{"id":827,"date":"1981-07-01T19:36:33","date_gmt":"1981-07-01T11:36:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/?p=827"},"modified":"2021-11-28T15:38:13","modified_gmt":"2021-11-28T07:38:13","slug":"%e7%b0%a1%e4%bb%8b%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e5%9c%a8%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e4%b9%8b%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sex.ncu.edu.tw\/karl_article\/1981\/07\/%e7%b0%a1%e4%bb%8b%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%b8%e5%9c%a8%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e4%b9%8b%e7%99%bc%e5%b1%95\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7c21\u4ecb\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u4e4b\u767c\u5c55"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u3010\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4ee5\u5361\u7dad\u6ce2\u70ba\u7b46\u540d\uff0c\u767c\u8868\u65bc\u300a\u9d5d\u6e56\u300b\u96dc\u8a8c7\u53771\u671f73\u865f\uff0c1981\u5e747\u6708\uff0c41-43\u9801\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78(Philosophy of Science)\u53ef\u7b97\u4f5c\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u662f\u6230\u5f8c\u65b0\u8208\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6ce2\u67cf\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e00\u822c\u8aaa\u4f86\u6bd4\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6\u70ba\u4f73\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e86\u6b78\u7d0d\u7684\u96e3\u984c\u3002\u63d0\u5230\u53ef\u5426\u8b49\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7e3d\u6703\u806f\u60f3\u5230\u8072\u540d\u72fc\u85c9\u7684\u53ef\u6aa2\u8b49\u539f\u5247\uff08Principle of verification\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u6aa2\u8b49\u539f\u5247\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u548c\u300c\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u6aa2\u8b49\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff08verification theory of meaning\uff09\u76f8\u6df7\u80b4\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u662f\u8a9e\u8a00\u54f2\u5b78\u88e1\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u548c\u300c\u6307\u6d89\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5716\u50cf\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4f7f\u7528\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u7b49\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u6aa2\u8b49\u539f\u5247\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u7d93\u9a57\u77e5\u8b58\u548c\u975e\u77e5\u8b58\uff08\u5373\u65e2\u975e\u7d93\u9a57\u77e5\u8b58\u53c8\u975e\u908f\u8f2f\u6578\u5b78\u985e\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff09\u4e4b\u5206\u91ce\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u6709\u7121\u53ef\u6aa2\u8b49\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u4e3b\u5f35\u8a31\u591a\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u3001\u502b\u7406\u5b78\u5747\u975e\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u5047\u5b9a\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u5982\u5b83\u628a\u5148\u5929\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u9023\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8996\u70ba\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u800c\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u5f8c\u5929\u3001\u7d9c\u5408\u3001\u6216\u7136\u53c8\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u5925\uff08Kripke\u8457\u540d\u4e4b\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u5bb6\u9593\u6a21\u614b\u908f\u8f2f\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u8072\u540d\u72fc\u85c9\u7684\u201dNaming and Necessity\u201d\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u5247\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5f8c\u5929\u7d93\u9a57\u77e5\u8b58\u4ea6\u6709\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3002\uff09\u4f46\u9019\u539f\u5247\u6709\u592a\u591a\u5167\u5728\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u53c8\u7121\u6cd5\u89e3\u6c7a\u5168\u7a31\u8a9e\u53e5\u4e4b\u6aa2\u8b49\u554f\u984c\u7b49\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u57281940\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u671f\u5c31\u88ab\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6\u8005\u81ea\u52d5\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53ef\u5426\u8b49\u539f\u5247\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u548c\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u5206\u91ce\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u6709\u7121\u88ab\u5426\u8b49\u4e4b\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u6ce2\u67cf\u672c\u4eba\u5247\u5f9e\u672a\u4e3b\u5f35\u904e\u300c\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u5426\u8b49\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u3002\u4ed6\u5c0d\u5225\u4eba\u5c07\u5169\u8005\u6df7\u6dc6\u70ba\u4e00\u8ac7\u3001\u7121\u4e2d\u751f\u6709\uff0c\u751a\u70ba\u61a4\u6168\u3002\u6ce2\u67cf\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u63d0\u5021\u53ef\u5426\u8b49\u539f\u5247\u5462\uff1f\u8ac7\u4e00\u8ac7\u4ed6\u7684\u52d5\u6a5f\u6216\u8a31\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u77ad\u89e3\u9019\u500b\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n

\u539f\u4f86\u6ce2\u67cf\u548c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u908f\u8f2f\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6\u8005\u4f01\u5716\u8981\u5f9e\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u5426\u5b9a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u53c3\u898b\u5176\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u731c\u6e2c\u8207\u5426\u5b9a\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e4b\u5c0e\u8ad6\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5728\u672c\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u751a\u70ba\u98a8\u884c\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u865f\u7a31\u300c\u79d1\u5b78\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6709\u79d1\u5b78\u7684\u652f\u63f4\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u79d1\u5b78\u4e0d\u904e\u4e86\u3002\u53ef\u6aa2\u8b49\u539f\u5247\u60f3\u8aaa\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u6aa2\u8b49\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u540d\u8a5e\u592a\u542b\u6df7\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u537b\u53cd\u99c1\u8aaa\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6aa2\u8b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u88ab\u8b49\u660e\u70ba\u771f\uff0c\u7c21\u76f4\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u99c1\u5012\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4e43\u5343\u79cb\u842c\u4e16\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u4efb\u4f55\u72c0\u6cc1\u5747\u70ba\u771f\u7406\u4e4b\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u6ce2\u67cf\u5c31\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u65b7\u8aaa\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u975e\u79d1\u5b78\u3002\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u79d1\u5b78\u6027\u5df2\u7d93\u6c92\u6709\u4e86\uff0c\u56e0\u5b83\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u5426\u8b49\u3002\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e4b\u9580\u5f92\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u628a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u9069\u5408\u73fe\u5be6\uff08\u5982\u5171\u7522\u570b\u5bb6\u975e\u8208\u8d77\u65bc\u5bcc\u570b\uff0c\u53cd\u662f\u7aae\u56f0\uff0c\u5169\u6975\u5206\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u6c92\u6709\u51fa\u73fe\u2026\u2026\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7528\u300c\u5c08\u8077\u5047\u8a2d\u300d\u53bb\u89e3\u91cb\u90a3\u4e9b\u8207\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u6240\u8b02\u5c08\u8077\u5047\u8a2d\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u633d\u6551\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u800c\u8a2d\u8a08\u7684\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u633d\u6551\u90a3\u7406\u8ad6\u5916\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5225\u7684\u7528\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce2\u67cf\u8a8d\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u88ab\u5426\u8b49\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5f88\u9ad8\uff08\u6545\u5370\u8b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5f88\u4f4e\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u672a\u88ab\u5426\u8b49\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5f88\u597d\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u65e6\u88ab\u5426\u8b49\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u9808\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u3002\u5370\u8b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u96d6\u548c\u5426\u8b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f46\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u8abf\u548c\u3002\u5728\u6216\u7136\u7406\u8ad6\u4e2d\u4e4b\u8c9d\u6c0f\u5b9a\u7406\uff08Bayesian theorem\uff09\u986f\u793a\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u9023\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u8a55\u4f30\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u63a5\u53d7\u89c0\u9ede\u8207\u6ce2\u67cf\u7406\u8ad6\u90fd\u906d\u5230\u56b4\u53b2\u7684\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u5011\u90fd\u5047\u8a2d\u4e86\u5e7e\u9ede\u5f88\u6210\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u5206\u6790\u8a9e\u53e5\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u7d9c\u5408\u8a9e\u53e5\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3001\u7406\u8ad6\u540d\u8a5e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\uff0c\u548c\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u540d\u8a5e\u6709\u5225\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\u3001\u4f55\u4eba\u5728\u89c0\u5bdf\u540c\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u6642\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5831\u544a\u51fa\u76f8\u540c\u3001\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u63a5\u53d7\u89c0\u9ede\u4e5f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u5167\u5728\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u96e3\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81f3\u65bcD-N\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5247\u6709Scriven\u7684\u653b\u64ca\u5728\u5148\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u5f8cSalmon\u548cJeffery\u5247\u986f\u793aD-N\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u9069\u5408\u96a8\u6a5f\u89e3\u91cb\uff08\u898bStatistical Explanation and Statistical Inference<\/em> \u4e00\u66f8\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u9084\u6709\u5404\u7a2e\u653b\u64ca\uff0c\u5982\u89e3\u91cb\u548c\u9810\u671f\u4e26\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u89e3\u91cb\u8207\u5c0e\u884d\u6027\u4e0d\u540c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n

Broady\u5247\u986f\u793a\u60df\u4e00\u633d\u6551D-N\u6a21\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u8a34\u8af8\u4e9e\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e4b\u672c\u8cea\u89c0\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0cD-N\u6a21\u578b\u5df2\u88ab\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u9762\u63d0\u5230\u63a5\u53d7\u89c0\u9ede\u5047\u8a2d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u300c\u7d9c\u5408\u53e5\uff0d\u5206\u6790\u53e5\u300d\u4e4b\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u662f\u88ab\u594e\u56e0\uff08Quine\uff09\u6240\u653b\u64ca\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u548c\u5316\u7d04\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff08\u898b\u5176\u3008\u7d93\u9a57\u8ad6\u7684\u5169\u500b\u7368\u65b7\u3009\uff09\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u8207\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e4b\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u4e5f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u8173\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e09\u9ede\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5011\u5247\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0d\u540c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u89c0\u5bdf\u6642\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u500b\u4eba\u800c\u7570\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5ba2\u89c0\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u5831\u544a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65bc\u662f\u4e4e\u675c\u660e\uff08Toumin\uff09\u3001\u97d3\u68ee\uff08Hanson\uff09\u3001\u67af\u6069\uff08Kurn\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u5206\u6790\u300d\u5c31\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u63a5\u53d7\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f\u3002\u67af\u6069\u4e4b\u300a\u79d1\u5b78\u7d50\u69cb\u4e4b\u9769\u547d\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u60f3\u5df2\u70ba\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u719f\u77e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u53cd\u4f8b\uff08anamony\uff09\u6216\u5426\u8b49\u7684\u51fa\u73fe\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u4f7f\u4eba\u653e\u68c4\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u4ea4\u66ff\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u4e4b\u7406\u8ad6\u5747\u5404\u6709\u5343\u79cb\uff0c\u800c\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u8005\u662f\u8cbb\u723e\u7f85\u8cd3\uff08Feyerabend\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u751a\u81f3\u4e3b\u5f35\u5728\u5b78\u6821\u4e0d\u4f46\u61c9\u6559\u8056\u7d93\u4e4b\u5275\u9020\u8ad6\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5deb\u8853\u7b49\u7b49\u3002 \u56e0\u70ba\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u79d1\u5b78\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u73fe\u4ee3\u8ff7\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u4eba\u5011\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u7532\u7406\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e59\u7406\u8ad6\uff1f\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u5206\u6790\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\u8aaa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u76f8\u4fe1\u7532\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u6b7b\u5149\u4e86\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u4ea4\u66ff\uff08\u5f9e\u6265\u52d2\u5bc6\u5929\u6587\u5b78\u5230\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\uff0c\u5230\u725b\u9813\uff0c\u5230\u611b\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff09\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\u70ba\u300c\u771f\u300d\u6216\u8005\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u908f\u8f2f\u7684\u7406\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u6b64\u6d3e\u4ea6\u6709\u7de9\u548c\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\uff09\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u4ea4\u66ff\u53ef\u80fd\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u7d93\u8cbb\u3001\u98a8\u6c23\u3001\u6d41\u884c\u3001\u793e\u6703\u5fc3\u7406\u3001\u793e\u6703\u9700\u8981\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u56f0\u96e3\u2026\u2026\u7b49\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4efb\u4f55\u5b78\u8853\u6d3b\u52d5\uff08\u5deb\u8853\u3001\u6c23\u529f\u3001ESP\u2026\u2026\uff09\u90fd\u61c9\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ac7\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6392\u65a5\u5047\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u53d6\u6d88\u795e\u5b78\u7384\u5b78\u4e91\u4e91\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u6d3e\u5de6\u53f3\u7f8e\u570b\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u754c\u76f8\u7576\u9577\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u9060\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u5230\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u4e5f\u9010\u6f38\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4f46\u5f71\u97ff\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982Lauden\u7684\u65b0\u66f8Progress and its Problems<\/em>\u5c31\u53ef\u898b\u5230\u9019\u7a2e\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f\u4e2d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002Lauden\u8a8d\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u597d\u58de\u8a55\u4f30\u6a19\u6e96\u5728\u65bc\u5176\u89e3\u6c7a\u7d93\u9a57\u554f\u984c\u548c\u6982\u5ff5\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u6027 \u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f\u5c1a\u672a\u6709\u5341\u5206\u660e\u78ba\u4e4b\u7d50\u8ad6\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u5f97\u800c\u8a00\u8005\u6709\u4e09\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u7406\u8ad6\u4e4b\u4ea4\u66ff\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ecd\u662f\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u9019\u671f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u60f3\u8981\u8b49\u660e\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u6b63\u8d70\u5411\u4e00\u500b\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u8207\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u7684\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\uff08Realism\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u89c0\u9ede\u7b49\u5fb9\u5e95\u88ab\u57cb\u846c\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8d70\u5411\u5be6\u5728\u8ad6\uff0c\u662f\u8a8d\u6e05\u4e86\u5b83\u548c\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u5bc6\u5207\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u7b2c\u4e09\u671f\u4e2d\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7279\u5225\u5f37\u8abf\u719f\u7fd2\u7576\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u4e4b\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u7576\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b78\u77e5\u8b58\u800c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u8207\u5f62\u4e0a\u5b78\u662f\u5371\u96aa\u7684\u8207\u80cc\u96e2\u54f2\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c31\u5beb\u5230\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u8ac7\u4e86\u3002\u7562\u7adf\u9019\u53ea\u662f\u5831\u5c0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u300c\u820a\u805e\u300d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u8332\u5217\u51fa\u5169\u672c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u5165\u9580\u66f8\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u5404\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u9019\u9580\u8ab2\u4e4b\u6559\u79d1\u66f8: (1) Broady, Readings in the Philosophy of Science<\/em>, 1970, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall\uff1b(2) Frederick Suppe, The Structure of Scientific Theories,<\/em> 2nd \u00a0\u00a0Edition, U of Chicago P, 1977.\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u66f8\u9867\u53ca\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u88e1\u5404\u65b9\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5982\u89e3\u91cb\u3001\u5b9a\u5f8b\u9673\u8ff0\u3001\u53cd\u4e8b\u5be6\u689d\u4ef6\u53e5\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u554f\u984c\u3001\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u5370\u8b49\u3001\u6b78\u7d0d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u672c\u66f8\u5247\u504f\u91cd\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u53f2\u7684\u4ecb\u7d39\uff0c\u4f46\u7de8\u8005\u7684\u524d\u8a00\u53ca\u5f8c\u8a9e\u5169\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u8457\u540d\u4e4b\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u5404\u6d3e\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4ee5\u6e05\u6670\u53ca\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6558\u8ff0\u4e86\u79d1\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u4e4b\u767c\u5c55\u53ca\u91cd\u8981\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u6700\u4f73\u4e4b\u5165\u9580\u66f8\u3002\u7f8e\u4e2d\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4f5c\u8005\u5c0d\u908f\u8f2f\u5be6\u8b49\u8ad6\u7279\u6b8a\u800c\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u6575\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u82b1\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u7bc7\u5e45\u5728\u5176\u6279\u5224\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u6587\u7ae0\u6bd4\u91cd\u4e0d\u5927\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u574a\u9593\u4ea6\u6709\u4e00\u672cReadings in Philosophy of Science<\/em>\uff0c\u70baHerbert Feigl\u548cMay Brodbeck\u6240\u7de8\uff0c\u8207(1)\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u6b64\u66f8\u5df2\u904e\u6642\uff0c\u7121\u751a\u50f9\u503c\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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