u9054\uff081\uff09\u70ba\uff1a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u5c0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u901a\u5e38\u610f\u542b\u8457\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u4e43\u662f\u300c\u57fa\u790e\u300d\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u63a2\u7a76\u8457\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u4e14\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3001\u5fb7\u6027\u3001\u898f\u5247\u7b49\u7b49\uff1b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5247\u900f\u904e\u8f03\u4e0d\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u3001\u884d\u751f\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3001\u5fb7\u6027\u3001\u5224\u65b7\u3001\u898f\u5247\u7b49\u7b49\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u7279\u5b9a\u554f\u984c\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\uff1a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e26\u4e0d\u53bb\u767c\u5c55\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\uff08\u6709\u95dc\u4e00\u822c\u898f\u7bc4\u539f\u5247\u7684\uff09\u300c\u502b\u7406\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d\u65e2\u5b58\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u539f\u5247\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff08Cf. Beauchamp 516-17\uff09\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\uff082\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u7528Bruce Jennings\u6240\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u8868\u9054\uff08\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u8a13\u7df4\u6240\u7d66\u4e88\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7279\u5225\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6280\u5de7\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u662f\u6c7a\u7b56\u8005\u548c\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u4e2d\u6240\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7684\uff08209\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\uff083\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8655\u7406\u5c0d\u8c61\u6216\u4e3b\u984c\u662f\u5be6\u969b\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u300d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u662f\u6240\u6709\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u8a31\u591a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u300c\u5be6\u969b\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u300d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u537b\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\uff083\uff09\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u8457\u53ea\u6709\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u624d\u80fd\u5f9e\u4e8b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u7531\u65bc\uff081\uff09\uff082\uff09\uff083\uff09\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u4e09\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8cea\u7591\u6216\u5426\u5b9a\u4fbf\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5728\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u5f9e\u4e8b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u5371\u6a5f\u3002\u800c\u7576\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u9032\u5165\u7b2c\u4e8c\u968e\u6bb5\u5f8c\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u5f8c\u8a2d\u722d\u8ad6\uff08Jennings 208-209\uff09\u6b63\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e09\u539f\u5247\u800c\u767c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff083\uff09\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u7684\u300c\u6709\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u7814\u7a76\u300d\uff0cMichael D. Bayles\u63d0\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u54f2\u5b78\u5708\u5167\u5916\u601d\u616e\u5468\u8a73\u4e14\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u62b1\u6028\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7121\u52a9\u65bc\u89e3\u6c7a\u6bcf\u65e5\u7684\u554f\u984c\u300d\uff08249\uff0c\u9ed1\u9ad4\u70ba\u6211\u6240\u52a0\uff09\u3002Annette C. Baier\u5f15\u8ff0Arthur Caplan\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8ac7\u5230\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u76ee\u524d\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8ca2\u737b\u5176\u5be6\u6709\u6642\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u4e5f\u505a\u7684\u5230\uff08Baier 496\uff09\u3002Baier\u6240\u5f15\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u95dc\u806f\u5230\u5c0d\uff082\uff09\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5c08\u9580\u6280\u5de7\u8207\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u904b\u7528\u3002Richard Rorty\u66fe\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5c0d\u300e\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300f\u5b78\u6709\u5c08\u9577\u7684\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6709\u6642\u5019\u8072\u7a31\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u6703\u5c0d\u89e3\u6c7a\u653f\u7b56\u96e3\u984c\u6709\u7528\uff08\u50cf\u58ae\u80ce\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u9650\u6b66\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u96e3\u984c\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u5728\u8655\u7406\u9019\u985e\u8b70\u984c\u6642\u904b\u7528\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u548c19\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u50cfJ. S. Mill\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u548c\u50cfMacaulay\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u975e\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff09\u6216\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u8655\u7406\u76f8\u4f3c\u6216\u76f8\u540c\u8b70\u984c\u6642\u7d93\u5e38\u904b\u7528\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4e26\u7121\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u300e\u5206\u6790\u6280\u5de7\u300f\u9019\u500b\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u51fa\u65bc\u300e\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u300c\u54f2\u5b78\u5206\u6790\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u300d\u300f\u9019\u7a2e\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7576\u524d\u653f\u7b56\u96e3\u984c\u6642\u78ba\u5be6\u5beb\u7684\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5be6\u5728\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u4f86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u5beb\u4f5c\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u7368\u7279\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d\uff08<em>Essays on Heidegger and Others<\/em> 23n\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u6709\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff081\uff09\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u5c31\u66f4\u591a\u4e86\u3002\u672c\u6587\u96d6\u7136\u6703\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u89f8\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u722d\u8b70\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u6709\u95dc\uff081\uff09\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5c07\u4e0d\u6703\u5168\u9762\u5730\u8a0e\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u722d\u8ad6<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u5c07\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u8207\u767c\u7687\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u53ef\u80fd\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u4fbf\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u56de\u5230\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u984c\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08Substantive Ethics\uff09\u5728\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u539f\u4f86\u662f\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6709\u95dc\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5be6\u8cea\u554f\u984c\u61c9\u5c6c\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u800c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u5982A. J. Ayer\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u4f5c\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u4e00\u652f\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u5c31\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u8207\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u90e8\u9580\u300d\uff08149\uff09\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5247\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u3001\u5f8c\u8a2d\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff1b\u4f5c\u70ba\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u5c55\u9918\u5730\u3002Bruce Jennings\u6307\u51fa\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5728\u908f\u8f2f\u5be6\u8a3c\u8ad6\u53ca\u60c5\u7dd2\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u5bb0\u4e0b\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u5f35\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u5730\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6216\u88ab\u516c\u8a55\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u9019\u985e\u6559\u689d\u88ab\u63a8\u7ffb\u5f8c\uff0c\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u624d\u80fd\u8208\u65fa\uff08205\uff09\u3002\u6839\u64daFox and Demarco\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u539f\u4f86\u9020\u6210\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u5e7e\u500b\u5047\u8a2d\uff08\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ad6\u3001\u89c0\u5bdf\u662f\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff09\u5747\u5f0f\u5fae\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7d66\u4e88\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\uff0814\uff09\uff1b\u6301\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8ad6\u9ede\u8005\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u5c11\u6578<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5167\u90e8\u7406\u8ad6\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6709\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u61c9\u7576\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u6709\u5229\u689d\u4ef6\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b78\u9662\u54f2\u5b78\u958b\u767c\u4e86\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u672a\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u5b78\u9662\u5916\u793e\u6703\u7684\u63a5\u7d0d\u53ca\u6b61\u8fce\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f88\u96e3\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u9577\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\uff0c\u7576\u5b78\u751f\u904b\u52d5\u6216\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6fc0\u9032\u601d\u6f6e\u9000\u6f6e\u5f8c\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u52e2\u5fc5\u8981\u626e\u6f14\u5176\u4ed6\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u89d2\u8272\u4ee5\u4fbf\u7e7c\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Peter Singer \u5c0d\u4f55\u4ee5\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u5b78\u904b\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u767c\u9054\u4e26\u7121\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u53d7\u5230\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u6bd4\u904e\u53bb\u626e\u6f14\u985e\u4f3c\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u653f\u5ba2\u3001\u793e\u8ad6\u4e3b\u7b46\u8981\u505a\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u3002\uff08&#8221;Introduction&#8221; 4\uff09\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u505a\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u6211\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u80fd\u5920\u6bd4\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u653f\u5bb9\u3001\u4e3b\u7b46\u7b49\u66f4\u80fd\u6295\u5c04\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u5c08\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7a76\u7adf\u4ec0\u9ebc\u793e\u6703\u72c0\u614b\u9700\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u793e\u6703\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u5f97\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8b8a\u5f97\u5f88\u6709\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6b61\u8fce\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u5f85\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0cAlasdair MacIntyre\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u800c\u4e14\u610f\u7fa9\u6df1\u9060\u5f71\u97ff\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c07\u82b1\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MacIntyre\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u767c\u7687\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u50cf\u91ab\u85e5\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6703\u8a08\u5e2b\u4e4b\u8077\u52d9\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u8207\u8ecd\u4e8b\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u9818\u57df\u6709\u5169\u500b\u7279\u9ede\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u4f9d\u64da\u516c\u610f\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u516c\u610f\u5171\u8b58\u5fc5\u9808\u5341\u5206\u7cbe\u6e96\u78ba\u5b9a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u91ab\u751f\u53ef\u5426\u5c0d\u75c5\u4eba\u8aaa\u8b0a\uff0c\u9808\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u516c\u610f\u5171\u8b58\u4e4b\u6307\u5c0e\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bb9\u500b\u5225\u91ab\u751f\u4efb\u610f\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e00\u822c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u7a2e\u539f\u5247\u901a\u5e38\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u9918\u5730\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u539f\u5247\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u901a\u5e38\u70ba\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u8aaa\u8b0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u5834\u5408\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u4f8b\u5916\u300d\uff0c\u81f3\u65bc\u54ea\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u5217\u8209\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\uff08510-11\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u767c\u7687\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u516c\u773e\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u4e4b\u5c08\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u6b64\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5247\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f9e\u4e8b\u5c08\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u8005\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u9ad8\u5ea6\u9810\u671f\u5c08\u696d\u8005\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u76f8\u7576\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u5247\u9808\u8981\u76f8\u7576\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u4ee5\u53ca\u8655\u7406\u554f\u984c\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u5230\u8655\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u660e\u8aaa\u548c\u4e0d\u660e\u8aaa\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u5c08\u696d\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6216\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6e96\u5247\uff08MacIntyre 511\uff09\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u53c8\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u751a\u81f3\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u7b49\u662f\u5426\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7ad9\u5f97\u4f4f\u8173\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6b63\u7576\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u8cf4\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u80fd\u5426\u986f\u793a\u5c08\u696d\u5167\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u6216\u8655\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u666e\u904d\u62bd\u8c61\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u6216\u5883\u6cc1\u4e0b\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u88ab\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u6c38\u6052\u666e\u904d\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u7406\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u53ca\u7279\u6b8a\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u56e0\u6b64\u525b\u597d\u914d\u5408\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u6e34\u6c42\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u5176\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u975e\u5e38\u6b61\u8fce\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4e5f\u9858\u610f\u96c7\u7528\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f86\u505a\u5c0d\u5167\u53ca\u5c0d\u5916\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8faf\u8b77\u3001\u516c\u95dc\u53ca\u8aee\u8a62\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MacIntyre\u5728\u6307\u51fa\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8af8\u9ede\u5f8c\uff0c\u6b78\u7d50\u51fa\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u767c\u7687\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u300c\u5c08\u696d\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u300d\u6240\u9808\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u4f7f\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\u514d\u65bc\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6aa2\u8996\uff08512\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e5f\u9593\u63a5\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u4e86\u70ba\u4f55\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u5fc5\u9808\u5177\u6709\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5c0d\u5be6\u969b\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff083\uff09\uff09\uff1b\u56e0\u70baMacIntyre\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u8aaa\uff1a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u67d0\u7a2e\u6c38\u6052\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u7406\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff09\u7b26\u5408\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u81ea\u8eab\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5b83\u986f\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u914d\u642d\u90a3\u4e9b\u8b1b\u6c42\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u91cd\u8996\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u53ca\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u5c31\u5341\u5206\u76f8\u5e72\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MacIntyre\u6709\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u70ba\u4f55\u767c\u7687\u7684\u9019\u756a\u8aaa\u6cd5\u610f\u7fa9\u6df1\u9060\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u8207\u6f84\u6e05\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u60f3\u85c9\u8457\u5c0dMacIntyre\u8aaa\u6cd5\u7684\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c0d\u672c\u6587\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9762\u5411\u4f5c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u88dc\u5145\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u4eba\u8cea\u7591MacIntyre\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u504f\u6982\u5168\u4e0d\u7b26\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09MacIntyre\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u5473\u6240\u6709\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u90fd\u662f\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff1f\u53ef\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u6b78\u5c6c\u65bc\u8077\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff08\u4e8c\uff09MacIntyre\u662f\u5426\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u4ee5\u5c08\u696d\u53ca\u8077\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff1f\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u8cea\u554f\uff1a\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5982\u679c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u6216\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u5473\u8457\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5747\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u4f5c\u70ba\u63a1\u6279\u5224\u614b\u5ea6\u5462\uff1f\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u7b26\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5354\u52a9\u5c08\u696d\u5efa\u7acb\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\uff08Codes\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u6e96\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u898f\u7bc4\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u6feb\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u8cea\u554f\u5f7c\u6b64\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u5c07\u4e00\u4e00\u56de\u61c9\u5b83\u5011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u7684\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u61c9\u8aaa\uff0cMacIntyre\u4e26\u4e0d\u9808\u4e3b\u5f35\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u90fd\u626e\u6f14\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u4e4b\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff08MacIntyre 501\uff09\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u7279\u5b9a\u9818\u57df\u767c\u7687\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u500b\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u5c31MacIntyre\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u767c\u7687\u7684\u9818\u57df\u90fd\u662f\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u50cf\u91ab\u85e5\u3001\u8ecd\u4e8b\u3001\u5de5\u7a0b\u3001\u5546\u696d\u3001\u6cd5\u6d25\u7b49\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u8db3\u5920\u4e86\u3002MacIntyre \u7121\u9808\u8a3c\u660e\u6bcf\u4e00\u6848\u4f8b\u6216\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u90fd\u6709\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u529f\u80fd\uff1b\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u7e3d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u3002\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\uff0c\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0d\u666f\u6c23\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff081970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u5f8c\u8a31\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u6301\u7e8c\u8870\u9000\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u537b\u80fd\u5728\u8ca1\u52d9\u4e0a<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u8208\u65fa\u767c\u7687\uff1fMacIntyre\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u6b63\u597d\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\uff08MacIntyre 512\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u8cea\u554f\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u770b\u51fa\u4f86MacIntyre\u7d55\u672a\u5047\u8a2d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u6216\u8077\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u9808\u8981\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\u662f\u300c\u8a31\u591a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u58eb\u6240\u9762\u5c0d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u300d\uff08James Brown 83\uff09\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u8655\u7406\u4e00\u822c\u751f\u6d3b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u4e0d\u53d7\u91cd\u8996\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u4e3b\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\uff08\u4e09\uff09\uff0c\u6211\u8a8d\u70baMacIntyre\u7684\u610f\u601d\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u63a1\u53d6\u6279\u5224\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u6697\u793a\u9019\u7a2e\u6279\u5224\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6240\u9032\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u671d\u5411\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u57fa\u672c\u6027\u5426\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u671d\u5411\u4e00\u7a2e\u5efa\u57fa\u65bc\u6b0a\u529b\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5354\u5546\uff0c\u4ea4\u63db\uff1b\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6279\u5224\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u5be6\u8cea\uff0c\u7528MacIntyre\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8a71\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u4e26\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4ea4\u63db\u300d\uff0c\u537b\u5448\u73fe\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7406\u6027\u8faf\u8ad6\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff08cf. MacIntyre 501\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5747\u53ef\u627f\u8a8d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u5354\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u5c08\u696d\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u6216\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u6642\uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u4f5c\u70ba\u53ca\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8a55\u9451\uff09\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u7e3d\u662f\u5728\u7dad\u8b77\u3001\u4fc3\u9032\u6216\u5f37\u5316\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u9650\u5236\u6216\u7ba1\u5236\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u6539\u9032\u5c08\u696d\u884c\u70ba\u6216\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f4e\u4f30\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u9ad8\u4f30\uff08cf. Jennings 207\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982Eliot Freidson\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247\u5c0d\u5c08\u696d\u672c\u8eab\u901a\u5e38\u6c92\u6709\u5f37\u5236\u529b\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u5354\u6703\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u5247\u4ee5\u670d\u52d9\u6027\u8cea\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u63a7\u5236\u5c08\u696d\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\uff08187\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u9053\u5fb7\u6e96\u5247\u537b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6295\u5c04\u5c08\u696d\u9053\u5fb7\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u6545\u800cMacIntyre\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5c0d\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u3001\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u3001\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u8cea\u554f\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6f84\u6e05\u4e86MacIntyre\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u8faf\u8b77\u9019\u4e9b\u56de\u61c9\uff08\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5c0d\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff09\uff0c\u5247\u61c9\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8ffd\u7d22MacIntyre \u770b\u6cd5\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u9cf4\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff08\u66f4\u7cbe\u78ba\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\uff081\uff09\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff09\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c31\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u7c21\u7565\u5730\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u7c21\u8ff0MacIntyre\u7acb\u5834\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002MacIntyre\u65e2\u4e0d\u6eff\u610f\u9053\u5fb7\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6eff\u610f\u7d55\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684Fallibilism\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u4e0d\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\uff08\u5c31\u50cf\u79d1\u5b78\u539f\u7406\u4e0d\u662f\u6c38\u6052\u7684\uff09\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u793e\u6703\u53ca\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u800c\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff1b\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u5730\u53bb\u8faf\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u7684\u78ba\u7576\u6027\u3002\u7531\u65bcMacIntyre\u5426\u8a8d\u6c38\u6052\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u7e3d\u662f\u2500\u2500\u800c\u4e14\u53ea\u662f\u2500\u2500\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u5ea7\u843d\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u6b77\u53f2\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\uff0c\uff08\u6216\u8aaa\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5176\u61c9\u7528\u7bc4\u570d\u624d\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ea\u7576\u6211\u5011\u932f\u8aa4\u5730\u5047\u8a2d\u4e86\u62bd\u8c61\u6c38\u6052\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u624d\u6703\u6709\u61c9\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u5883\u6216\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u672c\u4f86\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u6c38\u6052\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u53ea\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u81ea\u8eab\u4fbf\u5305\u542b\u8457\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\uff08MacIntyre 503-509\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u4e4b\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u9069\u7528\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u4e26\u4e0d\u5206\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u6216\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u7121\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u518d\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u300d\u4ee5\u5c08\u9580\u8655\u7406\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MacIntyre \u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u5176\u5be6\u91dd\u5c0d\u7684\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08cf. Brown 82\uff09\u3002Jennings\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u5c0d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u300c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u662f\u7531\u666e\u904d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u6240\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u53c3\u7167\u8457\u7d93\u9a57\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u539f\u5247\u908f\u8f2f\u5730\u6f14\u7e79\u51fa\u6307\u5c0e\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff08\u5982\u898f\u7d04\u6216\u7981\u4ee4\uff09\uff1b\u9019\u500b\u5f9e\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5c0d\u7d93\u9a57\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u53ca\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5247\u548c\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff09\u5247\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5229\u5bb3\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5148\u9810\u8a2d\u67d0\u500b\u5be6\u8cea\u7684\u502b\u7406\u89c0\u7684\uff08Jennings 210; also cf. Beauchamp 519\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u53ca\u77e5\u8b58\u5176\u5be6\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u5883\u6cc1\uff08Jennings 213\uff09\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u662f\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u53ca\u81ea\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u8005\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u7279\u6b8a\u5883\u6cc1\u4e2d\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u800c\u67d0\u500b\u5177\u9ad4\u5883\u6cc1\u6240\u61c9\u8a72\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u65e9\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u90a3\u5152\u4e86\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u8005\u56e0\u61c9\u8457\u5177\u9ad4\u5883\u6cc1\u800c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u56e0\u6b64\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u7b2c\uff081\uff09\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\uff081\uff09\u8aaa\uff1a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u5ef6\u7533\uff1b\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u4e4b\u7d50\u679c\uff08\u7279\u5b9a\u7d50\u8ad6\uff09\u8207\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u4e4b\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u539f\u5247\uff09\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\uff0c\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u3001\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7d93\u904e\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u7a2e\u6d89\u53ca\u6b0a\u529b\u5354\u5546\u53ca\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u5efa\u69cb\u904e\u7a0b\u6216\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d\u662f\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u61c9\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e4b\u7406\u89e3\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5927\u773e\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u61c9\u7528\u7406\u8ad6\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u4eba\u54e1\u6216\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e4b\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u4e26\u975e\u5076\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u6e90\u81ea\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7406\u8ad6\u77e5\u8b58\u8005\u6240\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u6e90\u81ea\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8cea\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u500b\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u53ca\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u4fbf\u7e6b\u65bc\u5c08\u696d\u8005\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u771f\u6b63\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u800c\u5fe0\u5be6\u5730\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u5883\u6cc1\u4e2d\u50b3\u9054\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u62bd\u8c61\u7406\u8ad6\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u800c\u9019\u6b63\u6070\u597d\u662f\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u67d0\u7a2e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6240\u5fc5\u9808\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u6295\u5c04\u5176\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\u3001\u6b63\u7576\u5176\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u6240\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>MacIntyre\u539f\u4f86\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u502b\u7406\u53ca\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5354\u5546\u53ca\u5229\u5bb3\u4ea4\u63db\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u672a\u7d93\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u3001\u7406\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6279\u8a55\u8207\u6aa2\u8996\uff08512\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u8a55\u9451\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c08\u696d\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5247\u8ce6\u4e88\u4e86\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u662f\u5f9e\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u81ea\u7136\u5c0e\u884d\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5047\u76f8\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u63a9\u84cb\u300c\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u6709\u6642\u5019\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u8655\u4f5c\u7684\u300c\u502b\u7406\uff0f\u9053\u5fb7\u300d\u4e4b\u5340\u5206\uff0c\u6839\u64daMarcus Singer\uff0c\u300c\u502b\u7406\u300d\u6709\u6642\u53ef\u6307\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u300c\u65b0\u6559\u502b\u7406\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5c08\u696d\u6216\u8077\u696d\u502b\u7406\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002Marcus Singer\u63a5\u8457\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e43\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u6b0a\u529b\u5354\u5546\u6216\u5354\u8b70\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5354\u5546\u6216\u5354\u8b70\u6240\u6539\u8b8a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u5354\u5546\u6216\u5354\u8b70\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u662f\u5408\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u7684\uff08292\uff09\uff1b\u6240\u4ee5\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e0d\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u3002Marcus Singer\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5340\u5206\u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u662f\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u7684\u3001\u4f5c\u70ba\u54f2\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u5b78\u554f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u5247\u662f\u300c\u8a55\u65b7\u662f\u975e\u5b78\u300d\uff08Casuistry\uff09\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u85c9\u7531\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u7684\u539f\u5247\u3001\u5148\u4f8b\u3001\u5354\u8b70\u597d\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u7b49\u4f86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u500b\u5225\u7279\u6b8a\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u662f\u975e\uff08287-88\uff09\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u67d0\u6a01\u4ea4\u6613\u662f\u5426\u5408\u4e4e\u5546\u696d\u4ea4\u6613\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u6e96\u5247\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5408\u65bc\u5546\u696d\u502b\u7406\uff08\u4f46\u537b\u4e0d\u8ac7\u9019\u6a01\u4ea4\u6613\u662f\u5426\u9053\u5fb7\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6703\u6709MacIntyre\u6240\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5728\u8a31\u591a\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u660e\u660e\u53ea\u662f\u8a55\u65b7\u662f\u975e\u5b78\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8868\u76f8\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u653e\u68c4\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff081\uff09\uff0c\u5766\u627f\u672c\u8eab\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u7121\u95dc\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u8a55\u65b7\u662f\u975e\u5b78\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u5c31\u53ef\u9003\u904eMacIntyre\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u65e6\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u4fbf\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u514d\u65bc\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8a55\u4f30\u6aa2\u67e5\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u5426\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6b61\u8fce\u800c\u8208\u65fa\u767c\u7687\uff0c\u5247\u5927\u6709\u7591\u554f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0aMacIntyre\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u9818\u57df\u800c\u975e\u5176\u4ed6\u9818\u57df\u767c\u7687\u4e14\u53d7\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u9818\u57df\u5167\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u6b61\u8fce\uff0c\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u8af8\u591a\u9762\u76f8\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u900f\u8996\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u897f\u65b9\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u689d\u4ef6\u6709\uff08a\uff09\u7531\u65bc1960\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b78\u904b\u5728\u5b78\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u5b78\u8853\u77e5\u8b58\u5169\u65b9\u9762\u5747\u5e36\u4f86\u885d\u64ca\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5c0d\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5efa\u5236\uff08establishment\uff09\u4e4b\u58d3\u529b\u8207\u6311\u6230\u53bb\u958b\u62d3\u4e00\u500b\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u65b0\u9818\u57df\uff1b\uff08b\uff09\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5927\u62b5\u4e0a\u7b26\u5408\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5f62\u8c61\u4ee5\u53caethos\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u548c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78ethos\u7570\u5316\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff1b\uff08c\uff09\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0d\u518d\u6392\u65a5\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4f7f\u4f5c\u70ba\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6709\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u53ef\u80fd<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\uff1b\uff08d\uff09\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u9810\u8a2d\u5747\u7b26\u5408\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">II<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6bcb\u5eb8\u8af1\u8a00\uff0c\u5beb\u4f5c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u65e5\u5f8c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u8a0e\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u767c\u5c55\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u6216\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u3002\u5728\u6587\u672b\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u7d04\u7565\u5730\u5c31\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u5411\u8a55\u8ad6\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u6211\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u5c07\u5f9e\u5169\u65b9\u9762\u8457\u624b\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u8ac7\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u8996\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\uff08\u61c9\u7528\u7684\uff09\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u8ac7\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u9818\u57df\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08cf. Edel 326\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u90e8\u4efd\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u6709\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u722d\u8b70\u4e3b\u8981\u8cea\u7591\u4e86\u300c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u8cea\u7591\u6240\u6307\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u8981\u6311\u6230\u4e00\u822c\u6240\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u8207\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u539f\u5247\uff09\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u662f\u500b\u6e96\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff1b\u800c\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u7e3d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u860a\u6db5\u4e86\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u57fa\u790e\u3001\u672c\u8cea\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u908a\u7de3\u3001\u5bc4\u751f\u3001\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5f71\u97ff\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u7d14\u300d\u7406\u8ad6\u5e38\u662f\u512a\u4f4d\u7684\uff1b\u4e5f\u5c31\u662fBeauchamp\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u96d9\u5c64\u6982\u5ff5\u300d\uff08523\uff09\uff1a\u7d14\u7406\u8ad6\u90a3\u5c64\u6bd4\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u90a3\u5c64\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u5f88\u591a\u7d14\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u4f4d\u8005\u5747\u627f\u8a8d\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u4e92\u5229\u7684\uff08Bernard Gert 532\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u61c9\u7528\u5c64\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u9032\u6216\u8a66\u9a57\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08R. M. Hare 236\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u96b1\u542b\u8457\u7d14\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u4f4d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff08\u9019\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u53c3\u770bBeauchamp\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 519\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982Hare\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4ee5\u54f2\u5b78\u4eba\u8eab\u4efd\u53bb\u4ecb\u5165\u5be6\u969b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5c07\u4e0d\u6703\u6709\u592a\u5927\u52a9\u76ca\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u628a\u54f2\u5b78\u505a\u597d\u3002\u82e5\u7121\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u53d6\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u2026\u2026\uff0e\u5c07\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u6709\u7528\u5730\u61c9\u7528\u7406\u8ad6\u5230\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0a\u300d\uff08225\uff09\u3002Gert\u4e5f\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u3014\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u502b\u3015\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u5229\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u5fc5\u9808\u5148\u5145\u4efd\u5730\u88ab\u767c\u5c55\u300d\uff08532\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u53ca\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u860a\u6db5\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u4f4d\u7acb\u5834\u90fd\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u83c1\u82f1\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\u98fd\u53d7\u8cea\u7591<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u3002\u6545\u800c\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u8b70\u6211\u5011\u6216\u61c9\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff08cf. Jennings 214\uff09\uff1b\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u300cA\u662fB\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u904e\u7a0b\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0dA\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u56fa\u7136\u96e2\u4e0d\u958b\u5c0dB\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c0dB\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u4f9d\u9760\u8457\u5c0dA\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86A\uff08\u61c9\u7528\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u8207B\uff08\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u4fbf\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5c1a\u6709\u5f85\u4eba\u5011\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u53bb\u767c\u5c55\u3001\u8a3c\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u50cfEdel\u5c0d\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u8d77\u78bc\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002Edel\u5728\u8b1b\u5230\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u904e\u7a0b\u4e4b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6642\uff0c\u8aaa\u5230\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u89c0\u5ff5\uff08\u5373\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u662f\u7531\u62bd\u8c61\u539f\u5247\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u6f14\u7e79\u6216\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u7d50\u679c\u4f86\uff09\u4e26\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u5be6\u969b\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u6289\u64c7\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u7406\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u4ec0\u9ebc\u516c\u7406\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u63a8\u6f14\u51fa\u8a72\u505a\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u7406\u8ad6\u662f\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u4e86\u89e3\u505a\u6289\u64c7\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u5ffd\u8996\u3001\u4f4e\u4f30\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u5f04\u6e05\u695a\u554f\u984c\u4ee5\u4f9b\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u3002\u50cf\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8981\u6211\u5011\u8003\u616e\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5426\u6703\u5c07\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u683c\u5f8b\u666e\u904d\u5316\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u5230\u6211\u5011\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u5e6b\u5fd9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u7a2e\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u800c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u502b\u7406\u7406\u8ad6\u6703\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff09\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u9577\u671f\u5f8c\u679c\u3001\u6211\u5011\u548c\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u9023\u7e8c\u6027\u3001\u6211\u5011\u548c\u81ea\u5df2\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u9023\u5e36\u7b49\u7b49\uff08325\uff09\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6709\u9075\u5faa\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u884c\u4e8b\u7684\u6210\u4efd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u5f9e\u539f\u5247\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u6f14\u7e79\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u50cf\u4ee5\u591a\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u904b\u7528\u77e5\u8b58\u3002Edel\u8a8d\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u50cf\u53f8\u6cd5\u6c7a\u7b56\u90a3\u6a23\u6bd4\u8f03\u898f\u5283\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u770b\u5230\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u70ba\u5927\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u6709\u95dc\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u70ba\u5c0f\u524d\u63d0\u3001\u800c\u5224\u6c7a\u6216\u6c7a\u7b56\u5247\u662f\u908f\u8f2f\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9996\u5148\u8981\u9078\u64c7\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6b8a\u6848\u4f8b\u6240\u5c6c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff1b\u7136\u5f8c\u8981\u5f9e\u90a3\u500b\u7bc4\u570d\u4e2d\u9078\u51fa\u7ba1\u8f44\u9019\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba\u4f55\u9078\u6b64\u6cd5\u5f8b\u800c\u975e\u5f7c\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u7406\u7531\u7684\u80cc\u5f8c\u9084\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7406\u7531\u9069\u5207\u8207\u5426\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002\u88ab\u6210\u529f\u5730\u9078\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63a5\u8457\u8981\u88ab\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u9019\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6709\u50cf\u6587\u6cd5\u7684\u3001\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u3001\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u7136\u5f8c\u9084\u8981\u5f9e\u773e\u591a\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e2d\u9078\u51fa\u548c\u672c\u6848\u4f8b\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5224\u65b7\u4e8b\u5be6\u76f8\u5e72\u8207\u5426\u7684\u5224\u6e96\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u53c8\u4f9d\u9760\u8457\u5404\u7a2e\u5404\u6a23\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08327\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bcEdel\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c1a\u53ef\u518d\u88dc\u5145\u5169\u9ede\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u986f\u793a\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\u300d\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u6289\u64c7\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u7d93\u6697\u542b\u4e86\u5c0d\u76f8\u95dc\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u80fd\u76f8\u95dc\u539f\u5247\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff1bEdel\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u6216\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u70ba\u9053\u5fb7\u6e96\u5247\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u9053\u5fb7\u6289\u64c7\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u300c\u4f7f\u7528\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u6e96\u5247\u4f86\u8a6e\u91cb\u6240\u8655\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u300d\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u7b26\u865f\u8cc7\u6e90\u6216\u6587\u5316\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u66ff\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u8655\u5883\u6216\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u4f5c\u8faf\u89e3\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u4e0d\u4f46\u9053\u5fb7\u8655\u5883\u6216\u76f8\u95dc\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u660e\u7684\uff0c\u502b\u7406\u539f\u5247\u6216\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u9053\u5fb7\u6e96\u5247\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u8996\u4f5c\u81ea\u660e\u7684\uff1b\u7576\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u5176\u5be6\u6b63\u5728\u8a6e\u91cb\u9019\u4e9b\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u597d\u50cf\u61c9\u7528\u67d0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f86\u5c0d\u67d0\u6848\u4f8b\u4f5c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5224\u4f8b\u81ea\u7136\u69cb\u6210\u5c0d\u9019\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e00\u6a23\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5169\u9ede\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u8207\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u5728\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e0a\u7684\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6216\u300c\u5faa\u74b0\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u8a6e\u91cb\u662f\u96a8\u8457\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c0\u5229\u76ca\u6216\u610f\u5fd7\u4efb\u610f\u9032\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u5982Edel\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u8a6e\u91cb\u9700\u8981\u7406\u7531\u89e3\u91cb\u4ee5\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u5247\u6d89\u53ca\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7406\u7531\u9069\u5207\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u6216\u5224\u65b7\u4e8b\u5be6\u76f8\u5e72\u8207\u5426\u7684\u5224\u6e96\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u6216\u5224\u6e96\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\uff08priority\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u800c\u7121\u9808\u8a6e\u91cb\u5462\uff1f<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e9b\u6a19\u6e96\u53ca\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u660e\u7684\u3001\u5148\u5728\u7684\u3001\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u7121\u6b67\u7fa9\u8207\u7121\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u6703\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u6289\u64c7\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u6216\u8005\u502b\u7406\u96e3\u984c\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u9069\u5207\u6027\u6a19\u6e96\u6216\u4e8b\u5be6\u76f8\u5e72\u6027\u7684\u5224\u6e96\u662f\u4e8b\u5148\u4fbf\u78ba\u7acb\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6311\u9078\u53ca\u61c9\u7528\u539f\u5247\u8207\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e4b\u904e\u7a0b\u4fbf\u6703\u597d\u50cf\u6e96\u81ea\u52d5\u7cfb\u7d71\u4e00\u6a23\uff1b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u53c8\u4f55\u4f86\u96e3\u984c\u6216\u56f0\u5883\u5462\uff1f\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u6216\u5224\u6e96\u53ca\u5176\u9593\u4e4b\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u500b\u88ab\u8a6e\u91cb\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u793e\u7fa4\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u53ca\u8a8d\u53ef\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u8a6e\u91cb\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u96e3\u514d\u65bc\u4f86\u81ea\u793e\u7fa4\u5167\u90e8\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u5f71\u97ff<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u5373\u8a6e\u91cb\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u65e2\u7136\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u8207\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u662f\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u4fbf\u4e0d\u61c9\u518d\u88ab\u8a2d\u60f3\u70ba\u5bc4\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u5ef6\u7533\u7684\u3001\u884d\u751f\u7684\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u539f\u5247\uff09\u300d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u8a2d\u60f3\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u6216\u512a\u4f4d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9019\u500b\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u5c0d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5b78\u8853\u9818\u57df\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u860a\u6db5\u5462\uff1f\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u5176\u860a\u6db5\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u975e\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u88ab\u7406\u8ad6\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e5f\u8a6e\u91cb\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\uff09\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u8996\u70ba\u975e\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7b49\u65bc\u628a\u7406\u8ad6\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u5206\u96e2\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u61c9\u7528\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u65bc\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u975e\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u7684\u3002\u8a31\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u9032\u800c\u7531\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u63a8\u8ad6\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u61c9\u7576\u662f\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5c07\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7576\u4f5c\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u5c08\u9580\u8655\u7406\u50cf\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u9019\u7a2e\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u8aa4\u5c0e\u7684\u3002MacIntyre, Edel, Beauchamp\u7b49\u4eba\u5747\u6301\u6b64\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u500b\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u300d\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u50cfHare\u90a3\u6a23\u53ea\u5f37\u8abf\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u61c9\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u5f37\u8abf\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4fbf\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u548cHare\u4e00\u6a23\u6210\u70ba\u8b8a\u76f8\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u4f4d\u8ad6\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u300d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u5f9e\u5c0d\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6216\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u904e\u7a0b\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u672a\u5fc5\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u5efa\u57fa\u65bc\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff08MacIntyre\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u500b\u8aa4\u5c0e\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff08Edel\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5b78\u8853\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u751a\u81f3\u767c\u9054\u5747\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6709\u5176\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u56f0\u7d20\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff08\u7f8e\u570b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u689d\u4ef6\uff09\u5373\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ca\u767c\u7687\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u800c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6210\u9577\u767c\u9054\uff08Fox and Demarco 12\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u6709\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6211\u5011\u56e0\u6b64\u770b\u5230\u6709\u4eba\u5f9e\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u300d\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u672c\u4f4d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4f86\u8cea\u7591\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u8e10\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8cea\u7591\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u70ba\u4e00\u6e96\u6f14\u7e79\u904e\u7a0b\uff09\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8cea\u7591\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6574\u500b\u9818\u57df\u672c\u8eab\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u54f2\u5b78\uff1f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u300c\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u61c9\u5408\u800c\u70ba\u4e00\u300d\u7684\u547c\u8072\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\u50cfMarcus Singers\u5168\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\u4e3b\u5f35\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u61c9\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u9580\u7368\u7acb\u9818\u57df\u3002\u985e\u4f3c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u548c\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6240\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6216\u539f\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u4f86\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6e96\u5247\u6216\u50f9\u503c\u539f\u5247\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u6642\u662f\u7406\u8ad6\u6027\u8cea\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u5fc5\u548c\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u65e2\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u7c21\u55ae\u5730\u8aaa\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u502b\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u51fa\u65bc\u81ea\u6211\u8aa4\u89e3\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u800c\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u537b\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u5730\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u53d7\u5230\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u672a\u4f86\u5247\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u5c55\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u6709\u81ea\u5df2\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u53ca\u50b3\u7d71\u7b49\u7b49\uff1b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6216\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u6216\u8a31\u6703\u50cf\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6587\u300d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u985e\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u6587\u985e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u79fb\u6b96\u6216\u64f4\u6563\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u8d8a\u662f\u50cf\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u9019\u7a2e\u722d\u8b70\u591a\u7684\u3001\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u53d7\u5230\u8cea\u7591\u7684\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5b78\u8853\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u5c0d\u5b78\u8853\u908a\u9672\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u8d8a\u5f31\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u80fd\u7d66\u4e88\u4f4d\u5c45\u5b78\u8853\u908a\u9672\u7684\u4eba\u5728\u9019\u500b\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u8f03\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u5f9e\u897f\u65b9\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4f86\u8ac7\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u5728\u767c\u5c55\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u4e0a\u6bd4\u8f03\u4e0d\u53d7\u65e2\u6709\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u6027\u8cea\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u88ab\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u6beb\u7121\u7591\u554f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5f15\u9032\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u6027\u8cea\u4e0a\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u6bd4\u8f03\u56f0\u64fe\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u800c\u975e\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5b78\u8853\uff0f\u5b78\u9662\u5f62\u614b\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b78\u8853\u529f\u7e3e\u4e4b\u8a8d\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b78\u9662\u5167\u5b78\u79d1\u5206\u985e\u53ca\u734e\u61f2\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u80fd\u5920\u66f4\u4e0d\u53d7\u56f0\u64fe\u5730\u767c\u5c55\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u5f62\u614b\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6bd4\u8f03\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u689d\u4ef6<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u8a00\u53ea\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u60f3\u8981\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u754c\u767c\u9054\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u9084\u9808\u8981\u5176\u4ed6\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u914d\u5408\uff08\u50cf\u5b78\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5247\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u9818\u57df\u5b78\u79d1\u53ca\u5916\u754c\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5c31\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u689d\u4ef6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7f3a\u4e4f\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7d93\u6fdf\u689d\u4ef6\u4f86\u9020\u6210\u5916\u754c\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u9019\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6216\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5c08\u696d\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ca\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u7684\u7f3a\u4e4f\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\uff081\uff09\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5c0d\u6295\u5c04\u5176\u5c08\u696d\u5f62\u8c61\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0d\u5f37\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u5c08\u696d\u5316\u4e0d\u666e\u53ca\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5e38\u662f\u8ca0\u9762\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u50cf\u300c\u6d0b\u6d3e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e0d\u901a\u4eba\u60c5\u300d\u4e4b\u985e\u8ca0\u9762\u7684\u6307\u8cac\u3002\uff082\uff09\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u4e26\u4e0d\u4f9d\u9760\u6216\u9700\u8981\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u985e\u897f\u65b9\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u90fd\u5171\u901a\u5730\u9810\u8a2d\u5728\u5951\u7d04\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u8005\u53ef\u6b63\u7576\u5730\u5c07\u5176\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u6280\u8853\u8f49\u5316\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u5831\u916c\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u5951\u7d04\u5e73\u7b49\u7cbe\u795e\u5c1a\u672a\u5165\u4eba\u5fc3\uff0c\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u9577\u5e7c\u5c0a\u5351\u3001\u5404\u7a2e\u968e\u5c64\u89c0\u5ff5\u53ca\u50b3\u7d71\u6b0a\u5a01\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5747\u4e0d\u7d93\u63a9\u98fe\u5730\u5728\u904b\u4f5c\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6c92\u6709\u9700\u8981\u3002\u6545\u800c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u5c0d\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u66f4\u6c92\u6709\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u3002\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u6240\u9700\u8981\u3002\u9664\u975e\u5c08\u696d\u5167\u90e8\u51fa\u73fe\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6216\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u65b9\u6216\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u885d\u7a81\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u800c\u88ab\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6216\u66f0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u65e2\u7136\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u898f\u7bc4\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u66f4\u61c9\u7576\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5341\u5206\u6b61\u8fce\u624d\u662f\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5584\u826f\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5c08\u696d\u81ea\u8eab\u6709\u6642\u5019\u4e26\u4e0d\u6025\u65bc\u5efa\u7acb\u898f\u7bc4\u672c\u8eab\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u502b\u7406\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u5bb0\u5236\u7684\u4eba\u53c8\u7f3a\u4e4f\u529b\u91cf\u53bb\u6566\u4fc3\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u6709\u4e9b\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u5c0d\u65bc\u898f\u7bc4\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u6709\u8208\u8da3\uff08\u5229\u76ca\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff1b\u4e2d\u5171\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4fbf\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u751f\u6d3b\u9818\u57df\u800c\u975e\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u88e1\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u9084\u5305\u62ec\uff08\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u6587\u6240\u793a\uff09\u5b78\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u5b78\u8853\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u72c0\u6cc1\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u60c5\u52e2\u7b49\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u5982\u53f0\u7063\u5982\u4f55\u767c\u5c55\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4ee5\u53ca\u5275\u9020\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4fbf\u9808\u5c31\u9019\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u3001\u4f9d\u5404\u5730\u5340\u7279\u8272\u4f86\u5be6\u969b\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u5247\u662f\u95dc\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u897f\u65b9\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8af8\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u98fd\u53d7\u722d\u8b70\u8207\u6311\u6230\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5805\u6301\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6709\u5176\u4e0d\u8b8a\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u6216\u672c\u8cea\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7d93\u5931\u53bb\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u975e\u8981\u5ef6\u7e8c\u6216\u8a8d\u540c\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u7531\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4f9d\u8cf4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u76f8\u8ddd\u592a\u9060\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5167\u90e8\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u5176\u77e5\u8b58\u6b0a\u5a01\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u56e0\u6b64\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u8584\u5f31\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u5404\u81ea\u7279\u8272\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u793e\u6703\u4e9f\u9808\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6295\u5165\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u8b70\u984c\u4e26\u975e\u72f9\u7fa9\u7684\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5b78\u9662\u9700\u8981\u54f2\u5b78\u7cfb\u6295\u5165\u67d0\u500b\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8de8\u79d1\u7cfb\u6574\u5408\u6027\u53ca\u61c9\u7528\u6027\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u5167\u5bb9\u672a\u5fc5\u5373\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a>\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u5247\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6709\u671d\u4e00\u65e5\u4eba\u5011\u6216\u80fd\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u7fa9\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u9644\u9304\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u662f\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u55ce\uff1f<\/strong><a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\"><strong>[24]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u662f\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6587\u300d\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u6587\u985e\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6587\u985e\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u578b\u614b\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u50cf\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u9084\u662f\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6587\u300d\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5c31\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5169\u7a2e\u8da8\u52e2\u90fd\u6709\u3002Fox and Demarco\u66fe\u63d0\u5230\u6709\u6642\u5019\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u597d\u50cf\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u6307\u5f15\u800c\u7e7c\u7e8c\u6210\u9577\u767c\u9054\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u6642\u5019\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u88ab\u5f88\u751f\u786c\u5730\u61c9\u7528\uff0d\uff0d\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u61c9\u7528\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u5f88\u597d\uff0812\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\uff0c\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u790e\u5b78\u79d1\u6216\u7406\u8ad6\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u6210\u679c\uff1b\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u6574\u81ea\u8db3\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u548c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6587\u300d\u76f8\u4f3c\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u8db3\u8da8\u52e2\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8da8\u52e2\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6216\u8077\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u8457\uff0c\u5176\u5167\u5bb9\u4e3b\u8981\u7d50\u5408\u4e86\u548c\u8a72\u5c08\u696d\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u898f\u77e9\u6e96\u5247\u6216\u8655\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff1b\u5f88\u591a\u6642\u5019\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u800c\u975e\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u56e0\u6b64\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u8077\u696d\u502b\u7406\u7531\u65bc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u548c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7121\u95dc\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u548c\u8a72\u5c08\u696d\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u5546\u696d\u884c\u70ba\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u904b\u7528\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u7b49\u76f8\u95dc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9019\u7a2e\u63a2\u8a0e\u5c08\u696d\u884c\u70ba\u6e96\u5247\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u5c55\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u662f\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78(Marcus Singer)\u3002\u7562\u7adf\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4e0d\u8b8a\u6216\u666e\u904d\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u4ee5\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u62ab\u4e0a\u4e86\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5916\u8863\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u63a9\u98fe\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u6548\u679c(Alasdair MacIntyre)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u8db3\u8da8\u52e2\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u518d\u5047\u8a2d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5ef6\u4f38\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u61c9\u7528\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e0d\u8868\u793a\u9019\u7a2e\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u8655\u7406\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u722d\u8b70\u3001\u6c92\u6709\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u860a\u6db5\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u628a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u7a31\u70ba\u5be6\u969b\u6216\u5be6\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78(practical ethics)\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u540d\u7a31\u4f86\u6db5\u84cb\u76ee\u524d\u4e0d\u540c\u8da8\u52e2\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u6216\u5be6\u969b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u90e8\u4efd\u4f86\u81ea\u5c0d\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u4e4b\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\uff0c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u88ab\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u8996\u70ba\u666e\u904d\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u7406\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u53ca\u7279\u6b8a\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u6240\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u5373\u300c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff09\u7684\u61c9\u7528\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u53c3\u7167\u8457\u7d93\u9a57\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u539f\u5247\u908f\u8f2f\u5730\u6f14\u7e79\u51fa\u6307\u5c0e\u884c\u52d5\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff08\u5982\u898f\u7d04\u6216\u7981\u4ee4\uff09\uff1b\u9019\u500b\u5f9e\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5247\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u63a8\u7406\u904e\u7a0b\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5c0d\u7d93\u9a57\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u53ca\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u539f\u5247\u548c\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff09\u5247\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u5229\u5bb3\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5148\u9810\u8a2d\u67d0\u500b\u5be6\u8cea\u7684\u502b\u7406\u89c0\u7684\u3002\u800c\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u7e3d\u662f\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u860a\u6db5\u4e86\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u57fa\u790e\u3001\u672c\u8cea\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u4e0d\u4f46\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u3001\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5ef6\u7533\u3001\u5bc4\u751f\u3001\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u5f71\u97ff\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u7d14\u300d\u7406\u8ad6\u5e38\u662f\u512a\u4f4d\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7d14\u7406\u8ad6\u6bd4\u61c9\u7528\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5f88\u591a\u7d14\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u4f4d\u8005\u5747\u627f\u8a8d\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u4e92\u5229\u7684\uff08B. Gert 532\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u61c9\u7528\u5c64\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u9032\u6216\u8a66\u9a57\u7406\u8ad6\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08R. M. Hare 236\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u96b1\u542b\u8457\u7d14\u7406\u8ad6\u512a\u4f4d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u8655\u9650\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u8a73\u8ff0\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u7a2e\u61c9\u7528\u89c0\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u6216\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6b64\u8655\u61c9\u6307\u51fa\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a2d\u60f3\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u500b\u6f14\u7e79\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u500b\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u9019\u500b\u300c\u61c9\u7528\uff0f\u8a6e\u91cb\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u8207\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u65e2\u7136\u662f\u300c\u5faa\u74b0\u7684\u300d\u3001\u4e92\u76f8\u4f9d\u8cf4\u7684\u3001\u5f7c\u6b64\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u539f\u5247\uff09\u300d\u5c31\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u8a2d\u60f3\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u6216\u512a\u4f4d\u7684\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4f46\u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u57fa\u790e\u7406\u8ad6\uff0f\u61c9\u7528\u7814\u7a76\u300d\u7684\u622a\u7136\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u5c0d\u820a\u6709\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\uff08prior practice\uff09\u5c0d\u65b0\u8208\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u82f1\u7f8e\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u9769\u8005\u7684\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u54f2\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u6587\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u767c\u5c55\u7d50\u5408\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u9664\u4e86\u8a55\u4f30\u73fe\u5be6\u6848\u4f8b\u7684\u5c0d\u932f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6709\u73fe\u5be6\u860a\u6db5\u7684\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u63a2\u7a76\uff08\u4f46\u662f\u4e26\u975e\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u2014\u2014\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8da8\u52e2\u4e5f\u548c\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u754c\u4e2d\u53cd\u7406\u8ad6anti-theory\u3001\u53cd\u50b3\u7d71\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\uff09\u3002\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b78\u8af8\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8da8\u52e2\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff1b\u4ee5\u6027\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08sexual ethics\uff09\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u6c99\u7279\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u5c31\u5c0d\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u6027\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u9817\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5206\u6790\u90fd\u6301\u7e8c\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u7814\u7a76\u9818\u57df\u9817\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u8fd1\u4f86\u548c\u540c\u5fd7\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u63a2\u8a0e\u6027\u502b\u7406\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u5f15\u7528\u66f8\u76ee<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Almond, Breda and Donald Hill.\u00a0 &#8220;Introduction.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Applied Philosophy: Morals and Metaphysics in Contemporary Debate<\/em>.\u00a0 eds. \u00a0Breda Almond and Donald Hill.\u00a0 London: Routledge, 1991.\u00a0 1-6.<\/p>\n<p>Ayer, A. J.\u00a0 <em>Language, Truth and Logic<\/em>.\u00a0 Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1946.<\/p>\n<p>Baier, Annette C.\u00a0 &#8220;Some Thoughts on How We Moral Philosophers Live Now.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>The Monist <\/em>67.4 (1984):490-497.<\/p>\n<p>Bayles, Michael D.\u00a0 &#8220;Ethical Theory in the Twenty-first Century.&#8221;\u00a0 DeMarco and Fox 249-264.<\/p>\n<p>Beauchamp, Tom L.\u00a0 &#8220;On Eliminating the Distinction Between Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>The Monist<\/em> 67.4 (1984):514-531.<\/p>\n<p>Bowie, Norman E.\u00a0 &#8220;Business Ethics.&#8221;\u00a0 Demarco and Fox 158-172.<\/p>\n<p>Brown, James M.\u00a0 &#8220;On Applying Ethics.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Moral Philosophy and Contemporary Problems<\/em>.\u00a0 ed. J. D. G. Evans.\u00a0 New York: Royal Institute of Philosophy, 1987.\u00a0 81-93.<\/p>\n<p>DeMarco, Joseph P. and Richard M. Fox.\u00a0 <em>New Directions in Ethics: The Challenge of Applied Ethics<\/em>.\u00a0 New York: RKP, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Edel, Abraham.\u00a0 &#8220;Ethical Theory and Moral Practice: On the Terms of Their Relation.&#8221;\u00a0 DeMarco and Fox 317-335.<\/p>\n<p>Esquith, Stephen L.\u00a0 &#8220;John Rawls and the Political Education of Applied Ethics.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Social Theory Practice<\/em> 11 (85): 307-354.<\/p>\n<p>Fisher, David H.\u00a0 &#8220;Applied Ethics in Postmodern Perspective.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Philosophical Context <\/em>17 (1987):61-72.<\/p>\n<p>Fox, Richard M. and Joseph P. DeMarco.\u00a0 &#8220;The Challenge of Applied Ethics.&#8221;\u00a0 DeMarco and Fox 1-18.<\/p>\n<p>Freidson, Eliot.\u00a0 <em>Professional Powers: A Study of the Insititutionalization of Formal Knowledge<\/em>.\u00a0 Chicago: The University of Chicago P, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Gert, Bernard.\u00a0 \u201cMoral Theory and Applied Ethics.\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 <em>The Monist <\/em>67.4 (1984): 532-548.<\/p>\n<p>Jennings, Bruce.\u00a0 &#8220;Applied Ethics and the Vocation of Social Science.&#8221;\u00a0 Demarco and Fox 205-217.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;.\u00a0 &#8220;Possibilities of Consensus: Toward Democratic Moral Discourse.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Journal of Medical Philosophy<\/em> August (1991): 447-463.<\/p>\n<p>Klinefelter, Donald S.\u00a0 &#8220;How Is Applied Philosophy to Be Applied?&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Journal of Social Philosophy<\/em> Spring (1990): 16-26.<\/p>\n<p>Hare, R. M.\u00a0 &#8220;Why Do Applied Ethics?&#8221; DeMarco and Fox 225-237.<\/p>\n<p>MacIntyre, Alasdair.\u00a0 &#8220;Does Applied Ethics Rest on a Mistake?&#8221;\u00a0 <em>The Monist<\/em> 67.4 (1984):498-513.<\/p>\n<p>Marquis, D.\u00a0 &#8220;The Role of Applied Ethics in Philosophy.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Southwest Philosophical Review<\/em> 6.1(1990):1-18.<\/p>\n<p>Roochnik, David L.\u00a0 &#8220;Applied Ethics: Some Platonic Questions.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Philosophical Context<\/em> 17 (1987): 40-46.<\/p>\n<p>Rorty, Richard.\u00a0 <em>Consequences of Pragmatism<\/em>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1982.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;,\u00a0 <em>Essays on Heidegger and Others: Philosophical Papers<\/em>, vol. 2.\u00a0 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>Singer, Marcus.\u00a0 &#8220;Ethics, Science, and Moral Philosophy.&#8221;\u00a0 DeMarco and Fox 282-298.<\/p>\n<p>Singer, Peter, ed.\u00a0 <em>Applied Ethics<\/em>.\u00a0 New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;.\u00a0 &#8220;A German Attack on Applied Ethics: A Statement by Peter Singer.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Journal of Applied Philosophy<\/em> 9.1(1992):85-91.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8211;.\u00a0 &#8220;Introduction.&#8221;\u00a0 Singer 1-7.<\/p>\n<p>Stohs, Mark D.\u00a0 &#8220;Applied Ethics and Philosophy.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Philosophical Context<\/em> 18 (1988): 45-52.<\/p>\n<p>Toulmin, Stephen.\u00a0 &#8220;How Medicine Saved the Life of Ethics.&#8221;\u00a0 DeMarco and Fox 265-281.<\/p>\n<p>Warren, Bill.\u00a0 &#8220;Back to Basics: Problems and Prospects for Applied Philosophy.&#8221;\u00a0 <em>Journal of Applied Philosophy<\/em> 9.1 (1992):13-19.<\/p>\n<p>Young, James D.\u00a0 &#8220;The Immorality of Applied Ethics.&#8221; <em>International Journal of Applied Philosophy <\/em>3.2 (Fall, 1986): 37-43.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u8a3b\u91cb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cBaruch Brody, <em>Ethics and Its Applications<\/em> (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983)\u00a0 7\u3002\u53c8\uff1a\u65e9\u57281954\u5e74\uff0c\u795e\u5b78\u5bb6\u517c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6Joseph Fletcher\u4fbf\u5df2\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u6d89\u53ca\u751f\u547d\u79d1\u5b78\u91ab\u85e5\u502b\u7406\u7684<em>Morals and Medicine<\/em> (New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1954, 1979)\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u91ab\u85e5\u502b\u7406\u57281950\u5e74\u4ee3\u4fbf\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u5c55\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u91ab\u85e5\u502b\u7406\u4e00\u76f4\u8981\u7b49\u5230\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u5f8c\u624d\u771f\u6b63\u8208\u8d77\uff1b\u9019\u9808\u8981\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u91ab\u85e5\u502b\u7406\u6240\u8655\u7406\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\u57281960\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u9032\u6b65\u4e0b\u624d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7562\u7adf\u6bcf\u500b\u5e74\u4ee3\u90fd\u6709\u56e0\u793e\u6703\u767c\u5c55\u548c\u79d1\u6280\u9032\u6b65\u800c\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u502b\u7406\u554f\u984c\uff0cFletcher\u7684\u66f8\u6b63\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u6b63\u5982 Richard Bernstein \u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u5c0d\u7576\u9053\u5b78\u8853\u53d6\u5411\u6700\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4f86\u81ea\u5167\u90e8\uff1b\u5b78\u751f\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u9818\u8896\u591a\u662f\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6279\u5224\u548c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b78\u79d1\uff08\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\uff09\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5206\u4e0d\u958b\u3002Richard Bernstein, <em>The Restructuring of Social and Political Theory<\/em> (Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1978), xii\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Herbert Marcuse, <em>One Dimensional Man<\/em> (Boston: Beacon P, 1964), 170-224\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u5373\u4f7f\u5f97\u5230\u6559\u8077\u7684\u975e\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6559\u300c\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u300d\u3001\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u7b49\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u4e1f\u53bb\u6559\u300c\u6b50\u9678\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u3001\u300c\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u300d\u3002\u53c3\u898bStanley Aronowitz and Henry A. Giroux, <em>Education Under Siege<\/em> (South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey Publishers, 1985), 177-178\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Hare \u8a8d\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\uff08\u4ee5\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5f9e1940\u5e74\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\uff09\u6709\u5fc3\u53bb\u89e3\u6c7a\u5be6\u969b\u9053\u5fb7\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5e38\u63a1\u7528\u9593\u63a5\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08225\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8981\u52301960\u5e74\u4ee3\u624d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u6216\u5c0d\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u95dc\u61f7\u4e26\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> cf. John Passmore, <em>Recent Philosophers<\/em> (London: Duckworth, 1985)\uff0c\u8f49\u5f15\u81ea Warren 15\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u614b\u5ea6\u5176\u5be6\u5f88\u8907\u96dc\uff0c\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u5011\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u6b64\u8a73\u8ad6\uff1b\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u548c\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u6b64\u8aaa\u660e\u3002Cf. Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed. <em>The Philosophy of Rudolf Carnap<\/em> (La Salle: Open Court, 1963), 9-10, 22-23, 83\u3002\u4ee5\u53caBurnham P. Beckwith, <em>Religion, Philosophy, and Science: An Introduction to Logical Positivism<\/em> (New York: Philosophical Library, 1957), 2-9\u3002\u53c8\uff1a\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u5143\u8001Herbert Feigl\u9084\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Cf. Carl Levy, &#8220;Socialism and the Educated Middle Classes in Western Europe, 1870-1914,&#8221; eds. Ron Eyerman, et al. <em>Intellectuals, Universities, and the State in Western Modern Societies<\/em> (Bekeley: U of California P, 1987), 180\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5be6\u8b49\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u89c0\u662f\u4e16\u7d00\u4e4b\u4ea4\u897f\u6b50\u7684\u4e2d\u667a\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u793e\u6703\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u5730\u65b9Rorty\u4e5f\u8aaa\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u4e0d\u61c9\u518d\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u7576\u91ab\u751f\u9762\u81e8\u91ab\u85e5\u9053\u5fb7\u96e3\u984c\u6642\uff0c\u91ab\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u300e\u4f7f\u7528\u300f\u300c\u4eba\uff08person\uff09\u300d\u6216\u300c\u6700\u4f73\u5229\u76ca\u300d\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\u5247\u53ef\u66ff\u91ab\u751f\u300e\u5206\u6790\u300f\u53ca\u300e\u6f84\u6e05\u300f\u6b64\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u5011\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6700\u591a\u6240\u80fd\u505a\u7684\uff0cRorty\u8aaa\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u89e3\u91cb\u6211\u5011\u6240\u8b80\u904e\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4eba\uff08Mill\u3001Hume\u3001Spinoza\u3001Kant\u3001Hegel\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u904b\u7528\u9019\u500b\u8a5e\u6642\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u8a71\u3002\u800c\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u4e26\u975e\u5728\u544a\u8a34\u90a3\u500b\u91ab\u751f\u5979\u771f\u6b63\u60f3\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3001\u5979\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3001\u6216\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4f55\u5728\uff1b\u6211\u5011\u6240\u505a\u7684\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6587\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u65b0\u589e\u4e8b\u7269\u6240\u505a\u7684\u2500\u2500\u7d66\u4eba\u5011\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b0\u9078\u64c7\u3001\u65b0\u8108\u7d61\u3001\u65b0\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002\u6211\u5011\u6240\u505a\u7684\u548c\u6587\u5b78\u6216\u6b77\u53f2\u6559\u6388\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u5883\u6cc1\u4e0b\u6703\u505a\u6216\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u4e26\u7121\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u53ea\u662f\u64f4\u5927\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u7b26\u865f\u53ca\u8ad6\u8b49\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u64f4\u5927\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\uff08<em>Consequences of Pragmatism<\/em> 222\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u9664\u4e86\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u5916\uff0c\u5c31\u7b46\u8005\u6240\u77e5\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5c11\u6578\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u722d\u8ad6\u7684\u6587\u737b\u6709\uff1aMichael D. Bayles, &#8220;Moral Theory and Application,&#8221; <em>Ethical Principles and Practice,<\/em> ed. by John Howie (Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1987) 1-23; Abraham Edel, <em>Ethics: Applied Practice<\/em>, ed. by John Howie (Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1987) 24-48; Abraham Edel, Elizabeth Flower and Finbarr O&#8217;Connor, <em>Critique of Applied Ethics: Reflections and Recommendations<\/em> (Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1994); Donald S. Klinefelter, &#8220;How Is Applied Philosophy to Be Applied?&#8221; <em>Journal of Social Philosophy<\/em>, Spring (1990): 16-26; D. Marquis, &#8220;The Role of Applied Ethics in Philosophy,&#8221; <em>Southwest Philosophical Review <\/em>6.1 (1990): 1-18; David L. Roochnik, &#8220;Applied Ethics: Some Platonic Questions,&#8221; <em>Philosophy in Context<\/em> 17 (1987): 40-46; Mark D. Stohs, &#8220;Applied Ethics and Philosophy,&#8221; <em>Philosophy in Context<\/em> 18 (1988): 45-52; James D. Young, &#8220;The Immorality of Applied Ethics,&#8221; <em>International Journal of Applied Philosophy <\/em>3 (1986): 37-43\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0cEdel 318\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300d\u65e2\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u50cfJohn Rawls\u7684<em>A Theory of Justice<\/em> (1971)\u90a3\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u50be\u5411\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b78\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0cRawls \u9019\u672c\u66f8\u88ab\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u7531\u5f62\u5f0f\u5230\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u4e0b\u4e4b\u91cd\u8981\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\uff08Fox and Demarco 15\uff1bMarcus Singer 286\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u8f49\u5411\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u53ea\u6709\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e00\u679d\u7368\u79c0\uff08\u672c\u6587\u4e5f\u672a\u4f5c\u6b64\u5047\u8a2d\uff09\u3002\u53c8\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5c31\u662f\u898f\u7bc4\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u4f46\u662fBayles\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u518d\u5982\u4ee5\u5f80\u5047\u8a2d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff09\u9053\u5fb7\u793e\u7fa4\u662f\u7531\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u4eba\u985e\u69cb\u6210\u7b49\u7b49\u6642\uff0c\u5be6\u8cea\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u672a\u5fc5\u5c31\u662f\u898f\u7bc4\u502b\u7406\u5b78\uff08250\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7dad\u8b77\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u300d\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8acb\u898bStephen L. Esquith, &#8220;John Rawls and the Political Education of Applied Ethics,&#8221; <em>Social Theory Practice<\/em> 11 (1985): 307-354.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u7528Bill Warren\u5f15\u8ff0\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5373\u53ef\u5145\u5206\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u91ab\u85e5\u502b\u7406\u5728\u82f1\u570b\u54f2\u7cfb\u7d1b\u7d1b\u95dc\u9580\u4e4b\u6642\uff0c\u633d\u6551\u4e86\u591a\u9918\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0814\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u5c31\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u800c\u8ad6\uff0cEdel\u548cMacIntyre\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\uff08cf. Edel 326\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u300c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d\uff08engineering model\uff09\u51fa\u81eaArthur L. Caplan, &#8220;Mechanics on Duty: The Limitations of a Technical Definition of Moral Expertise for Work in Applied Ethics,&#8221; <em>Canadian Journal of Philosophy,<\/em> Supplementary Volume VIII (1982), 1-18.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u6211\u5011\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u6bd4\u4fbf\u80fd\u9ad4\u6703\u51fa\u70ba\u4f55\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u4f86\u81ea\u62bd\u8c61\u7406\u8ad6\u77e5\u8b58\u8005\u6240\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u6559\u58eb\u5411\u4fe1\u5f92\u5ba3\u793a\u5728\u7279\u6b8a\u5883\u6cc1\u4e2d\u61c9\u5982\u4f55\u884c\u4e8b\u7684\u795e\u65e8\u6642\uff0c\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u9019\u500b\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6559\u7fa9\u300d\u4e4b\u6d3b\u52d5\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4ee5\u300c\u5de5\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\u300d\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c<strong>\u4fe1\u5f92\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u53ca\u539f\u5247\u662f\u7368\u7acb\u65bc\u5176\u88ab\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u5883\u6cc1\uff0c\u6559\u58eb\uff08\u61c9\u7528\u8005\uff09\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u5fe0\u5be6\u5730\u300d\u50b3\u9054\u6559\u7fa9\u800c\u5df2<\/strong>\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u4fe1\u5f92\u4e0d\u9019\u6a23\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u6559\u7fa9\u300d\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6559\u58eb\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u70ba\u4e86\u56e0\u61c9\u5177\u9ad4\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5883\u6cc1\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u6559\u7fa9\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u500b\u8a6e\u91cb\u6d3b\u52d5\u4fbf\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6d89\u5165\u5229\u5bb3\u504f\u597d\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u63db\u3001\u50f9\u503c\u53d6\u6368\u3001\u6b0a\u529b\u5354\u5546\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u5bb0\u5236\u5c31\u6703\u906d\u5230\u52d5\u6416\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u5fc5\u9808\u6aa2\u8996<em>Philosophy &amp; Public Affairs<\/em>\u9019\u500b\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5f62\u614b\u5f71\u97ff\u751a\u5927\u7684\u671f\u520a\u7684\u8208\u8d77\u80cc\u666f\u548c\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u7acb\u5834\uff1b\u7b46\u8005\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u7121\u6cd5\u505a\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u5728\u5f8c\u73fe\u5316\u6c1b\u570d\u4e2d\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u81ea\u4e3b\u81ea\u8db3\u53ca\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e5f\u61c9\u6709\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u5728\u521d\u7a3f\u4e2d\u6211\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u300c\u512a\u5148\u6b21\u5e8f\u300d\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u533f\u540d\u8a55\u5be9\u63d0\u793a\u6211\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u6211\u66fe\u5728\u524d\u9762\u7684\u6b63\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6697\u793a\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u2500\u2500\u5b83\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5354\u5546\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0cMacIntyre\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u5247\u662f\u300c\uff08\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u4e8b\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\uff09\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4ea4\u63db\u300d\uff0c\u4e0d\u904eMacIntyre\u4e26\u672a\u8a3c\u660e\u6b64\u4e00\u547d\u984c\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5c0d\u300c\u61c9\u7528\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0f\u5354\u5546\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4f5c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8209\u8a3c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u5c07\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u8a31\u591a\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u6848\u4f8b\u4f5c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u665a\u8fd1\u7684\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u8a6e\u91cb\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5354\u5546\u300d\u5df2\u5ee3\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u88ab\u8a31\u591a\u4f8b\u8a3c\u6240\u652f\u6301\u3002\u53ef\u53c3\u770bMichael Mulkay, <em>Science and the Sociology of Knowledge<\/em> (London: George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1979), 63-95.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5177\u6709\u672c\u571f\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u8077\u696d\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u65b9\u9762\uff08\u53c3\u770b\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5e74\u94521987\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7de8\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u66f8\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff1a194-196\u9801\uff09\uff1b\u4ea6\u53ef\u5f9e\u51fa\u7248\u66f8\u76ee\u770b\u51fa\u5176\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u672c\u571f\u8272\u5f69\uff08\u5982\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5e74\u94521987\u300b\uff1a507-508\u9801\uff1b\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u54f2\u5b78\u5e74\u94521991\u300b\uff1a353\u9801\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u9678\u7531\u65bc\u5176\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6cd5\u5236\u53ca\u7d93\u6fdf\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5728\u7522\u751f\u50cf\u5f8b\u5e2b\u3001\u4f01\u7ba1\u7b49\u5c08\u696d\u6642\uff0c\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u885d\u7a81\u5fc5\u9808\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8003\u616e\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\uff08\u800c\u975e\u5c08\u696d\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u88ab\u5bb0\u5236\u8005\uff09\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5c31\u61c9\u904b\u800c\u751f\u4e86\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5009\u9053\u4f86\uff0c\u300a\u5f8b\u5e2b\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff1a1990\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6eab\u514b\u52e4\u7b49\uff08\u7de8\uff09\u300a\u7ba1\u7406\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u300b\uff08\u5929\u6d25\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff1a1988\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\u6fc3\u539a\u7684\u8003\u616e\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> \u672c\u66f8\u7684\u53e6\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff08\u3008\u6587\u5316\u6279\u8a55\u8207\u526f\u520a\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u3009\uff09\u63d0\u5230\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u50cf\u300c\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u3002\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u88cf\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u662f\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u81f3\u65bc\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u660e\u986f\u5730\u61c9\u8a72\u6703\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u4e2d\u7684\u58ae\u80ce\u722d\u8b70\u662f\u74b0\u7e5e\u8457\u80ce\u5152\u662f\u5426\u5177\u5099\u4eba\u683c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5973\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u800c\u50cf\u5728\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u58ae\u80ce\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5247\u548c\u6b67\u8996\u5973\u80ce\u5152\u7684\u91cd\u7537\u8f15\u5973\u50b3\u7d71\u89c0\u5ff5\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u53f0\u7063\u61c9\u7528\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u7576\u7136\u61c9\u8a72\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u9019\u500b\u9644\u9304\u4ee5\u5f88\u7cbe\u7c21\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u6b63\u6587\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3010\u672c\u6587\u539f\u8f09\u65bc\u300a\u7b2c\u56db\u5c46\u7f8e\u570b\u6587\u5b78\u8207\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u8ad6\u6587\u9078\u96c6<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/552","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=552"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/552\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":797,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/552\/revisions\/797"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}