{"id":672,"date":"1998-12-01T23:06:27","date_gmt":"1998-12-01T15:06:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/?p=672"},"modified":"2021-06-26T17:03:41","modified_gmt":"2021-06-26T09:03:41","slug":"harding%e7%9a%84%e5%a5%b3%e6%80%a7%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e7%ab%8b%e5%a0%b4%e8%ab%96%ef%bc%9a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e6%8e%a2%e8%a8%8e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/1998\/12\/harding%e7%9a%84%e5%a5%b3%e6%80%a7%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e7%ab%8b%e5%a0%b4%e8%ab%96%ef%bc%9a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e7%9a%84%e6%8e%a2%e8%a8%8e\/","title":{"rendered":"Harding\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff1a\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 14pt;\">\u3010\u672c\u6587\u539f\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300a\u54f2\u5b78\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c1998\u5e7412\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u7814\u9662\u793e\u79d1\u6240\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u9801261-296\u3002\u5f8c\u518d\u5ea6\u4fee\u8a02\u6536\u5165\u500b\u4eba\u5c08\u66f8\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\uff1a\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u2500\u61c9\u7528\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u58e2\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u5927\u5b78\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\uff0c2017\uff0c323-349\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b<a href=\"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/members\/Ning\/pdf\/Harding%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%AB%8B%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96.pdf\">\u6b64\u6587\u4e4bpdf\u6a94<\/a>\u4ee5\u4f9b\u95b1\u8b80\u5f15\u7528\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\uff082017\u5e74\u8a18\uff09\u5728\u516c\u773e\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u6703\u6709\u4eba\u5f37\u8abf\u5176\u767c\u8a00\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u4f86\u81ea\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7368\u7279\u7d93\u9a57\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u8eab\u5206\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u5c0d\u53d7\u5bb3\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u64c1\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\uff1b\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u66f4\u6709\u767c\u8a00\u6b0a\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u6027\u5225\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u793e\u6703\u751f\u6d3b\u4e4b\u63cf\u8ff0\u5224\u65b7\u66f4\u70ba\u771f\u5be6\uff1b\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u5e95\u5c64\u5728\u7d93\u904e\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u5be6\u9b25\u722d\u5f8c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u8207\u8a8d\u8b58\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u771f\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9019\u4e9b\u7acb\u8ad6\u80fd\u5426\u6210\u7acb\uff1f\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u986f\u793a\u9019\u7a2e\u601d\u8003\u7684\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u6216\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u662f\u6c92\u932f\u7684\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u88ab\u58d3\u6291\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u4e0d\u51e1\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u7d93\u9a57\u8207\u751f\u6d3b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5ba2\u89c0\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6c42\u77e5\u7684\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u4e0d\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u7d42\u9ede\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u601d\u8003\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u8cab\u5fb9\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u61c9\u8a72\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u53cd\u800c\u662f\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u7e3d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u591a\u91cd\u591a\u6a23\u7684\u7570\u5df1\u8eab\u5206\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8207\u8eab\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u7368\u4f54\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u5f9e\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u81ea\u8eab\uff08\u5404\u7a2e\u7570\u5df1\uff09\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u524d\u8a00\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u8108\u7d61<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8655\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u8207\u7126\u9ede\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6Sandra Harding\u6709\u95dc\u300c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u300d\uff08Feminist Standpoint Theory\uff09\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1b\u672c\u6587\u95e1\u91cb\u4e86Harding\u89c0\u9ede\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a66\u5716\u8a55\u4f30Harding\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u5728\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u300d\u7684\u6311\u6230\u4e0b\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u9084\u80fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u6211\u5011\u9032\u5165\u4e3b\u984c\u4ee5\u524d\u5148\u5927\u7565\u5730\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e00\u4e0b\u672c\u6587\u4e3b\u984c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u665a\u8fd1\u7531\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u5973\u6027\u7acb\u5834\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u591a\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u4eba\u6587\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u6027\u5225\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u73fe\u8c61\u6216\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u751f\u7269\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u91ab\u5b78\u9818\u57df\u4e2d\u6709\u95dc\u5973\u6027\u8eab\u9ad4\u3001\u751f\u7406\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5747\u751a\u6709\u53ef\u89c0\uff1b\u5177\u6709\u5973\u6027\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u4e5f\u7d1b\u7d1b\u7d44\u7e54\u5973\u6027\u5b78\u8853\u793e\u5718\u6216\u5728\u5927\u5b78\u958b\u6709\u95dc\u5973\u6027\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u7d93\u5e38\u906d\u5230\u5f9e\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\uff08epistemological\uff09\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\uff08philosophy of science\uff09\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u8cea\u7591\u548c\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4e5f\u884d\u767c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6709\u5f85\u91d0\u6e05\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u6703\u4e0d\u6703\u53d7\u5230\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u5f71\u97ff\u800c\u5931\u4e4b\u504f\u9817\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\u4f7f\u5973\u6027\u7acb\u5834\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff1f\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u300d\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\uff08\u50cf\u67d0\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u7537\u6027\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff1f\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u61c9\u4e0d\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u50cf\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9019\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u8003\u616e\u6240\u5f71\u97ff\uff1f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u70ba\u4f55\u5426\u5b9a\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\uff1f\u6027\u5225\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u662f\u793e\u6703\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\uff08socially constructed\uff09\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u5169\u8005\u90fd\u662f\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u6709\u7121\u91cd\u758a\u4e4b\u8655\uff1f\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u6709\u6027\u5225\u7684\u55ce\uff1f\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5973\u6027\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\uff1f\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u61c9\u7576\u63a1\u53d6\u7d93\u9a57\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff1f\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u96d6\u7136\u807d\u4f86\u4e0d\u662f\u820a\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u537b\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u8b02<strong>\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78<\/strong>\u4e4b\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95dc\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u8af8\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u6d89\u53ca\u5973\u6027\u7acb\u5834\u5b78\u8853\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u3001\u6216\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u8853\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u76f4\u6307\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3001\u7406\u6027\u548c\u76f8\u5c0d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u529f\u7528\u8207\u89d2\u8272\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u6709\u95dc\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u6587\u6253\u7b97\u76f4\u63a5\u8655\u7406\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u548c\u7126\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9032\u8def\u662f\u5728\u6240\u8b02\u7684<strong>\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78<\/strong>\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u524d\u8005\u5df2\u7d93\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u5f8c\u8005\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u5047\u8a2d\u6216\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u672c\u6587\u9650\u65bc\u7bc7\u5e45\u8207\u8655\u7406\u4e3b\u984c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53bb\u4e00\u4e00\u6aa2\u8996\u9019\u4e9b\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5b8c\u5099\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u6703\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7b49\uff09\u2215\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u8ad6\u8ff0\u300d\uff08discourse\uff09\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u50f9\u503c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u7406\u8ad6\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u53cd\u6297\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u6548\u61c9\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u61c9\u8a72\u6279\u5224\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u6d41\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002\u5728\u76f8\u7576\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u91dd\u5c0d\u548c\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7126\u9ede\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u8a8d\u53ef\u9019\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u7406\u8ad6\u5047\u5b9a\u3001\u537b\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u300c\u7406\u8ad6\u2500\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u2215\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u6df1\u53d7\u300c\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff08\u793e\u6703\u54f2\u5b78\uff09\u8207\u300c\u793e\u6703\u7814\u7a76\u300d\uff08\u793e\u6703\u5b78\uff09\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u548c\u539f\u4f86\u820a\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u50b3\u7d71\u5f88\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u96d9\u65b9\u5728\u7406\u8ad6\u50b3\u7d71\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u9032\u8def\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u50f9\u503c\u4e0a\u5747\u6709\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6548\u679c\u4e0a\uff0c\u820a\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7dad\u8b77\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5a01\uff08\u6240\u4ee5\u6703\u88ab\u8a31\u591a\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u63f4\u5f15\u4f86\u6279\u8a55\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u6216\u793e\u6703\u7814\u7a76\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5a01\uff08\u6240\u4ee5\u6703\u88ab\u8a31\u591a\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u8b4f\u8a55\u70ba\u5916\u884c\u4eba\u6216\u507d\u5b78\u8853\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u5f9e\u820a\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u2215\u65b0\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7b49\u7b49\u662f\u53cd\u76f4\u89ba\u5e38\u8b58\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u72af\u4e86\u7c21\u5316\u5c0d\u65b9\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u3002\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u6eff\u8db3\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e9b\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4f86\u8cea\u7591\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u4e26\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f4\u622a\u4e86\u7576\u7684\u7b54\u8986\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u50f9\u503c\uff08\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u9053\uff09\u548c\u771f\u7406\u600e\u9ebc\u6703\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1f\u300d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\uff08cf. Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 62ff\uff09\u3001\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u4fe1\u5ff5\u600e\u9ebc\u6703\u6709\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\uff1f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6b0a\u529b\u600e\u9ebc\u53ef\u80fd\u5efa\u69cb\u51fa\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff08\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff09\uff1f\u300d\uff08cf. Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 12\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4e09\u8a00\u5169\u8a9e\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u7b54\u6e05\u695a\u7684<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5e38\u88ab\u6574\u5957\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff08oeuvre\uff09\u6240\u95e1\u8ff0\u6216\u6240\u9810\u8a2d\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5e7e\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u300d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f86\u6bd4\u64ec\u65b0\u820a\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u8209\u4e00\u4f8b\uff0c\u5e38\u6709\u4eba\u8aaa\u300c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u548c\u6027\u5225\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1f\u300d\uff0c\u8a00\u4e0b\u4e4b\u610f\u662f\uff1a\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u529b\u6c92\u6709\u95dc\u9023\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u5178\u7bc4\u662f\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\uff08\u4e0b\u6587\u6703\u63d0\u5230\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u53ea\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u908a\u969b\u6216\u81e8\u754c\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c<strong>\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u79d1\u5b78\u6240\u61c9\u8a72\u5177\u6709\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6027\u8cea<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0d\u8ad6\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8faf\u8ad6\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5f88\u986f\u7136\u7684\u5747\u5c07\u6d89\u53ca\u8a31\u8a31\u591a\u591a\u8907\u96dc\u7684\uff08\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5229\u5bb3\u7684\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u7684\u2026\uff09\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e09\u8a00\u5169\u8a9e\u7684\u76f4\u89ba\u5e38\u8b58\u6240\u80fd\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5c07\u96c6\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6Harding\u7684\u300c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u300d\u3002\u300c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u300d\uff08\u300c\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u8ad6\u300d\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\uff09\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u7406\u8ad6\u67b6\u69cb\u6216\u8a6e\u91cb\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u53ea\u6709\u5f9e\u6070\u7576\u7684\u300c\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u300d\u6216\u300c\u89c0\u9ede\u300d\u6216\u300c\u7acb\u5834\u300d\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u5176\u5be6\u4e43\u4f86\u81ea\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u90fd\u8a8d\u70ba\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u5ea7\u843d\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u6703\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\uff08socially situated\uff09\u3001\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8a72\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u5229\u5bb3\u6216\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u53ca\u5176\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u751f\u7522\u662f\u88ab\u512a\u52e2\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u2215\u6027\u5225\u6240\u4e3b\u5c0e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u8a72\u793e\u6703\u6240\u751f\u7522\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5229\u5bb3\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5c0d\u6297\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6\u6216\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u9019\u4e9b\u53cd\u6620\u512a\u52e2\u8005\u5229\u76ca\u8207\u50f9\u503c\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\uff0c\u99ac\u6d3e\u5b78\u8005\u7d93\u5e38\u8072\u7a31\u5176\u77e5\u8b58\u89c0\u9ede\u4e43\u4f86\u81ea\u300c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u7121\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u300d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff1b\u800c\u5f9e\u99ac\u6d3e\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u614b\u8207\u6240\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u548c\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u6bd4\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u66f4\u80fd\u3001\u4e5f\u66f4\u9858\u610f\u5982\u5176\u5be6\u5730\u8a8d\u8b58\u5ba2\u89c0\u771f\u76f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u6703\u626d\u66f2\u6216\u63a9\u84cb\u968e\u7d1a\u793e\u6703\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u548c\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u7ad9\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u99ac\u6d3e\u5b78\u8005\u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0a\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u3001\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u5be6\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u6216\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u300c\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\u7684\u300d\uff08epistemologically advantageous\uff09\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u4e0a\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e3b\u9ad4\u53ef\u8aaa\u64c1\u6709\u4e86\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\uff08\u7279\u6b0a\uff09\u300d\uff08epistemic privilege\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u767c\u5c55\u5176\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u5730\u5fc5\u9808\u56de\u61c9\u4f54\u64da\u5b78\u8853\u4e3b\u6d41\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u8005\u5c0d\u5979\u5011\u7684\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4fbf\u5f9e\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u50b3\u7d71\u501f\u7528\u6216\u632a\u7528\u4e86\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6cbf\u7528\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u8ad6\u8ff0\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u4ee5\u6027\u5225\u800c\u975e\u968e\u7d1a\u70ba\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u505a\u7406\u8ad6\u63a2\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4e26\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u6216\u9650\u5236\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 136\uff09\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u767c\u5c55\u4e5f\u6975\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0d\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u6279\u5224\u601d\u60df\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u6709\u6240\u555f\u767c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Jaggar\u66fe\u7d93\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u6240\u91dd\u5c0d\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u4f54\u64da\u5b78\u8853\u4e3b\u6d41\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u50be\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff1a\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u4e5f\u662f\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5f9e\u6070\u7576\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u6216\u7acb\u5834\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff1b\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u662f\u500b\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u3001\u4e0d\u504f\u79c1\u7684\uff08\u65c1\uff09\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u500b\u4eba\uff08Jaggar, 356, 370\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5f9e\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6216\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u90fd\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u968e\u7d1a\u2215\u6027\u5225\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u53d6\u4ee3<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u59d1\u4e14\u4e0d\u8ad6\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5728\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u2215\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u9019\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u63a5\u8fd1\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u5c0d\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u505a\u51fa\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u66ff\u7576\u6642\u7684\u5973\u6027\u79d1\u5b78\u5be6\u8e10\u505a\u8faf\u8b77\uff1b\u9019\u5927\u7d04\u662f\u5f9e1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u52301980\u5e74\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u8005\u6709\uff1aElizabeth Fee, Jane Flax, Sandra Harding, Nancy Hartsock, Hilary Rose and Dorothy Smith\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u601d\u6f6e\u7684\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e0d\u6eff\u610f\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff08\u50cfJane Flax\u4fbf\u5f9e\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u8f49\u8b8a\u5230\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u591a\u5143\u6027\u958b\u59cb\u660e\u986f\u3002Sandra Harding\u4fbf\u628a\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\uff09\u5206\u70ba\u4e09\u500b\u6d41\u6d3e\u6216\u8da8\u5411\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u662f\uff1a\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u3001\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u3001\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u591a\u6578\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6216\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u6b78\u985e\u65bc\u9019\u4e09\u8005\uff1b\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cHarding\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u5c31\u5f9e\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u9010\u6f38\u6e38\u79fb\u5230\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u5c07\u96c6\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6Harding\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u56e0\u70baHarding \u7684\u8b1b\u6cd5\u5438\u7d0d\u4e86\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6700\u6210\u719f\u7684\u3002\u7b46\u8005\u5c07\u4ee5Harding\u7684<em>The Science Question in Feminism<\/em>\uff081986\uff09\u548c<em>Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?<\/em>\uff081991\uff09\u5169\u672c\u4e3b\u8981\u8457\u4f5c\u70ba\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u737b\u3002\u6b64\u4e8c\u66f8\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u89c0\u5ff5\u91cd\u758a\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u7531\u591a\u7bc7\u8ad6\u6587\u69cb\u6210<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u5247\u662f\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5b8c\u6574\u8868\u9054\u548c\u767c\u5c55\u524d\u66f8\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u5076\u800c\u4e5f\u56de\u61c9\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c0d\u5979\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u5c31\u672c\u6587\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u8a00\uff0c<em>Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?<\/em>\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8a72\u66f8\u5728\u5f8c\u9762\u5e7e\u7ae0\u66f4\u660e\u986f\u5730\u50be\u5411\u4e86\u300c\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u300d\u8207\u300c\u5f8c\u6b96\u6c11\u300d\u7684\u8996\u91ce\uff0c\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u5c11\u6578\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u7b49\u300c\u7570\u5df1\u300d\uff08the other\uff09\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4f9d\u5176\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 270\uff09\u8003\u616e\u4e86\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u300c\u7570\u5df1\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u90e8\u4efd\u5c0d\u65bc\u5404\u7a2e\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u90fd\u6709\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u860a\u6db5\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u5176\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff08\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\u6bd4\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff08\u7537\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\u66f4\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u8f03\u771f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u800c\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u7522\u751f\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u7d04\u5236\uff08knowledge is socially situated\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0cHarding\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u4e2d\u300c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\uff08strong program\uff09\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u8ad6\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\uff08cause\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bcHarding\u5c0d\u300c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\u7684\u904b\u7528\u548c\u8a6e\u91cb\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7d66\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u92ea\u8def\uff0c\u539f\u4f86\u300c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u8005\u672a\u5fc5\u6703\u540c\u610fHarding\u5c0d\u5176\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u6fc0\u9032\u904b\u7528\u6216\u8a6e\u91cb\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5148\u8b93\u6211\u95e1\u91cb\uff08\u7d93\u7531Harding\u6240\u8a6e\u91cb\u904b\u7528\u7684\uff09\u300c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u2500\u2500\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u8ad6\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\uff08David Bloor, Barry Barnes\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e0d\u662f\u6c92\u56e0\u7531\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u88ab\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u904e\u53bb\u4e00\u5411\u90fd\u6709\u5c0d\u932f\u8aa4\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u9032\u884c\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u9020\u6210\u932f\u8aa4\u77e5\u8b58\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u6fdf\u6216\u6587\u5316\u5e38\u8b58\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u300c\u932f\u8aa4\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u300c\u6b63\u78ba\u300d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u300c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u6b63\u78ba\u300d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u300c\u932f\u8aa4\u300d\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u61c9\u8a72\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u56e0\u7d20\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u61c9\u7576\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u932f\u8aa4\u300d\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u6709\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u4f46\u662f\u300c\u771f\u78ba\u300d\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\u6c92\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u3002\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e0d\u8ad6\u771f\u5047\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u7522\u751f\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u7d04\u5236\u3002\u6b63\u5982Harding \u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u548c\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u90fd\u5728\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\u2026\u665a\u8fd1\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u8feb\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff1a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5f9e\u4f86\u90fd\u5ea7\u843d\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u3002\u300d\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 11\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u6216\u62d2\u65a5\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u90fd\u6703\u6709\u5176\u7406\u7531\uff08reasons\uff09\u3002\u7406\u7531\u662f\u7528\u4ee5\u8a3c\u6210\u79d1\u5b78\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u548c\u9020\u6210\u9019\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08cause\uff09\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5728\u500b\u5225\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u70ba\u7576\u4e8b\u8005\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff09\u6240\u8a8d\u77e5\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 78\uff09\u3002\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u8981\u8ffd\u7a76\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u9020\u6210\u79d1\u5b78\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\uff0cHarding\u628a\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u610f\u898b\u9673\u8ff0\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u300c\u597d\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u6c92\u6709\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u539f\u56e0\u2026\u3014\u9019\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6709\uff1a\u3015\u4e00\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u4e8c\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e09\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf\u548c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u6d1e\u6089\u4e16\u754c\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u9020\u6210\u6211\u5011\u7684\uff08\u597d\uff09\u79d1\u5b78\u6709\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u5ee3\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\uff08\u70ba\u4e86\u5979\u5011\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e4b\u5224\u65b7\u53d6\u6368\uff09\u6240\u7d66\u80fd\u4e88\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5916\uff0c\u7121\u9808\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 82\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u610f\u898b\u7684\u56de\u61c9\u6703\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5462\uff1fHarding \u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ea\u8981\u6587\u5316\u8a8d\u70ba\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u6b64\u4fe1\u5ff5\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7368\u7279\u5730\u7121\u9808\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u504f\u898b\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u5805\u6301\u9019\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u7b49\u65bc\u662f\u641e\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u5805\u6301\uff1a\u5728\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u751f\u7522\u6c92\u6709\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u8207\u6b64\u76f8\u5de6\u7684\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u5c0d\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u4e0d\u4f46\u6703\u5c0b\u6c42\u5047\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u5c0b\u6c42\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\uff08\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u793e\u6703\uff09\u539f\u56e0\u2500\u2500\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u300c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5c0d\u7a31\u300d\u3002\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 82\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u300d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u5bb6\u60f3\u4ee5\u300c<strong>\u79d1\u5b78\u7684<\/strong>\u300d\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3\u300c<strong>\u795e\u7955\u7684<\/strong>\u300d\u54f2\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\u4e9b\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff08\u4e0d\uff09\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u70ba\u771f\u3002\u795e\u7955\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7e3d\u662f\u8072\u7a31\u6709\u4e9b\u73fe\u8c61\u6c92\u6709\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u537b\u8981\u6c42\u5c0d\u4efb\u4f55\u73fe\u8c61\u7d66\u4e88\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5805\u6301\u4e00\u5207\u4fe1\u5ff5\u90fd\u6709\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u5805\u6301\u300c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5c0d\u7a31\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u61c9\u7576\u662f\u6700\u7b26\u5408\u79d1\u5b78\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5c0d\u300c\u70ba\u4f55\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u4fe1\u5ff5\u300d\u505a\u51fa\u6700\u5145\u5206\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\uff08\u53c3\u8003Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 166\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5f37\u52e2\u7db1\u9818\u5805\u6301\u7684\u662f\u4ee5\u79d1\u5b78\u6cbb\u4eba\u4e4b\u9053\uff0c\u9084\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b78\u4e4b\u8eab\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u6559\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\u7269\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u5730\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u63d0\u51fa\u300d\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 89\uff09\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u524d\u5f8c\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52d5\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u61c9\u7576\u6709\u53cd\u7701\u548c\u6279\u5224\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u628a\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u548c\u50cf\u79d1\u5b78\u9019\u7a2e\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u5efa\u5236\uff0c\u90fd\u653e\u5728\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u3014\u56e0\u70ba\u3015\u5f62\u5851\u9019\u500b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6a23\u5f62\u5851\u6211\u5011\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\u300d\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>,169\uff09\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u88ab\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\u5730\uff09\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u88ab\uff08\u79d1\u5b78\u5730\uff09\u89e3\u91cb\u300d\u8981\u6c42\u4e86\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f37\uff08\u52e2\uff09\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u5c0d\u7a31\u8207\u53cd\u8eab\u6027\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u9580\u79d1\u5b78\u82e5\u80fd\u5920\u5c0d\u81ea\u8eab\u63d0\u51fa\u56e0\u679c\u4e0a\u5c0d\u7a31\u8207\u53cd\u8eab\uff08\u7701\uff09\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4fbf\u53ef\u7a31\u70ba\u300c<strong>\u5f37\u79d1\u5b78<\/strong>\u300d<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u5f37\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\u56e0\u70ba\u7b26\u5408\u524d\u5f8c\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u6709\u8f03\u5f37\u6216\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6027\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6bd4\u8f03\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u4f5c\u70ba\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u88ab\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u2215\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6\u2215\u7d71\u4e00\u79d1\u5b78\u8ad6\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b78\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u672c\u8eab\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u56e0\u679c\u4e0a\u5c0d\u7a31\u8207\u53cd\u8eab\uff08\u7701\uff09\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u5f37\u79d1\u5b78\u4e86\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b78\u61c9\u300c\u6548\u6cd5\u300d\u7684\u3001\u61c9\u903c\u8fd1\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u6a21\u578b\uff1b\u751a\u81f3\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u524d\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u73fe\u6cc1\u662f\u500b\u58de\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u5c0d\u5176\u4ed6\u79d1\u5b78\u800c\u8a00\u662f\u58de\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5c0d\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u672c\u8eab\u800c\u8a00\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 77-102\uff09<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a>\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5178\u7bc4\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u300c\u90a3\u4e9b\u6700\u80fd\u6df1\u523b\u6279\u5224\u4e5f\u6700\u80fd\u5168\u9762\u7684\u63a2\u7d22\u8108\u7d61\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u300d\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science<\/em>, 98\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a8\u77e5\uff0c<strong>\u5373\u4f7f\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u5167\u5bb9\u300d\u4e2d\u767c\u73fe\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u53cd\u99c1\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u6709\u6027\u5225\u7684\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8ad6\u9ede<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/strong>\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u88ab\u50f9\u503c\u6ef2\u900f\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u50cf\u662f\u500b\u9023\u7e8c\u9ad4\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u53ea\u662f\u9019\u500b\u9023\u7e8c\u9ad4\u7684\u6700\u5f7c\u7aef\u3002\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5178\u578b\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u771f\u7684\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u4e2d\u662f\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u4fbf\u662f\u9817\u4e0d\u5178\u578b\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u63a2\u7a76\uff08Harding, <em>The Science Question<\/em>, 46-48\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u5f37\u300d\u79d1\u5b78\u65e2\u7136\u8981\u6279\u5224\u5730\u3001\u53cd\u7701\u5730\u63a2\u7a76\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u63a2\u8a0e\u751f\u7522\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u6216\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u793e\u6703\u56e0\u7d20\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6c1b\u570d\u7b49\u7b49\u9019\u4e9b\u300c<strong>\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8108\u7d61<\/strong>\u300d\uff08context of discovery\uff09\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u67d0\u500b\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u63d0\u51fa\u4f86\u3001\u88ab\u67d0\u7a2e\u65b9\u5f0f\u8a3c\u6210\u3001\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u63a2\u7a76\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u88ab\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u8ffd\u6c42\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u300d\u3001\u300c\u771f\u7406\u300d\u3001\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u73fe\u5728\u548c\u300c<strong>\u8a3c\u6210\u7684\u8108\u7d61<\/strong>\u300d\uff08context of justification\uff09\u662f\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u91cd\u8981\uff08\u8a3c\u6210\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e43\u662f\u6307\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u8a8d\u5b9a\u548c\u76f8\u5e72\u6027\u3001\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6548\u529b\u548c\u5c0d\u78ba\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u3002Harding\u628a\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u79d1\u5b78\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7a31\u70ba\u300c<strong>\u5f37\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027<\/strong>\u300d\uff0c\u300c\u5f37\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u300d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u616e\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u79d1\u5b78\u89e3\u91cb\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u4e0a\u61c9\u6709\u5c0d\u7a31\u8207\u53cd\u8eab\u6027\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Harding\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86<strong>\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u8a3c\u6210\u7684\u8108\u7d61<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u7522\u751f\u79d1\u5b78\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u8a3c\u6210\u8a72\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff08\u56e0\u800c<strong>\u4f7f\u5169\u7a2e\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u5340\u5206\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86<\/strong>\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u5c0d\u8a3c\u6210\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e4b\u5f71\u97ff\uff1f\u88ab\u6b78\u985e\u70ba\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6Helen E. Longino\u5728\u5979\u7684<em>Science as Social Knowledge<\/em>\uff081990\uff09\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u5012\u662f\u6709\u66f4\u8a73\u7d30\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u3002Longino\u986f\u793a\u4e00\u822c\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6\u8005\u5728\u8003\u616e\u8a3c\u6210\u8108\u7d61\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8003\u616e\u5047\u8a2d\u8207\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u6642\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u8b49\u64da\u5c0d\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7e3d\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u4e9b\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\uff1b\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7576\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u6539\u8b8a\u6642\uff0c\u539f\u5148\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u652f\u6301\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u539f\u4f86\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u537b\u53c8\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u8b49\u64da\u3002\u6709\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u7576\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u6539\u8b8a\u6642\uff0c\u539f\u5148\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u53ef\u80fd\u8b8a\u6210\u652f\u6301\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002\u800c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u8a55\u4f30\u67d0\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6599\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u8b49\u64da\u6642\uff08\u53ef\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u8b49\u64da\u63a8\u7406\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u6703\u904b\u7528\u5230\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u3002\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u8cea\u7591\u67d0\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6599\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u80fd\u69cb\u6210\u8b49\u64da\u6642\u3001\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u548c\u5047\u8a2d\u76f8\u95dc\uff08\u5e72\uff09\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\uff0838-61\uff09\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u8b49\u64da\u8207\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u6216\u8a3c\u6210\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u5728\u8b49\u64da\u63a8\u7406\u6216\u8a55\u4f30\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u3001\u662f\u5728\u904b\u7528\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u3002\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u5247\u4e0d\u53ef\u514d\u7684\u6d89\u53ca\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5047\u5b9a\u3001\u793e\u6703\u9810\u8a2d\u3001\u6587\u5316\u50f9\u503c\u3001\u548c\u500b\u4eba\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u548c\u6ef2\u900f\uff1b\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u6240\u8655\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u8108\u7d61\u548c\u5fc3\u7406\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u6216\u50f9\u503c\uff08Longino\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u8108\u7d61\u50f9\u503c\u300d\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u50cf\u771f\u5be6\u3001\u7cbe\u78ba\u3001\u7c21\u55ae\u7b49\u69cb\u6210\u79d1\u5b78\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u50f9\u503c\uff09\u7576\u7136\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u8a3c\u6210\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u50cf\u6027\u5225\u504f\u898b\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u6216\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u80fd\u6ef2\u5165\u6536\u96c6\u8cc7\u6599\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u66f4\u53ef\u80fd\u6ef2\u5165\u8b49\u64da\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6ef2\u5165\u5c0d\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u904e\u7a0b\uff08Longino, 73\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6027\u5225\u6210\u898b\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5730\u6df1\u5165\u6587\u5316\u601d\u60df\u7684\u5e95\u5c64\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u5075\u77e5\u5bdf\u89ba\u5b83\u5728\u8b49\u64da\u63a8\u7406\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e2d\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u79d1\u5b78\u8a3c\u6210\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u56e0\u6b64\u7d93\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u5c0d\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u6279\u8a55\uff1b\u800c\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u4e0d\u662f\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff08Longino, 73-5\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6279\u8a55\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u5c0d\u7d93\u9a57\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u6703\u6539\u8b8a\u8a3c\u6210\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u8108\u7d61\u6216\u767c\u73fe\u8108\u7d61\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u6216\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u6bd4\u8f03\u80fd\u6d88\u9664\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u4e2d\u7684\u504f\u898b\u6216\u5fc3\u7406\u8499\u853d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6bd4\u8f03\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u7522\u751f\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\u6216\u300c\u771f\u300d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff1f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u6216\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u6b63\u662f\u6301\u6b64\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u4fe1\u5ff5\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u793e\u6703\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u7522\u751f\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u7d04\u5236\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u524d\u63d0\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u8ad6\u8b49\uff1a\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u6216\u8655\u5883\u6703\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u7522\u751f\u8f03\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u6216\u5982Harding\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u754c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u67d0\u500b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u90a3\u500b\u88ab\u79d1\u5b78\u754c\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u78ba\u6bd4\u8f03\u7b26\u5408\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u689d\u4ef6\u4f7f\u4eba\u5c0d\u81ea\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u751f\u7522\u8f03\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u793e\u6703\u689d\u4ef6\u8f03\u96e3\u7522\u751f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\uff08<em>Whose Science?<\/em> , 83\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u662f\u5f9e\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u5176\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u300d\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u9084\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u6bd4\u7537\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u66f4\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u8f03\u771f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002Harding \u5728\u6b64\u70ba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u7cbe\u7c21\u627c\u8981\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5728\u7522\u751f\u548c\u9a57\u8b49\u79d1\u5b78\u5047\u8a2d\u4e0a\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6bd4\u8d77\u512a\u52e2\u96c6\u5718\u4e2d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0a\u8f03\u4f73\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\uff0c\u800c\u904e\u5f80\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u5f35\u5927\u591a\u6578\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u512a\u52e2\u96c6\u5718\u4e2d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u70ba\u9a57\u8b49\u7684\u6839\u64da\u3002\uff08Harding, <em>Whose Science, <\/em>167\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Harding \u7684\u9019\u5169\u6bb5\u5f15\u8a00\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u5225\u7528\u4e00\u500b\u7a0d\u5fae\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8868\u9054\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\ufe5di\ufe5e\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u60c5\u5883\u6216\u689d\u4ef6\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u689d\u4ef6\uff08the epistemic condition of a belief\uff09\uff1b\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u689d\u4ef6\u6216\u8a8d\u8b58\u689d\u4ef6\u5c31\u662f\u5f9e\u5973\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u7b2c\ufe5di\ufe5e\u9ede\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u6279\u5224\u5730\u8a55\u4f30\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u6703\u60c5\u5883\u8f03\u6703\u7522\u751f\u6700\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u7b2c\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u9ede\u5247\u4e3b\u5f35\u7acb\u57fa\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff08\u800c\u975e\u512a\u52e2\u7537\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u624d\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u5730\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\ufe5di\ufe5e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u9019\u500b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u610f\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u6703\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u662f\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u767c\u73fe\u8108\u7d61\u8207\u8a3c\u6210\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3001\u5f37\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u5f37\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u90fd\u5728\u8aaa\u660e\ufe5di\ufe5e\u9019\u9ede\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u7406\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\ufe5di\ufe5e\u5728\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u4e5f\u90fd\u9810\u8a2d\u4e86\ufe5di\ufe5e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u537b\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u540c\u610f\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u7684\u6027\u5225\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u3002\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u7684Longino\u96d6\u7136\u540c\u610f\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u6703\u4f7f\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u4f46\u5979\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u662f\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0812\uff09\uff1b\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0cLongino\u96d6\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\ufe5dii\ufe5e\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u540c\u610f\ufe5di\ufe5e<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u3002Habermas\u5728<em>Knowledge and Human Interests<\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u63a2\u8a0e\u4f5c\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u60f3\u8a3c\u6210\u50cf\ufe5di\ufe5e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8ad6\u984c\uff08Longino\u5247\u660e\u767d\u5730\u63a5\u53d7Habermas\u67d0\u4e9b\u770b\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\ufe5di\ufe5e\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e5f\u9817\u6709\u76f4\u89ba\u4e0a\u7684\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u793e\u6703\u88e1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5efa\u5236\u8a8d\u53ef\u53cd\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5176\u6240\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u53cd\u7701\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u5efa\u5236\uff0c\u8f03\u4e0d\u6703\u626d\u66f2\u771f\u76f8\u3002\u53c8\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b78\u8853\u5708\u5c0d\u5a66\u5973\u548c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u88d4\u5728\u96c7\u50ad\u4e0a\u5b58\u6709\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u4e9b\u88ab\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u5c31\u6703\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6279\u8a55\u6b63\u7d71\u5b78\u8853\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u5728\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u8655\u65bc\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u96c7\u50ad\u4e0a\u5b58\u6709\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5920\u5ba2\u89c0\uff1b\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u96c7\u50ad\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u9032\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff08cf. Longino 76-81\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u60c5\u5883\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u53ef\u4ee5\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u689d\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\ufe5di\ufe5e\u4e0d\u50c5\u6709\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u3001\u9084\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u6db5\u7fa9\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u529b\u9053\uff08political force\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u6216\u689d\u4ef6\u8f03\u5bb9\u6613\u6216\u8f03\u5bb9\u8a31\u7522\u751f\u6bd4\u8f03\u771f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6539\u8b8a\u6216\u6539\u9020\u793e\u6703\u5c31\u6703\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u8f03\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u5a66\u5973\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6240\u6a19\u699c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u8f03\u5c11\u6027\u5225\u504f\u898b\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5a66\u904b\u8207\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c31\u5c0d\u5ba2\u89c0\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u751f\u7522\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u5a66\u904b\u5728\u6539\u9020\u73fe\u5be6\u793e\u6703\u65b9\u9762\u5c0d\u751f\u7522\u5ba2\u89c0\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u5f37\u8abf\u79d1\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u50f9\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u4e0a\u8981\u5305\u542b\u300c\u89e3\u653e\u300d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6a19\uff08\u6d88\u9664\u6027\u5225\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u2026\u7b49\u504f\u898b\uff09\u5c0d\u751f\u7522\u5ba2\u89c0\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e4b\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u53ea\u5305\u62ec\u6240\u8b02\u5ba2\u89c0\u3001\u5168\u9762\u3001\u7cbe\u78ba\u3001\u7c21\u55ae\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4e5f\u61c9\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u53cd\u6b67\u8996\u300d\u3001\u300c\u89e3\u653e\u300d\u7b49\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6a19\u3002Harding\u5373\u8a8d\u70ba\u4f5c\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u5f37\u79d1\u5b78\u4e5f\u540c\u6642\u61c9\u662f\u660e\u767d\u7684\u4ee5\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6a19\u70ba\u7814\u7a76\u7db1\u9818\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 98\uff09\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u7b49\u65bc\u8aaa\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u793e\u6703\u50f9\u503c\u6709\u6642\u5019\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u8a3c\uff0c\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u300d\u548c\u300c\u50f9\u503c\u4e2d\u7acb\u300d\u6216\u300c\u975e\u95dc\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\uff08apolitical\uff09\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\uff08\u7279\u6b0a\uff09\u300d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u524d\u9762\u6240\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\ufe5di\ufe5e\u548c\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4e0d\u540c\u662f\uff0c\ufe5di\ufe5e\u4e26\u672a\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\u69cb\u6210\u771f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u689d\u4ef6\u4e4b\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u67d0\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u5247\u7279\u5225\u6307\u51fa\u5973\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u6216\u751f\u6d3b\u624d\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u5c31\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u4f86\u6aa2\u8996\ufe5dii\ufe5e\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\uff08Harding\u7684\uff09\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u8aaa\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8f03\u771f\u3001\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u8f03\u6709\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u65e2\u7136<strong>\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6700\u89aa\u8fd1<\/strong>\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\ufe5dii\ufe5e\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u5973\u4eba\u6b64\u4e00\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6709\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\uff08\u7279\u6b0a\uff09\u300d\uff08epistemic privilege\uff09\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u7522\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6bd4\u7537\u4eba\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\uff0c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u4e00\u8cab\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u67d0\u500b\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5de5\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u8f03\u5ba2\u89c0\u5730\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e16\u754c\u5be6\u76f8\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u5e7e\u4e4e\u5c31\u7b49\u540c\u65bc\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\uff08\u7279\u6b0a\uff09\u300d\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8a31\u591a\u53cd\u5c0d\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53cd\u5c0d\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53cd\u5c0d\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u4e3b\u5f35\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f8c\u679c\u3002\u4e00\u7a2e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u8072\u97f3\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e0b\u5217\u5f15\u6587\u70ba\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e0a\u908a\u7de3\u7684\u96c6\u5718\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u53bb\u6392\u9664\u3001\u6c88\u9ed8\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u4e3b\u5bb0\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u81e3\u670d\u3002\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u65e2\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u7531\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u300d\u800c\u4f86\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u50cf\u4e3b\u5bb0\u96c6\u5718\u81ea\u547d\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u6a23\u6709\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u300d\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u53ea\u662f\u5c0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u4eba\u6709\u898f\u7bc4\u548c\u5f37\u5236\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u5c31\u662f\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff09\u89ba\u5f97\u53ef\u5f9e\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u5f97\u529b\u58ef\u5927\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u8b93\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u5f97\u529b\u58ef\u5927\u662f\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u6a19\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7576\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u4ee5\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u300d\u70ba\u7531\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u6b0a\u5a01\u6642\uff0c\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u5176\u5be6\u53c8\u518d\u5ea6\u628a\u4e3b\u5bb0\u96c6\u5718\u5c0d\u4ed8\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u50f9\u503c\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u3001\u6c88\u9ed8\u908a\u7de3\u7684\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u908a\u7de3\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u81e3\u670d\uff09\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u9032\u56de\u4f86\u3002\uff08Bat-Ami Bar On, 96-7\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8af8\u5982\u6b64\u985e\u7684\u300c\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u300d\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u8b93Harding\u5728\u5f8c\u671f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u91cd\u65b0\u6539\u9020\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c \u800cHarding\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u65e2\u4fdd\u7559\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u539f\u4f86\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u9053\uff0c\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5272\u6368\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\uff08\u512a\u52e2\uff09\u4e4b\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6211\u8981\u986f\u793a\uff1aHarding\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u63da\u68c4\u4e86\u53ea\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u4e4b\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4ee5\u8ad6\u8a3c\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08male feminism\uff09\u300d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u540c\u6642\u53c8\u4fdd\u7559\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u601d\u60df\uff08\u5979\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u9019\u7a2e\u517c\u9867\u5169\u8005\u7684\u4f01\u5716\u4f3c\u4e4e\u56e0\u6b64\u628a\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u9762\u8c8c\u6a21\u7cca\u3001\u7126\u9ede\u4e0d\u660e\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0cHarding<strong>\u63da\u68c4\u4e86\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u300d\u5f0f\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u80fd\u751f\u7522\u5ba2\u89c0\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u300d\u5f0f\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a<\/strong>\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u627f\u8a8d\u7537\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53e6\u65b9\u9762Harding\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u9084\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u3002Harding\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u80fd\u6c7a\u5b9a\u67d0\u53e5\u8a71\u7684\u5c0d\u932f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u662f\u8ab0\u8aaa\u7684\u2026\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8ab0\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4f55\u6642\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c<strong>\u7684\u78ba\u5927\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2<\/strong>\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 269\uff09\u3002\u524d\u9762\u9019\u53e5\u300c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u300d\u4e91\u4e91\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u67d0\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5728\u8a3c\u6210\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u53e5\u300c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\u300d\u537b\u53c8\u5f37\u8abf\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08<strong>\u8ab0\u8aaa\u7684<\/strong>\uff09\u5728\u767c\u8a00\u8108\u7d61\u7684\u8003\u91cf\u4e0b\uff08<strong>\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4f55\u6642\u8aaa\u7684<\/strong>\uff09\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u5927\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1b\u5f8c\u9762\u9019\u53e5\u56e0\u6b64\u53c8\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u3002Harding\u4ee5\u4e00\u500b\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u9ede\u7c21\u5316\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\uff09\u4f8b\u5b50\u8aaa\u660e\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff1a\u5979\u8aaa\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u5974\u96b8\u4e3b\u5c0d\u9ed1\u5974\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u9ed1\u5974\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e2d\u7acb\u3001\u5ba2\u89c0\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u7531\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5f31\u52e2\u9ed1\u5974\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5b8c\u5168\u4e2d\u7acb\u3001\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8d77\u78bc\u6703\u6bd4\u5974\u96b8\u4e3b\u8f03\u5ba2\u89c0\uff1b\u5728\u50cf\u570b\u969b\u8ca9\u5974\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f9e\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9ed1\u5974\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f9e\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6703\u6bd4\u5f9e\u5f37\u52e2\u8005\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 270\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u4e26\u672a\u8868\u793a\u9ed1\u5974\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\uff08\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\uff09\u7279\u6b0a\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5974\u96b8\u4e3b\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u4e3b\u5f35\u5ee2\u5974\u7684\u5974\u96b8\u4e3b\uff09\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u9ed1\u5974\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u53bb\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u4f46\u662fHarding\u4e5f\u8aaa\u300c\u5728\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u767c\u51fa\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u8b1b\u51fa\u5979\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e4b\u524d\u2026\u6211\u5011\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f9e\u5979\u5011\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 270\uff09\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e3b\u5f35\u5ee2\u5974\u7684\u5974\u96b8\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u751f\u7522\u95dc\u65bc\u8ca9\u5974\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u6545\u800cHarding\u5176\u5be6\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\uff08\u50cf\u5973\u4eba\uff09\u56e0\u70ba\u8eab\u5728\u67d0\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u2500\u2500\u5973\u4eba\u5c31\u6d3b\u5728\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u5bb9\u6613\u6709\u5f9e\u5973\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u5225\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5bb9\u6613\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u7537\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5f9e\u5973\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u5b78\u7fd2\u6216\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0b\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff08\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\uff09\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5973\u4eba\u80fd\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff08\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\uff09\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\uff1f\u6b64\u8655\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\uff1a\u6bd4\u8d77\u7537\u4eba\u4f86\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u5c0d\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e<strong>\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027<\/strong>\uff08natural akinness\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8ce3\u6deb\u3001\u61f7\u5b55\u3001\u751f\u7522\u3001\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6703\u5c0d\u5f9e\u8ce3\u6deb\u3001\u61f7\u5b55\u3001\u751f\u7522\u3001\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u5462\uff1fHarding\u524d\u9762\u8b1b\u5230\u5728\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u767c\u51fa\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u8b1b\u51fa\u5979\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5225\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f9e\u5979\u5011\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e5f\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u5973\u4eba\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u5462\uff1f<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a>\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5047\u5b9a\u5973\u6027\u5f7c\u6b64\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u5171\u901a\u7684\u3001\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u9023\u5e36\uff0c\u4e0d\u70ba\u7537\u6027\u6240\u5171\u4eab\uff0c\u4e14\u7121\u9808\u8a34\u8af8\u8a9e\u8a00\u6216\u793e\u6703\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e26\u5b78\u7fd2\u5973\u6027\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5973\u6027\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u672c\u6587\u5c07\u6392\u9664\u9019\u7a2e\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u3002\u6545\u800c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u628a\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u6b78\u8af8\u795e\u79d8\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u6700\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u8a34\u8af8\u7537\u5973\u7684\u300c\u793e\u6703\u8ddd\u96e2\u300d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7537\u5973\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f7f\u5973\u4eba\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u4f7f\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6240\u6709\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u758f\u9060\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f35\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u9019\u88e1\u8b1b\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\u3001\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u3002\u800c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u6216\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u4e4b\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u5047\u8a2d\u90fd\u96b1\u7d04\u5730\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u6027\u5225\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u67b6\u69cb\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u5047\u8a2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u627f\u8a8d\u4e0b\u8ff0\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u9ed1\u7537\u4eba\u56e0\u70ba\u7a2e\u65cf\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u800c\u548c\u9ed1\u5973\u4eba\u6709\u8f03\u8fd1\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u9ed1\u7537\u4eba\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u767d\u5973\u4eba\u66f4\u89aa\u8fd1\u9ed1\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u5047\u8a2d\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0cHarding\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u610f\u5973\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\uff08\u5fc5\u7136\uff09\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u9ed1\u767d\u7a2e\u65cf\u56b4\u91cd\u9694\u96e2\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u9ed1\u7537\u9ed1\u5973\u78ba\u5be6\u6bd4\u9ed1\u5973\u767d\u5973\u8f03\u89aa\u8fd1\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6bd4\u8d77\u9ed1\u7537\u4f86\uff0c\u767d\u5973\u5728\u9019\u500b\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e2d\u5c0d\u65bc\u9ed1\u5973\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u8f03\u6c92\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002\u7531\u65bcHarding\u8aaa\uff08\u524d\u9762\u4e5f\u66fe\u5f15\u904e\uff09\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u80fd\u6c7a\u5b9a\u67d0\u53e5\u8a71\u7684\u5c0d\u932f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8003\u616e\u662f\u8ab0\u8aaa\u7684\u2026\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u8ab0\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4f55\u6642\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c<strong>\u7684\u78ba\u5927\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2<\/strong>\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 269\uff09\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u4f86\uff0cHarding\u9084\u662f\u8981\u5f37\u8abf\uff1a\u4e00\u5207\u8981\u770b\u5177\u9ad4\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6c7a\u5b9a\u8ab0\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679cHarding\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u5206\u6790\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u793e\u6703\u8ddd\u96e2\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6216\u758f\u9060\u4e0a\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5979\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u662f\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u76f8\u5c0d\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5207\u5272\u72c0\u614b\uff1a\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u5225\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5207\u5272\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bc\u6b0a\u529b\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8ddd\u96e2\u6216\u793e\u6703\u5340\u9694\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6bd4\u8f03\u5ea6\u91cf\u7684\u3002\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u968e\u7d1a\u4e0a\u89aa\u8fd1\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6027\u4e0a\u758f\u9060\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u537b\u548c\u67d0\u4e9b\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u7a2e\u65cf\u4e0a\u89aa\u8fd1\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5e74\u9f61\u4e0a\u758f\u9060\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53c8\u5c07\u5982\u4f55\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5176\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u5462\uff1f\u4e0d\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u7b49\u4e0b\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0cHarding<strong>\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u61c9\u7576\u662f\u63da\u68c4\u4e86\u81ea\u7136\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f35\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u4e26\u975e\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u300d\u7684\u53ef\u88ab\u67d0\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6240\u65b9\u4fbf\u5360\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u516c\u5171\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u8a6e\u91cb\u3001\u5354\u5546<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Harding\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u8981\u907f\u514d\u751a\u81f3\u6279\u5224\u90a3\u7a2e\u6027\u5225\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u4e26\u4e14\u5ffd\u7565\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6846\u67b6\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u4e0a\u9762\u5979\u70ba\u4e86\u8faf\u8b77\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\uff0c\u6240\u8209\u7684\u5974\u96b8\u4e3b\u4f8b\u5b50\u53c8\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5047\u8a2d\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u601d\u8003\u6846\u67b6\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u4e00\u822c\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u4e5f\u7684\u78ba\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u3001\u7c21\u55ae\u5206\u660e\u7684\u8a00\u8aaa\u4e0a\u2500\u2500\u5974\u96b8\u4e3bvs.\u5974\u96b8\u3001\u7537vs.\u5973\u3001\u7570\u6027\u6200vs.\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u767d\u4ebavs.\u9ed1\u4eba\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u300c\u7537\u300d\u300c\u5973\u300d\u90fd\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u666e\u904d\u4e14\u7d14\u7cb9\u540c\u8cea\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u89c0\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\uff08\u4eba\uff09\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u6b0a\u529b\u6216\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u2500\u2500\u6216\u8005\u8aaa\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5dee\u7570\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u6216\u79d1\u5b78\u63a2\u7a76\u4e2d\u4e26\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\uff1b\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u7537\u2215\u5973\u5728\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u7b49\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u9020\u6210\u7537\u2215\u5973\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u843d\u5dee\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u548c\u672c\u6587\u524d\u534a\u90e8\u4e0d\u65b7\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u8207\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u95dc\u4fc2\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u2500\u2500\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u53ea\u6709\u6027\u5225\u624d\u662f\u548c\u8a8d\u77e5\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u56e0\u679c\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u5c0d\u77e5\u8b58\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u627f\u8a8d\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u5dee\u7570\u4e5f\u6703\u5f71\u97ff\u8a8d\u8b58\u6216\u63a2\u7a76\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\u7531\u65bc\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u800c\u975e\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6216\u512a\u52e2\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u554f\u984c\u4e86\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u9ed1\u4eba\u540c\u6027\u6200\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u767d\u4eba\u7570\u6027\u6200\uff1b\u9019\u6642\u7a76\u7adf\u8ab0\u624d\u662f\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5f31\u8005\u800c\u64c1\u6709\u8f03\u4f73\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u5462\uff1f\u5f9e\u8ab0\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u624d\u662f\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\uff1f<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6027\u5225\u662f\u500b\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u300d\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u5dee\u7570\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5982\u679c\u6709\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u300d\u53ea\u662f\u6027\u5225\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6216\u8a31\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u8cea\u7591\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u6c92\u6709\u6548\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u554f\u984c\u662f\u2500\u2500 Harding \u627f\u8a8d\u2500\u2500\u300c<strong>\u6c92\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u6027\u5225\u95dc\u4fc2\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u6240\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u6027\u5225\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u548c\u5728\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u9593\u6240\u5efa\u69cb\u7684\u6027\u5225\u95dc\u4fc2\u2026\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u6027\u5225\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\u662f\u74b0\u74b0\u76f8\u6263\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53bb\u9664\u5176\u4e00\u800c\u4e0d\u52d5\u6416\u5176\u4ed6<\/strong>\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 179\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u5f37\u8abf\uff09\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u90fd\u5f37\u8abf\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u50cf\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u6027\u5225\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u6027\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e9b\u7acb\u5834\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u6709\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u54ea\u7a2e\u7acb\u5834\u751f\u7522\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u771f\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Harding\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u5230\u4e0a\u8ff0\u554f\u984c\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 174-180\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u4e5f\u6253\u7b97\u8655\u7406\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5979\u7684\u89e3\u6c7a\u537b\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u6eff\u610f\u7684\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5979\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u7f6e\u50cf\u652f\u6301\u5a66\u904b\u7684\u7537\u4eba\u3001\u53cd\u5c0d\u6b67\u8996\u540c\u6027\u6200\u7684\u7570\u6027\u6200\u7b49\u7b49\u300c<strong>\u602a\u7378<\/strong>\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 274\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u602a\u7378\u4ee5\u53ca\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff09\u53cd\u5c0d\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u53cd\u5c0d\u540c\u6027\u6200\u7684\u9ed1\u4eba\u6216\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\uff08male lesbian\uff09\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e5f\u69cb\u6210\u8f03\u4f73\u6216\u8f03\u5dee\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u55ce\uff1fHarding \u9084\u554f\u4e86\u4e00\u9023\u4e32\u554f\u984c\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e3b\u5f35\u53ea\u6709\u5973\u4eba\uff08\u6545\u800c\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u7d93\u9a57\uff09\u624d\u80fd\u7522\u751f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u9ed1\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u80fd\u958b\u555f\u53cd\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u53cd\u540c\u6027\u6200\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u53cd\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u53cd\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6d1e\u898b\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u7522\u751f\u77e5\u8b58\uff1f\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u8207\u6210\u9577\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u800c\u751f\uff1f\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u8aaa\u77e5\u8b58\u5fc5\u7136\u5ea7\u843d\u65bc\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u5728\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\u4e0a\u6bd4\u5225\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u8f03\u5dee\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u300d\u5b8c\u5168\u53ea\u662f\u88ab\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u5225\u3001\u6216\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6216\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u6216\u6027\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\uff1f\u4e00\u500b\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7a76\u7adf\u548c\u4e00\u500b\u53cd\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff08\u4e00\u500b\u6068\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u4e00\u500b\u652f\u6301\u7236\u6b0a\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff09\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4e0d\u540c\uff1f\u82e5\u8aaa\u662f\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u9020\u6210\u9019\u5169\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u6703\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u601d\uff1f\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 278-9\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Harding\u6c92\u6709\u7acb\u523b\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f9e\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u6027\u5225\u4e0d\u662f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u7121\u6cd5\u8aaa\u660e\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u5834\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u3002\u6545\u800c\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u5b8c\u5168\u53ea\u88ab\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u5225\u6240\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3002\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457<strong>\u7537\u4eba\u96d6\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u906d\u53d7\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7537\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u6216\u8005\uff0c\u7537\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a>\uff0c\u5c31\u67d0\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u61c9\u7576\u662f\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u6216\u5e73\u5e38\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff1b\u7562\u7adf\uff0c\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u58d3\u8feb\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u300c\u80cc\u53db\u8005\u300d\u9996\u5148\u626e\u6f14\u53cd\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff1b\u7a46\u52d2\u3001\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u3001\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5747\u662f\u9817\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6240\u751f\u7522\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u6709\u5176\u76f2\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u662fHarding\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u5e7e\u4e4e\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u90fd\u6709\u76f2\u9ede\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 279\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5973\u6027\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u5c0d\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u96e3\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u6b63\u5982Harding\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u8981\u5973\u4eba\u82b1\u6642\u9593\u53bb\u8a8d\u53ef\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u4eba\u6703\u89ba\u5f97\u4e0d\u5982\u4e00\u982d\u649e\u6b7b\u7b97\u4e86\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 274\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662fHarding\u537b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5fc5\u9808\u8a8d\u53ef\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u70baHarding\u770b\u5230\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684<strong>\u602a\u7378<\/strong>\uff08monsters\uff09\u50cf\u300c\u53cd\u5c0d\u6b67\u8996\u540c\u6027\u6200\u7684\u7570\u6027\u6200\u300d\u3001\u300c\u53cd\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u767d\u4eba\u300d\u3001\u300c\u53cd\u968e\u7d1a\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u5e03\u723e\u55ac\u4e9e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u652f\u6301\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u4e00\u6a23\u540c\u5c6c\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u751f\u547d\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 284\uff09\u3002\u800c\u8a31\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u767d\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e5f\u90fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u602a\u7378\u5171\u540c\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u662fHarding\u9817\u70ba\u81ea\u89ba\u7684\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u897f\u65b9\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5176\u5be6\u548c\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u8655\u65bc\u67d0\u7a2e\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u4eba\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3001\u7537\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u5f9e\u6027\u5225\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5b78\u7fd2\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u667a\u8b58\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u968e\u7d1a\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u512a\u52e2\u7a2e\u65cf\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b78\u7fd2\u53cd\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u7570\u6027\u6200\u5973\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u540c\u6027\u6200\u2026\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5973\u4eba\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u9593\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u6027\u7b49\u7b49\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u5c0d\u7acb\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u300c\u5718\u7d50\u300d\u5916\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u5b78\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u512a\u52e2\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u6cc1\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5b78\u8005\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u512a\u52e2\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u548c\u7570\u6027\u6200\uff09\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f\u201cHarding\u5011\u201d\u53c8\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u6216\u66f0\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7537\u6027\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u5206\u4eab\u6b64\u4e00\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff1b\u5973\u6027\u5b78\u8005\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5973\u6027\u6709\u6b64\u5171\u540c\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u300c\u5c08\u5c6c\u5973\u6027\u300d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u751f\u7522\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u9019\u662f\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u904e\u7684\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u300d\u6027\u5225\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\u7684\u76f2\u9ede\u53ef\u4ee5\u8a73\u7d30\u8aaa\u660e\u65bc\u5f8c\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e86\u6027\u5225\u9b25\u722d\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u6027\u5225\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9019\u548c\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ea\u6ce8\u91cd\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u300d\u968e\u7d1a\u6216\u7a2e\u65cf\u95dc\u4fc2\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u6027\u5225\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c\uff1f\u5f88\u591a\u8655\u65bc\u512a\u52e2\u6027\u5225\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\uff08\u7537\uff09\u4eba\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u8a8d\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u58d3\u8feb\u6216\u7a2e\u65cf\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u55ae\u7d14\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u6216\u7a2e\u65cf\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u770b\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u968e\u7d1a\u6216\u7a2e\u65cf\u58d3\u8feb\u5c0d\u8a31\u591a\u5973\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u662f\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u3002\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u6050\u6015\u53ea\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u8655\u65bc\u512a\u52e2\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u512a\u52e2\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u512a\u52e2\u60c5\u617e\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u624d\u6703\u89ba\u5f97\u5979\u5011\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u3002\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u52a3\u52e2\u7684\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u60c5\u617e\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u5247\u7121\u6cd5\u5c07\u5176\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u968e\u7d1a\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u60c5\u617e\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u5206\u958b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u5973\u6027\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u8207\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u7684\u5973\u6027\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u3001\u5973\u611b\u6ecb\u75c5\u4eba\u7b49\u6240\u906d\u53d7\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u5979\u5011\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u6027\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6027\u58d3\u8feb\u5728\u6b64\u8655\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u6709\u6b64\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u58d3\u8feb\u7e3d\u662f\u56e0\u5176\u65bd\u884c\u7684\u5728\u5730\u8655\u5883\u800c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f88\u5c11\u662f\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u300d\u6216\u55ae\u4e00\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u6703\u4ee5\u8a72\u793e\u6703\u6587\u5316\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\u5247\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u7a2e\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u90a3\u500b\u7279\u5b9a\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u4f48\u5c40\u3002\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8aaa\uff0c\u7537\u6027\u6b0a\u529b\u5f80\u5f80\u8981\u900f\u904e\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u624d\u80fd\u65bd\u884c\uff0c\u50cf\u7537\u8001\u5e2b\u8207\u5973\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u4fbf\u5e38\u900f\u904e\u5e2b\u751f\u502b\u7406\u3001\u6027\u502b\u7406\u4f86\u65bd\u884c<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u300d\u3001\u666e\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u7e3d\u662f\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u8655\u5883\u4e0b\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\u540c\u6642\u65bd\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u7a2e\u985e\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6240\u8b02\u5168\u7136\u300c\u5171\u540c\u300d\uff08\u76f8\u540c\uff09\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff1a\u5973\u8001\u5e2b\u548c\u5973\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u767d\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u9ed1\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u7570\u6027\u6200\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u540c\u6027\u6200\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u5973\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u548c\u5973\u52de\u5de5\uff0c\u88ab\u5f37\u66b4\u904e\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u548c\u672a\u88ab\u66b4\u904e\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u7b49\u7b49\u6240\u906d\u9047\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u8aaa\uff09\u7a2e\u65cf\u58d3\u8feb\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u9ed1\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u906d\u5230\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u9019\u548c\u767d\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u906d\u5230\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u5047\u5b9a\u300c\u5f9e\u8207\u81ea\u5df1\u77db\u76fe\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u53bb\u5b78\u7fd2\u548c\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u300d\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u897f\u65b9\u767d\u7a2e\u7570\u6027\u6200\u5973\u5b78\u8005\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u548c\u5225\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5973\u5b78\u8005\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4f9d\u64da\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u7537\u5b78\u8005\u4e5f\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\uff1a\u96d6\u7136\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u8207\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\uff08\u6216\u7537\u9ed1\u4eba\u8207\u5973\u9ed1\u4eba\u3001\u7537\u52de\u5de5\u8207\u5973\u52de\u5de5\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7537\u540c\u5fd7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5973\u540c\u5fd7\u7684\u6027\u58d3\u8feb\u8655\u5883\u5b78\u7fd2\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6211\u5011\u9084\u662f\u5047\u8a2d\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\uff08\u7537\u4eba\u6216\u512a\u52e2\u5973\u4eba\uff09\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u548c\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u7a2e\u58d3\u8feb\u8655\u5883\u548c\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u6709\u5f7c\u6b64\u69cb\u6210\u6216\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\uff08\u7537\u4eba\u6216\u512a\u52e2\u5973\u4eba\uff09\u80fd\u900f\u904e\u5225\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u5f9e\u5225\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u53bb\u5b78\u7fd2\u548c\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u53bb\u5b78\u7fd2\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff1f\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u8981\u88ab\u6210\u4eba\u7236\u6bcd\u652f\u914d\u904e\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u7b97\u6709\u904e\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff1fHarding\u554f\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u5f37\u8abf\u667a\u8b58\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u5916\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u56de\u7b54\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 290\uff09\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u5176\u5be6\u9084\u662f\u74b0\u7e5e\u5728\u7537\u4eba\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e26\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\uff1f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6709\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u7537\u4eba\u5728\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e26\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e0a\u6709\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u512a\u52e2\u5973\u4eba\u5462\uff1f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5169\u500b\u8ad6\u8b49\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u554f\u984c\u505a\u4e86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u7537\u5973\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u53cd\u5c0d\u7537\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b78\u7fd2\u6216\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u3002Jean Grimshaw\u5f9e\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6027\u7684\u7dad\u6839\u65af\u5766\u5f0f\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u6279\u8a55\u4e86\u7537\u5973\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u9019\u985e\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1b\u5979\u9996\u5148\u6307\u51fa\u7531\u65bc\u7d93\u9a57\u7e3d\u6d89\u53ca\u5f88\u591a\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5f88\u96e3\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u5973\u4eba\u6216\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff1b\u4e00\u500b\u5973\u5de5\u7684\u8ca7\u7aae\u548c\u5931\u696d\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u548c\u4e2d\u7522\u5a66\u5973\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u548c\u7537\u5de5\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u63a5\u8fd1\uff1f\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6027\u5225\u7d93\u9a57\u50cf\u5f37\u59e6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u7d93\u9a57\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u968e\u7d1a\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u6216\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u3001\u6216\u6027\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0885\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u7684\u78ba\u6709\u7d14\u5c6c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u50cf\u61f7\u5b55\u548c\u751f\u80b2\u3002Grimshaw \u63a5\u8457\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<strong>\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u50cf\u61f7\u5b55\u6216\u751f\u7522\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u660e\u5973\u4eba\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u7368\u7279\u6027\u6216\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b78\u7fd2\u6027<\/strong>\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u50cf\u751f\u7522\u9019\u6a23\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u900f\u904e\u4e00\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\uff08\u7528\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u7684\uff09\u4e00\u4e9b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u4e2d\u4ecb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a9e\u8a00\u6982\u5ff5\u548c\u65b9\u5f0f\u7e3d\u662f\u6709\u793e\u6703\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u4ee5\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u5225\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u7576\u5973\u4eba\u6279\u8a55\u751f\u80b2\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u5316\u4e26\u63cf\u8ff0\u5979\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6642\uff0c\u5979\u8b1b\u5230\u5979\u5931\u53bb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u3001\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u7121\u52a9\u7684\u5b30\u5152\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u8a9e\u8a00\u6982\u5ff5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u50cf\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u52d5\u53c3\u8207\uff08\u751f\u80b2\u904e\u7a0b\uff09\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7121\u52a9\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u5176\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u53ef\u61c9\u7528\u5230\u751f\u80b2\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u60c5\u5883\uff1b\u6240\u4ee5\u7537\u4eba\u96d6\u4e0d\u80fd\u751f\u5c0f\u5b69\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u5f9e\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u300c\u5931\u53bb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6027\u300d\u3001\u300c\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u7121\u52a9\u7684\u5b30\u5152\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u52d5\u53c3\u8207\u300d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u611f\u89ba\uff0886\uff09\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u7d93\u9a57\u4e0d\u662f\u7121\u8072\u7684\u611f\u89ba\uff0c\u6216\u7121\u6982\u5ff5\u6d89\u5165\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u82e5\u6c92\u6709\u8a9e\u8a00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\uff0c\u7d93\u9a57\u6839\u672c\u7121\u6cd5\u6bd4\u8f03\uff08\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u540c\u6a23\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff09\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u8868\u5fb5\uff08\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u6027\u5225\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u7531\u65bc\u8a9e\u8a00\u6982\u5ff5\u6709\u516c\u5171\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7d93\u9a57\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5206\u4eab\u3001\u88ab\u8a6e\u91cb\u3001\u88ab\u5354\u5546\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u767c\u660e\u300c\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u300d\u9019\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u4f86\u70ba\u67d0\u4e9b\u7d93\u9a57\u547d\u540d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53c8\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u96e3\u6709\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff1bGrimshaw\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u300d\u9019\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u559a\u8d77\u6216\u985e\u6bd4\u4e86\u50cf\u9752\u5c11\u5e74\u88ab\u8b66\u5bdf\u9a37\u64fe\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u624d\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u529b\u9053\uff0888\uff09\u3002\u5f9eGrimshaw\u8aaa\u6cd5\u53ef\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u63a8\u8ad6\u4fbf\u662f\uff1a<strong>\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5047\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u300c\u64c1\u6709\u7368\u4f54\u300d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u2500\u2500\u5373\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u793e\u6703\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u53c3\u8003\u8a3b\u817310\uff09<\/strong><strong>\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u6216\u751f\u6d3b\u6642\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u548c\u5225\u4eba\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u793e\u6703\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u5354\u5546\u7b49\u7b49<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Grimshaw\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u8ad6\u8a3c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u8a9e\u8a00\u8207\u77e5\u8b58\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u300d\uff08incommensurable\uff09\u73fe\u8c61\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u5148\u9a57\u5730\u4e3b\u5f35\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u7684\u7586\u754c\u6216\u9650\u5ea6\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u9019\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ea\u6709\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u7537\u2215\u5973\u4e8c\u5206\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6539\u8b8a\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u7d93\u9a57\u3001\u8a9e\u8a00\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\u548c\u8a6e\u91cb\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u66f4\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u300d\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u96d9\u65b9\u7684\u4e0d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u5f7c\u6b64\u6216\u7121\u6cd5\u5b78\u7fd2\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u653e\u68c4\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u96e3\u4ee5\u6539\u8b8a\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u614b\u5ea6\uff08\u53cd\u53db\u7684\u3001\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u3001\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u3001\u504f\u6fc0\u7684\uff09\u3002Grimshaw\u8ad6\u8a3c\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u5728\u65bc\u5979\u81f3\u5c11\u986f\u793a\u4e86\uff1a\u5148\u9a57\u5730\u6216\u547d\u5b9a\u5730\u8a8d\u5b9a\u7537\u5973\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u5b78\u7fd2\u6216\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u662f\u6709\u554f\u984c\u7684\u3002<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c<strong>\u7537\u6027\u5b78\u7fd2\u6216\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027<\/strong>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u88ab\u60f3\u50cf\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u540c\u6027\u6200\u653f\u6cbb\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u6200\u56e0\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u96b1\u85cf\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u793e\u7fa4\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u6200\u662f\u500b\u672a\u77e5\u6216\u672a\u89ba\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6216\u5be6\u8e10\u53ef\u80fd\u5145\u6eff\u4e86\u540c\u6027\u6200\u6050\u61fc\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u76f2\u9ede\u504f\u898b\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u7537\u540c\u6027\u6200\u7531\u65bc\u4ed6\u7684\u6027\u58d3\u8feb\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u76f2\u9ede\u6216\u504f\u898b\u9032\u884c\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u751f\u7522\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\uff08\u8f03\u771f\u7684\uff09\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u500b\u7537\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u88ab\u6211\u5011\u8996\u4f5c\u8655\u65bc\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u5c1a\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u96b1\u85cf\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4f8b\u5b50\u986f\u793a\u4e86\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7121\u6cd5\u8a8d\u8b58\u67d0\u4e9b\u5c1a\u88ab\u96b1\u85cf\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u500b\u793e\u7fa4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u80fd\u8072\u7a31\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u6b0a\u2500\u2500\u5373\u4f7f\u9019\u500b\u793e\u7fa4\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u7531\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u58d3\u8feb\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e2d\u7684\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u6240\u69cb\u6210\u3002\u9019\u985e\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u79d1\u5e7b\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u7576\u4ee3\u6027\u2215\u5225\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u6027\u6200\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5f8c\u9678\u7e8c\u51fa\u6ac3\u7684\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u3001S\u2215M\u3001\u5404\u7a2e\u8de8\u8d8a\u6027\u5225\u8005\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u90fd\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u8a31\u591a\u908a\u7de3\u6027\u2215\u5225\u4e3b\u9ad4\u90fd\u4ecd\u8655\u65bc\u6697\u6ac3\uff08closet\uff09\u7684\u96b1\u85cf\u72c0\u614b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5c0dHarding\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u95e1\u91cb\u548c\u5206\u6790\u4f86\u770b\uff0cHarding\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u5f0f\u300d\u7684\u300c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u300d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u689d\u4ef6\u8108\u7d61\u4e0b\uff0c\u67d0\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u624d\u6709\u5176\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u2500\u2500\u81f3\u65bc\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e8b\u5148\u6307\u5b9a\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u5728\u5177\u9ad4\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5206\u6790\u5247\u5728\u986f\u793a\u5728\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5167\uff0c\u5404\u500b\u767c\u8a00\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u767c\u8a00\u5167\u5bb9\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u767c\u8a00\u7684\u6642\u6a5f\u6548\u679c\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff08Harding\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u8ab0\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u4f55\u6642\u8aaa\u7684\u300d\uff09\u3002\u986f\u7136\uff0cHarding\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u9084\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u91d0\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7d50\u8a9e\uff1a\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u5f37\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0<\/p>\n<p>\u6c92\u6709\u4e86\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7368\u4f54\uff08\u6392\u4ed6\uff09\u7279\u6b0a\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u9084\u5269\u4e0b\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1fHarding\u6709\u6642\u5019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9084\u61c9\u8a31\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u82e5\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u6703\u662f\u7372\u5f97\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8cc7\u6e90\uff0c\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f9e\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6027\u5225\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5982\u6b64\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u751f\u7522\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u3002Harding\u4ee5\u6697\u793a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8aaa\u51fa\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002\u5979\u5148\u6307\u51fa\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u591a\u91cd\u4e14\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff1a\u6709\u5bcc\u8207\u7aae\u3001\u9ed1\u8207\u767d\u3001\u7570\u5973\u8207\u540c\u5973\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5973\u8207\u7537\uff0c\uff08\u7576\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff09\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 284\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0cHarding\u8aaa\uff0c\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u540c\u6642\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u89e3\u653e\u4e8b\u696d\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53cd\u4e4b\u4ea6\u7136\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 285\uff09\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9084\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u8a31\u591a\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u800c\u5225\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u904b\u52d5\u8005\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u6700\u5f8c\uff0cHarding\u8aaa\uff0c\u5973\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u751f\u7522\u8005\uff1b\u7537\u4eba\u4e5f\u8981\u5c0d\u5176\u7537\u6027\u7279\u6709\u7684\u8655\u5883\u6709\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7537\u4eba\u82e5\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u518d\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u6703\u5c0d\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6216\u8655\u5883\u6709<strong>\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0<\/strong>\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 286\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8aaa\u6cd5\u597d\u50cf\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u8faf\u8b77\u300c\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u5be6\u4e4b\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u860a\u6db5\u4e26\u4e0d\u6b62\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u5404\u61f7\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u5076\u800c\u81ea\u7a31\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u7537\u4eba\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u90a3\u4e9b\u601d\u8fa8\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u667a\u6027\u7df4\u7fd2\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70baHarding\u5b8c\u5168\u53ea\u662f\u4f01\u5716\u5efa\u69cb\u4e00\u500b\u5167\u5728\u7406\u8def\u4e00\u81f4\u3001\u800c\u4e14\u5305\u62ec\u5404\u7a2e\u5dee\u7570\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08\u5e74\u9f61\u3001\u6027\u5225\u3001\u6b98\u969c\u3001\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u60c5\u617e\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\uff09\u7684\u5927\u7406\u8ad6\u3002Harding\u61c9\u8a72\u5c31\u50cf\u8a31\u591a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u754c\u767d\u7a2e\u512a\u52e2\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u767c\u73fe\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u300c\u602a\u7378\u300d\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u539f\u4f86\u90a3\u7a2e\u300c\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u300d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u5c07\u6703\u4f7f\uff08\u300c\u5c40\u90e8\u300d\u512a\u52e2\u7684\uff09\u81ea\u5df1\u55aa\u5931\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\uff08\u5176\u5be6\u73fe\u5be6\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u6bd4\u8d77\u666e\u7f85\u5927\u773e\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u5c40\u90e8\u512a\u52e2\u7684\uff09\u3002\u5979\u958b\u59cb\u671d\u8457\u7d66\u4e88\u300c\u602a\u7378\u300d\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u6b63\u7576\u6027\u7684\u6297\u722d\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u52a0\u4ee5\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u5979\u9032\u800c\u5ba3\u7a31\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u5be6\u8cea\u5167\u5bb9\uff08\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u7368\u4f54\u6216\u6392\u4ed6\u6b0a\u5a01\uff09\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u8aa4\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u9084\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u2500\u2500\u9019\u662f\u5979\u5b78\u8aaa\u6bd4\u8f03\u6666\u6f80\u8aaa\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5247\u5f9e\u300c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u300d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u8a6e\u91cb\u5176\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u7c21\u55ae\u7e3d\u7d50\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u601d\u8003\u7684\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u6216\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u662f\u6c92\u932f\u7684\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u88ab\u58d3\u6291\u6392\u65a5\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u4e0d\u51e1\u7684\u908a\u7de3\u7d93\u9a57\u8207\u751f\u6d3b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u5ba2\u89c0\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u628a\u4e0a\u8ff0\u601d\u8003\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u8cab\u5fb9\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u628a\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u7acb\u8ad6\u5012\u8fd4\u904e\u4f86\uff08\u53cd\u8eab\u5730\uff09\u4e5f\u61c9\u7528\u5728\u5f9e\u7279\u5b9a\u7acb\u5834\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u6642\uff0c\u6b64\u7acb\u5834\u5fc5\u7136\u7121\u6cd5\u7368\u4f54\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u9ad8\u5730\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7e3d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7570\u5df1\u8eab\u5206\u8207\u7d93\u9a57\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8207\u8eab\u5206\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u7368\u4f54\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u5f9e\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u81ea\u8eab\uff08\u5404\u7a2e\u7570\u5df1\uff09\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u4eba\u6703\u61f7\u7591\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u6709\u5371\u96aa\u8b8a\u6210\u5931\u53bb\u6297\u722d\u7126\u9ede\uff0c\u8b8a\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0d\u5927\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5b78\u8aaa\u3002Harding\u8a8d\u70ba\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u908f\u8f2f\u300d\u662f\u628a\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u91cd\u65b0\u767c\u660e\u70ba\u7570\u5df1\u6216\u4ed6\u8005\uff08reinventing ourselves as other\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u986f\u793a\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u300e\u5728\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u5305\u62ec<\/strong>\u7570\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u300f\u8f49\u79fb\u5230\u300e\u5f9e\u7570\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b<strong>\u51fa\u767c<\/strong>\u300f\uff0c\u53bb\u554f\u7814\u7a76\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u767c\u5c55\u7406\u8ad6\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8a2d\u8a08\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u548c\u8a6e\u91cb\u767c\u73fe\u3002\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 268\uff09Harding\u7684\u610f\u601d\u7c21\u55ae\u7684\u8aaa\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u5f9e\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u793e\u6703\u3001\u88ab\u4e3b\u6d41\u5b78\u8853\u8a8d\u70ba\u7684\u300c\u7570\u5df1\u2215\u4ed6\u8005\u300d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u7ad9\u5728\u5979\u5011\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u7528\u539f\u4f86\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u53bb\u7814\u7a76\u7570\u5df1\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u5973\u4eba\u5411\u4f86\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u7570\u5df1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u8981\u6c42\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5f9e\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u3002\u4f46\u662fHarding\u53c8\u8aaa\u300c\u5982\u679c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5b78\u8853\u8981\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u5c31\u5f97\u5f9e<strong>\u6240\u6709<\/strong>\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u300d\uff08<em>Whose Science<\/em>, 268\uff09\uff1b\u6211\u8a8d\u70baHarding\u610f\u5473\u8457\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\u4e0d\u4f46\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u7b49\u908a\u7de3\u5f31\u52e2\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\uff08\u67d0\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u5c6c\u65bc\u5bb0\u5236\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u767d\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u7570\u6027\u6200\u5973\u4eba\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u548c\u767d\u7537\u4eba\u6216\u7570\u6027\u6200\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5206\u958b\u5462\uff1f\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u5df2\u7d93\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u4e8b\u696d\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u300c\u7570\u5df1\u300d\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u4e8b\u696d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u7570\u5df1\uff08\u9ed1\u4eba\u3001\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u5de5\u4eba\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e5f\u6703\u5305\u62ec\u7537\u6027\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4f86\uff0c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u5f9e<strong>\u5973\u4eba<\/strong>\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u7a76\u7adf\u9084\u6709\u591a\u5927\u610f\u7fa9\uff1f\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0d\u4f46\u8981\u5f9e\u6240\u6709\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u597d\u50cf\u96e3\u514d\u9084\u8981\u5f9e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e2\u7136\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u5f9e\u5973\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u662f\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\u7684\u300d\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u555f\u767c\u6027\u300d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1f\u6709\u4eba\u6216\u8a31\u8a8d\u70baHarding\u5c0d\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u6703\u843d\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u4e0b\u5834\u4e26\u975e\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u539f\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u4e3b\u5f35\u67d0\u7a2e\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u4e0a\u6709\u95dc\u9375\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u8ce6\u4e88\u67d0\u500b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u6b0a\u5a01\uff0c\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u539f\u4f86\u8b1b\u7684\u662f\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u67d0\u500b\u7279\u5225\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\uff0c\u548c\u6240\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u76f8\u7576\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u73fe\u5728Harding\u7684\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u65e2\u7136\u4e0d\u518d\u8ce6\u4e88\u6027\u5225\u95dc\u4fc2\u5728\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u4e0a\u7684\u95dc\u9375\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u5225\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u74b0\u74b0\u76f8\u6263\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u7b49\u65bc\u627f\u8a8d\u6027\u5225\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u4e26\u4e0d\u7368\u7279\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u548c\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u540c\u6a23\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u2500\u2500\u9019\u6a23\u7684\uff08\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff09\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7576\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u55aa\u5931\u5176\uff08\u6027\u5225\uff09\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u4e86\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u61c9\u5fd8\u8a18\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u4ecd\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u8207\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff1a\u5f9e\u908a\u7de3\u8207\u7570\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u662f\u9054\u5230\u5ba2\u89c0\u77e5\u8b58\u6240\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u5011\u81ea\u6eff\u65bc\u5df2\u7d93\u7368\u4f54\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u53cd\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u9054\u5230\u66f4\u5f37\u7684\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u66f8\u76ee<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bar On, Bat-Ami.\u00a0 \u201cMarginality and Epistemic Privilege.\u201d\u00a0 <em>Feminist Epistemologies<\/em>.\u00a0 Linda Alcoff and Elizabeth Potter, eds.\u00a0 New York: Routledge, 1993.\u00a0 83-100.<\/p>\n<p>Barnes, Barry.\u00a0 \u201cHow Not To Do The Sociology of Knowledge.\u201d\u00a0 <em>Rethinking Objectivity<\/em>.\u00a0 Edited by Allan Megill.\u00a0 Durham: Duke University Press, 1994. 21-35.<\/p>\n<p>Barnes, Barry and David Bloor,\u00a0 \u201cRelativism, Rationalism and the Sociology of Knowledge.\u201d\u00a0 <em>Rationality and Relativism<\/em>.\u00a0 Edited by Martin Hollis and Steven Lukes.\u00a0 Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982.<\/p>\n<p>Bloor, David.\u00a0 <em>Knowledge and Social Imagery<\/em>.\u00a0 Second Edition.\u00a0 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>Grimshaw, Jean.\u00a0 <em>Philosophy and Feminist Thinking<\/em>.\u00a0 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Habermas, Jurgen.\u00a0 <em>Knowledge and Human Interests<\/em>.\u00a0 Boston: Beacon Press, 1971.<\/p>\n<p>Harding, Sandra. <em>The Science Question in Feminism. <\/em>Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1986.<\/p>\n<p>Harding, Sandra. <em>Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? <\/em>Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991.<\/p>\n<p>Hartsock, Nancy. <em>The Feminist Standpoint Revisited and Other Essays<\/em>.\u00a0 Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1998.<\/p>\n<p>Hennessy, Rosemary.\u00a0 <em>Materialist Feminism and the Politics of Discourse<\/em>.\u00a0 London: Routledge, 1993.\u00a0 Chapter 3.<\/p>\n<p>Jaggar, Alison.\u00a0 <em>Feminist Politics and Human Nature<\/em>.\u00a0 Totowam N. J.: Rowman &amp; Allenheld, 1983.\u00a0 Chapter 11.<\/p>\n<p>Longino, Helen E., <em>Science as Social Knowledge<\/em>.\u00a0\u00a0 Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.<\/p>\n<p>Rose, Hilary.\u00a0 <em>Love, Power and Knowledge<\/em>.\u00a0 Bloomington: University of Indiana, 1994.\u00a0 Chapter 2 &amp; 4.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u8a3b\u91cb<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> \u5f37\u8abf\u300c\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\uff09\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u771f\u7406\u300d\u7684\u95dc\u9023\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u771f\u7406\u8981\u5e6b\u52a9\u4eba\u5011\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u3001\u53cd\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u793e\u6703\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u662f\u50cf\u675c\u5a01\uff08Dewey\uff09\u9019\u985e\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u88ab\u9810\u8a2d\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8faf\u89e3\u7684\uff1b\u548c\u9019\u4e9b\u554f\u984c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u56e0\u800c\u624d\u9700\u8981\u8faf\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u9019\u6bb5\u6240\u8aaa\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e2d\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u63ed\u9732\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u500b\u4eba\uff08\u516c\u6c11\u3001\u666e\u4e16\u4eba\u6b0a\uff09\u4e26\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u6709\u968e\u7d1a\u652f\u914d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5171\u901a\u7684\u3001\u666e\u4e16\u7684\uff08universal\uff09\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u968e\u7d1a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u4eba\u6027\u672c\u8cea\uff09\u6216\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u3002\u9019\u662f\u7121\u6578\u7684\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8457\u4f5c\u5728\u6587\u5b78\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u6240\u4f01\u5716\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u3002\u7167\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u4f86\uff0c\u5c07\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u4e5f\u8aaa\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6709\u968e\u7d1a\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u6709\u6027\u5225\u50be\u5411\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u8868\u793a\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5982\u5b83\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\u7121\u9ee8\u7121\u79c1\uff08non-partisan\uff09\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u6b64\u66f8\u6709\u7684\u7ae0\u7bc0\u5247\u662f\u5c07\u5728\u5225\u8655\u767c\u8868\u4e4b\u8ad6\u6587\u7d04\u7565\u6539\u982d\u63db\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5927\u9ad4\u90fd\u76f8\u540c\u672a\u8b8a\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cSandra Harding\u201cFeminism, Science, and the Anti-Enlightenment Critique\u201d, <em>Feminism\/Postmodernism<\/em>, edited by Linda J. Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990) 83-106. \u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f<em>Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?<\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u201cFeminist Epistemology in and after the Enlightenment\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u5728\u79d1\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\uff0c\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u61c9\u7576\u5305\u62ec\u79d1\u5b78\u53f2\u548c\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u793e\u6703\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u7528\u300c\u58de\u300d\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\uff0cHarding\u53ea\u9808\u8aaa\u300c\u7269\u7406\u5b78\u662f\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u908a\u969b\u6216\u81e8\u754c\u4f8b\u5b50\u300d\u5373\u53ef\u3002\u4e0d\u904eHilary Rose\u5c0dHarding\u6b64\u4e00\u8ad6\u9ede\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b\uff0883\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e3b\u5f35\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u6709\u6027\u5225\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u5012\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u90fd\u6709\u6027\u5225\u6b67\u8996\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u56e0\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6027\u5225\u96b1\u55bb\u548c\u8c61\u5fb5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5973\u4eba\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u70ba\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebcLongino\u53c8\u63d0\u51fa\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u5224\u6e96\u5462\uff1fLongino\u5728\u8ac7\u5230\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u5224\u6e96\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u6703\u689d\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u9032\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\uff1bLongino\u8209\u51fa\u50cf\u300c\u88ab\u8a8d\u53ef\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u7ba1\u9053\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u667a\u8b58\u6b0a\u5a01\u300d\u7b49\u7b49\u5224\u6e96\uff0c\u9019\u88e1\u6709\u6642\u727d\u6d89\u5230\u5c0d\u5a66\u5973\u548c\u5c11\u6578\u65cf\u88d4\u5728\u96c7\u50ad\u4e0a\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0876-80\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u80fd\u4fc3\u9032\uff08\u6709\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5225\u7684\uff09\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8108\u7d61\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u4e0aLongino\u4e0d\u812b\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u8d8a\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u89c0\u9ede\u5c31\u8d8a\u53ef\u80fd\u5ba2\u89c0\uff0880\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u89c0\u9ede\u6703\u4e0d\u6703\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u6216\u5178\u7bc4\uff1fLongino\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5426\u5b9aKuhn\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a3c\u6210\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5178\u7bc4\uff0857\uff09\u3002Kuhn\u66fe\u4ee5\u4e9e\u7406\u65af\u591a\u5fb7\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5c0d\u9418\u64fa\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u89e3\u91cb\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u4e0d\u540c\u5178\u7bc4\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\uff0cLongino\u537b\u8a8d\u70ba\u5169\u8005\u4e26\u975e\u6c92\u770b\u5230\u5c0d\u65b9\u6240\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u9762\u76f8\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u96d9\u65b9\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0853-54\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bcLongino\u4e0d\u5047\u5b9aKuhn\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u5b78\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c0dLongino\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c31\u80cc\u666f\u5047\u5b9a\u9032\u884c\u8faf\u8ad6\u548c\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u800c\u6392\u9664\u500b\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c0\u7684\u504f\u898b\u559c\u597d\uff0873-4\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u767c\u51fa\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u8b1b\u51fa\u5979\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5f31\u52e2\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1f\u9019\u5247\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u554f\u984c\uff1a<strong>\u81ea\u5df1\u6700\u77ad\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u2500\u2500\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u6700\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u2500\u2500\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5f85\u95e1\u91cb\u548c\u4fee\u7e55\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u6216\u66f0\uff0c\u82e5\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u5247\u767d\u7a2e\u7570\u6027\u6200\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u9084\u662f\u6bd4\u9ed1\u7a2e\u540c\u6027\u6200\u7537\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u6709\u5229\u7684\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u82e5\u751f\u7522\u53cd\u7a2e\u65cf\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u5247\u4e0d\u7136\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u9019\u5047\u8a2d\u4e86\u9019\u5169\u7a2e\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u6c92\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\u2500\u2500\u7b49\u4e0b\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230Harding \u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u53cd\u99c1\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u7531\u65bc\u672c\u6587\u6240\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u751f\u7522\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u8005\uff09\u5c31\u88ab\u7576\u4f5c\u4e00\u7a2e\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5be6\u8e10\uff08\u8005\uff09\uff0cHarding\u4e5f\u505a\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u3002\u6216\u8a31\u6709\u4eba\u60f3\u628a\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\uff08\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u6027\u683c\u4eba\u54c1\u7279\u8cea\u3001\u904b\u52d5\u53c3\u8207\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6548\u61c9\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\u5be6\u8e10\u7576\u4f5c\u300c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u300d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u9019\u985e\u689d\u4ef6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5b9a\u7fa9\u904e\u56b4\u6216\u904e\u7a84\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u300c\u7406\u60f3\u300d\u5973\u6027\u793e\u6703\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u8655\u7406\u9019\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u4f55\u6625\u8564\uff0c\uff1c\u6027\u9a37\u64fe\u8207\u6027\u6b67\u8996\uff1e\uff0c\u300a\u5a66\u5973\u65b0\u77e5\u300b\uff0c162\u671f\uff0c1995.11\uff0c20-22\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u6709\u4eba\u6216\u8a31\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u6027\u5225\u7684\u5340\u9694\u8981\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u5340\u9694\uff08\u7a2e\u65cf\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u7b49\uff09\u4f86\u5f97\u66f4\u56b4\u91cd\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u548c\u300c\u6027\u5225\u6216\u6240\u6709\u793e\u6703\u5340\u9694\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u6216\u4e0d\u56b4\u91cd\u300d\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5047\u8a2d\u4e86\u300c\u6027\u5225\u300d\u662f\u500b\u7d14\u7cb9\u7684\u3001\u666e\u904d\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u2500\u2500\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u770b\u6cd5\u628a\u6027\u5225\u5340\u9694\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5340\u9694\u300c\u672c\u8cea\u5316\u300d\u4e86\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5247\u8a8d\u70ba\u67d0\u500b\u793e\u6703\u5340\u9694\u56b4\u91cd\u8207\u5426\uff0c\u7e3d\u662f\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u5c31\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5340\u9694\u72c0\u6cc1\u3002\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u7576\u4ee3\u5404\u7a2e\u6fc0\u9032\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u500b\u300c\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u300d\u8f49\u6298\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u793e\u6703\u8655\u5883\u3001\u88ab\u300c\u7d14\u7cb9\u666e\u904d\u300d\u7bc4\u7587\u6240\u58d3\u6291\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u908a\u7de3\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u50f9\u503c\u8207\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u958b\u59cb\u88ab\u8a8d\u53ef\uff0c\u6fc0\u9032\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u958b\u59cb\u7531\u300c\u5927\u773e\u2215\u591a\u6578\u300d\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u300c\u602a\u80ce\u2215\u908a\u7de3\u300d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u6027\uff0f\u5225\u653f\u6cbb\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u96d9\u6027\u6200\u3001CC\uff08sissy\uff09gay\u548c\uff34\uff08butch\uff09\u3001\u8de8\u8d8a\u6027\u5225\uff08transgender\uff09\u7684\u8b8a\u6027\u3001\u8b8a\u88dd\u3001\u53cd\u4e32\u3001\u4ea4\u53c9\u6027\u3001\u4e2d\u6027\u7b49\u7b49\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u8f03\u4e0d\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u6027\u5225\u5340\u9694\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u5340\u9694\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5247\u548c\u58d3\u8feb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u6027\u5225\u5340\u9694\u8f03\u70ba\u56b4\u91cd\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u8f15\u770b\u4e86\u5176\u4ed6\u6b0a\u529b\u5f62\u5f0f\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u8655\u5883\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53e6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5247\u6709\u7121\u529b\u514b\u670d\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5bbf\u547d\u8ad6\uff08\u96d6\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5bbf\u547d\u8ad6\u5c0d\u65bc\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u8655\u5883\u78ba\u5be6\u70ba\u771f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Harding\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u8abf\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u6027\u300d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u592a\u5f37\u8abf\u300c\u4e0d\u53ef\u901a\u7d04\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u540c\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u7121\u6cd5\u901a\u7d04\u7684\u8a71\uff0c\u5c31\u5f88\u96e3\u4e3b\u5f35\u67d0\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u8f03\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904eHarding\u7684\u300c\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u300d\u89c0\u9ede\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u80fd\u52a0\u4ee5\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u6f84\u6e05\u91d0\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fdd\u6709\u539f\u672c\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u9053\u6216\u6297\u722d\u7126\u9ede\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5728\u6b64\u7d04\u7565\u5efa\u8b70\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u9019\u9996\u5148\u8981\u5f9e\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u8ac7\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u767c\u5c55\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u69cb\u6210\u300c\u5973\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u300d\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u300c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\uff08\u7acb\u5834\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002Nancy Hartsock\u548cHilary Rose\u90fd\u5f9e\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u51fa\u767c\uff0c\u5f37\u8abf\u6216\u504f\u91cd\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6216\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\uff0c\u5c0d\u5973\u4eba\u7acb\u8db3\u9ede\u505a\u4e86\u8f03\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u8ad6\u8ff0\uff0cAlison Jaggar\u7b49\u4eba\u548cSandra Harding\uff08Science Question, 150-51\uff09\u4e5f\u90fd\u66fe\u8a55\u8ad6\u548c\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86Hartsock\u548cRose\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002Hartsock\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u63d0\u51fa\u8005\uff08105-132\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u5979\u4e5f\u6539\u8b8a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cHartsock\u8a8d\u70ba\u5979\u65e9\u671f\u548c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e00\u6a23\u7528\u4e86\u592a\u7c21\u5316\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u793e\u6703\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u628a\u793e\u6703\u5316\u7d04\u6210\u5169\u500b\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u968e\u7d1a\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c0d\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5f62\u5851\uff1bHartsock\u5247\u628a\u793e\u6703\u5316\u7d04\u6210\u7537\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6027\u5225\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u5176\u5be6\u9084\u5b58\u5728\u8457\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08229-230; 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Science<\/em>, 269\uff09\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0cHarding\u81ea\u5df1\u597d\u50cf\u6bd4\u8f03\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u300c\u8ab0\u300d\u8aaa\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff08\u7537\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u767d\u4eba\u7570\u6027\u6200\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5b78\u8005\u8aaa\u7684\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u628aHarding\u6b64\u8a00\u52a0\u4ee5\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u91d0\u5b9a\uff1a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u8aaa\u8a71\u8005\uff08\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u8005\uff09\u548c\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff08\u662f\u5426\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5229\u8a6e\u91cb\u800c\u4e26\u80a9\u4f5c\u6230\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u662f\u5426\u5728\u5e6b\u52a9\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u58ef\u5927\u548c\u53bb\u6c61\u540d\uff0c\u8aaa\u8a71\u7684\u6642\u6a5f\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u53ca\u6642\u7522\u751f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u6548\u61c9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6709\u300c\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1b\u5728\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u5fc5\u9808\u8a8d\u53ef\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u4e3b\u9ad4\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u58d3\u8feb\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u53ea\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u7d14\u7cb9\u667a\u6027\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7df4\u7fd2\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e5f\u8a31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6574\u9ad4\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u50cf\u5973\u540c\u6027\u6200\u3001\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u5973\u5de5\u3001\u9752\u5c11\u5973\u3001\u5973\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7b49\u7b49\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6b64\u523b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8a8d\u5b9a\u7684\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ee5\u9019\u4e9b\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u5973\u4eba\u70ba\u4e3b\u4f86\u8ac7\u8ad6\u6027\u5225\u58d3\u8feb\u3002\u672a\u4f86\u96a8\u8457\u6297\u722d\u7684\u9032\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5be6\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u300c\u9752\u5c11\u5973\u300d\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u5df2\u7d93\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6574\u9ad4\u7684\u300c\u9752\u5c11\u5973\u300d\u55aa\u5931\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u7684\u9752\u5c11\u5973\u4f86\u8ac7\u8ad6\u9752\u5c11\u5973\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u5728\u6b64\u5efa\u8b70<strong>\u4ee5\u300c\u5f9e\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u6709\u5229\u8a6e\u91cb\u51fa\u767c\u300d\u4f86\u4ee3\u66ff<\/strong><strong>Harding<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u300c\u5f9e\u7570\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u300d<\/strong>\u3002\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u4fee\u8a02\u6709\u5e7e\u500b\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\uff08\u512a\u65bc\uff09Harding\u7684\u9762\u5411\uff1a\u4e00\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u627f\u8a8d\u6b0a\u529b\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u3001\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u5dee\u7570\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ecd\u7136\u5805\u6301\u53bb\u8fa8\u8b58\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u7684\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8a34\u8af8\u8f03\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u300c\u7570\u5df1\u300d\u3002\u4e8c\uff0c\u300c\u6709\u5229\u8a6e\u91cb\u300d\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u58ef\u5927\u8207\u5c0a\u540d\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff09\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u96d6\u975e\u81ea\u660e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u81f3\u5c11\u6bd4\u300c\u5f9e\u751f\u6d3b\u51fa\u767c\u300d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5728\u8a8d\u8b58\u610f\u542b\u4e0a\u662f\u66f4\u70ba\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u4e09\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6b64\u8655\u7684\u300c\u6709\u5229\u8a6e\u91cb\u300d\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u7279\u6b0a\uff08\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u6bd4\u300c\u4e0d\u5229\u8a6e\u91cb\u300d\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u7406\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e26\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u512a\u52e2\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08\u300c\u602a\u7378\u300d\uff09\u53c3\u8207\u5ba2\u89c0\u77e5\u8b58\u751f\u7522\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u820a\u5f0f\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u70ba\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u8a8d\u8b58\u5be6\u8e10\u505a\u8faf\u8b77\u7684\u5c16\u92b3\u7279\u8272\u3002\u56db\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5c0d\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u7684\u6709\u5229\u8a6e\u91cb\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f86\u81ea\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5047\u8a2d\u88ab\u58d3\u8feb\u8005\u5728\u8a6e\u91cb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u6642\u6709\u67d0\u7a2e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u89aa\u8fd1\u6027\u3002\u7576\u7136\u6b64\u8655\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u4ecd\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728Harding\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u505a\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u4e5f\u9808\u8981\u8a34\u8af8\u6027\u5225\u77e5\u8b58\u2215\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Harding\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u5973\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u58d3\u8feb\u5c0d\u8a8d\u8b58\u7279\u6b0a\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u539f\u4f86\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\uff08\u7c21\u5316\u5730\u8aaa\uff09\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u662f\u5973\u4eba\u5728\u6027\u5225\u8a8d\u77e5\u65b9\u9762\u6bd4\u7537\u4eba\u66f4\u6709\u512a\u52e2\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7576\u5973\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u300c\u5dee\u7570\u300d\u88ab\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u6642\uff0cHarding\u537b\u4e0d\u80fd\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u5c07\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u8ad6\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u63a8\u8ad6\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u6200\u5973\u4eba\u6bd4\u7570\u6027\u6200\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u9ed1\u5973\u4eba\u6bd4\u767d\u5973\u4eba\u3001\u5973\u5de5\u6bd4\u5973\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u3001\u300c\u58de\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u6bd4\u300c\u597d\u5973\u4eba\u300d\u2026\u6709\u8a8d\u8b58\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u52e2\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0cHarding 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style=\"color: 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