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\u9019\u600e\u9ebc\u8aaa\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u539f\u4f86\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u4e2d \u300c\u570b\u5bb6 \u300d \u6307\u7684\u662f \u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668 \u300d\uff08state apparatus\uff09\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u5247\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u6587\u5b98\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u8ecd\u8b66\u3001\u76e3\u7344\u9019\u4e9b\u7d71\u6cbb\u6216\u93ae\u58d3\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u70ba\u7d71\u6cbb\u6240\u5fc5\u8981\u4e4b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u963f\u723e\u675c\u585e\uff08Louis Althusser 1971\uff09\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5236\u5ea6\u8981\u80fd\u904b\u4f5c\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u63a5\u53d7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u4e26\u52dd\u4efb\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u8ce6\u4e88\u7684\u8077\u80fd\u3002\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u5fc5\u9808\u6709\u300c\u70ba\u6c11\u8913\u59c6\u300d\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u5c0d\u8b66\u5bdf\u5b58\u6709\u5584\u610f\u8207\u61fc\u610f\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u8001\u5e2b\u76f8\u4fe1\u9053\u5fb7\u5c0a\u56b4\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u89ba\u5f97\u5c0a\u5e2b\u91cd\u9053\u662f\u5929\u8077\u22ef\u22ef\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u6642\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u8ff0\u93ae\u58d3\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\uff08\u570b\u5bb6\uff09\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u5c31\u662f\u5b78\u6821\u3002\u963f\u723e\u675c\u585e\u56e0\u800c\u628a\u8a31\u591a\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u300d\u4e0d\u5c6c\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\u4e5f\u6b78\u985e\u70ba\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u516c\u79c1\u7acb\u5b78\u6821\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5a92\u9ad4\u3001\u6587\u85dd\u3001\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u5de5\u6703\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7b49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u653f\u5e9c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u5efa\u5236\u90fd\u626e\u6f14\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u7684 \u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u6a5f\u5668\uff09\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u5373\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u66f4\u4e0d\u7b49\u65bc\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u61c9\u5316\u7d04\u70ba\u300c\u53cd\u653f\u5e9c\u300d\u3002\uff08\u56e0\u70ba\u5373\u4f7f\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0b\u53f0\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8981\u5c0d\u6297\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u4ecd\u5728\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

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\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u6548\u679c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4f46\u9019\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u61c9\u5148\u885d\u4e0a\u8857\u982d\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u58df\u65b7\u8cc7\u672c\u5c0d\u6c7a\uff1f\u6216\u8005\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5148\u72a7\u7272\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u9054\u6210\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u6539\u9769\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u78ba\u7acb\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u7684\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u7d93\u6fdf\u6c11\u71df\u90e8\u9580\u64f4\u5927\u8207\u4ee3\u8b70\u6c11\u4e3b\u5747\u6709\u5176\u512a\u5148\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u5728\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6297\u722d\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0a\u5247\u5360\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u300c\u706b\u725b\u300d\uff08\u70ae\u7070\uff09\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002\u793e\u904b\u662f\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u6297\u722d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5c64\u6b21\uff0c\u800c\u570b\u6703\u6539\u9078\u3001\u53cd\u5a92\u9ad4\u9738\u6b0a\u7b49\u653f\u6cbb\u904b\u52d5\u5247\u5c6c\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u6b21\u3002\u7576\u300c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c64\u6b21\u591a\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5be6\u8e10\u6c34\u6f32\u8239\u9ad8\uff0c\u7d42\u6703\u50b3\u9054\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c64\u6b21\u300d\u3002\u7576\u7136\u300c\u50b3\u9054\u300d\u4e0d\u6703\u81ea\u7136\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u4fbf\u662f\u4f7f\u793e\u904b\u7684\u6c11\u529b\u300c\u50b3\u9054\u300d\u5230\u66f4\u9ad8\u5c64\u6b21\u7684\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\uff08\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u300c\u5c64\u6b21\u300d\u8aaa\uff0c\u53c3\u898b\u6728\u9b5a1987\uff1a42\uff09\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u8a8d\u70ba\u793e\u904b\u6297\u722d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u968e\u6bb5\u4e0d\u61c9\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u5167\u90e8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u662f\u5c07\u6297\u722d\u529b\u91cf\u5c0e\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u5efa\u7acb\uff08\u5982\u5de5\u904b\u4e0d\u61c9\u91dd\u5c0d\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u61c9\u91dd\u5c0d\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u6c11\u71df\u5316\u9055\u53cd\u4e86\u5de5\u904b\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u904b\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u512a\u5148\u300d\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u793e\u904b\u4ecd\u4e0d\u61c9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6c11\u71df\u5316\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f9e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u8f2a\u5ed3\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u53bb\u653b\u64ca\u300a\u524d\u65b9\u300b\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5f8c\u8005\u65e2\u975e\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6575\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u5f9e\u4e8b\u300c\u5371\u5bb3\u300d\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u58ef\u5927\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8ad6\u6230\u61c9\u7576\u662f\u300a\u524d\u65b9\u300b\u56e0\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u4e0d\u540c\u8207\u722d\u53d6\u6821\u5712\u8cc7\u6e90\u800c\u4e3b\u52d5\u6311\u8d77\u7684\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u6c92\u6709\u91dd\u5c0d\u6311\u6230\u9010\u9ede\u53cd\u99c1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8ad6\u6230\u7121\u75be\u800c\u7d42\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u628a\u554f\u984c\u8ac7\u5f97\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u65b0\u60c5\u52e2\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6311\u6230<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6c11\u9032\u9ee8\u5efa\u9ee8\uff0c\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u89e3\u56b4\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u66f4\u52a0\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u53c8\u9032\u5165\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u90fd\u662f\u65b0\u8208\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u548c\u6b50\u7f8e\u6709\u300c\u65b0\u793e\u904b\uff08\u74b0 \u4fdd\u3001\u5a66\u5973\u7b49\uff09\uff0f\u820a\u793e\u904b\uff08\u5de5\u904b\uff09\u300d\u4e4b\u5206\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u300c\u65b0\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u7684\u897f\u5f0f\u63d0\u6cd5\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u662f\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u7684\u3001\u5947\u602a\u7684\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u7a81\u5140\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4efb\u4f55\u8981\u79fb\u690d\u300c\u65b0\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u9245\u578b\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\uff08\u5357\u65b9\u6714 1986a\uff1a37\uff09\u90fd\u61c9\u5c0f\u5fc3\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\u4eba\u5011\u5e38\u7528\u65b0\u8208\u4e8c\u5b57\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u793e\u904b\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u904b\u52d5\u5c0d\u6bd4\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\u6216\u53f0\u7368\u904b\u52d5\u90fd\u5df2\u7d93\u51fa\u73fe\u5f88\u4e45\u4e86\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u548c\u4eba\u5011\u559c\u6b61\u5728\u793e\u904b\u524d\u9762 \u52a0\u4e0a\u300c\u5f31\u52e2\u300d\u662f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff1a\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u793e\u904b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u904b\u52d5\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u65b0\u8208\u800c\u4e14\u90fd\u662f\u5f31\u52e2\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u5f31\u52e2\u793e\u904b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u70ba\u4f55\uff1f\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703vs.\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u67b6\u69cb\u5c0d\u793e\u904b\u53c8\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u860a\u6db5\uff1f\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u7d50\u69cb\u6240\u5206\u6790\u51fa\u4e4b\u300c\u7d50\u69cb\u512a\u5148\u6027\u300d\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u53cd\u570b\u5bb6\u58df\u65b7\u8cc7\u672c\u6709\u512a\u5148\u6027\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u53c8\u6709\u5176\u6b21\u4e4b\u512a\u5148\u6027\uff09 \u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u662f\u793e\u904b\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0a\u7684\u512a\u5148\u6027\uff1f\u9019\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5fc5\u7136\u6210\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u95dc\u5207\u7684 \u7126\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u6c11\u9032\u9ee8\u5728\u89e3\u56b4\u5f8c\u9010\u6f38\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u6b63\u7576\u7684\u5728\u91ce\u9ee8\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u70ba\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u5728\u91ce\u9ee8\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u653e\u5728\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u4e2d\u88ab\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5927\u554f\u984c\u3002\u539f\u4f86\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\uff1d\u653f\u5e9c\uff1d\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u660e\u986f\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u7531\u65bc\u53cd\u5c0d\u58d3\u529b\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d50\u69cb\u91cd\u7d44\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\u9010\u6b65\u958b\u59cb\uff08\u4f9d\u81ea\u5df1\u9858\u610f\u4e4b\u65b9\u5f0f\u8207\u901f\u5ea6\uff09\u958b\u653e\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u6c11\u9032\u9ee8\u5df2\u51fa\u638c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u96e3\u9053\u4e0d\u662f\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u55ce\uff1f\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u793e\u904b\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u61c9\u63a5\u53d7\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u300d \u9019\u6a23\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u5462\uff1f\u4eba\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u5c0d\u6b64\u554f\u984c\u9032\u884c\u53cd\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u5728\u89e3\u56b4\u524d\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u8a8d\u70ba\u793e\u904b\u61c9\u64c1\u8d0a\u570b\u71df\u4e8b\u696d\u958b\u653e\u6c11\u71df\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u66ab\u6642\u6487\u4e0b\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5168\u529b\u652f\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u80fd\u9084\u8aaa\u5f97\u904e\u53bb\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6642\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u9032\u9ee8\u5411\u5de5\u5546\u4eba\u62db\u624b\uff0c\u4e0d\u91cd\u8996\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8981\u4f5c\u5168\u6c11\u653f\u9ee8\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u6240\u860a\u6db5\u7684\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u300d\u53ca\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u5408\u4e4e\u793e\u904b\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u503c\u5f97\u5546\u69b7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6642\u4ee3\u5728\u8b8a\uff0c\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e5f\u5728\u8b8a\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u601d\u8b8a\u5462\uff1f\u4ee5\u5357\u65b9\u6714\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u91cd\u63d0\u300c\u62cd\u8ce3\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u300d\u53ca\u8a55\u8ad6\u6c11\u4e3b\u53cd\u6297\u904b\u52d5\u6642\uff08\u5357\u65b9\u6714 1989a\uff0c1989c\uff09\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5c0d\u554f\u984c\u7684\u8907\u96dc\u6027\u8f03\u524d\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u7acb\u5834\u537b\u672a\u8b8a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u8a2a\u8ac7\u4e2d\uff08\u5357\u65b9\u6714 1989b\uff09\uff0c\u66f4\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u9ede\u51fa\u4e86\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u767c\u5c55\u968e\u6bb5\u8ad6\u300d\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5357\u65b9\u6714\u975e\u5e38\u5f37\u8abf\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u67b6\u69cb\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9996\u8981\u6027\uff0c\uff08\u5728\u6b64\u4ed6\u672a\u8ac7\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u512a\u5148\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u5169\u9ee8\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4ee3\u8b70\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u9019\u500b\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u4fbf\u4ec0\u9ebc\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u3002\u5728\u672a\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u9019\u500b\u67b6\u69cb\u524d\uff0c\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u4e0d\u61c9\u63d0\u968e\u7d1a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u300c\u56e0\u70ba\u592a\u65e9\u78b0\u968e\u7d1a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6703\u4f7f\u53f0\u7063\u6574\u500b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u67b6\u69cb\u7684\u7a69\u5b9a\u5ef6\u7de9\u300d\u3002\uff08\u61c9\u7576\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u5357\u65b9\u6714\u5728\u6b64\u547c\u61c9\u7f8e\u9e97\u5cf6\u7cfb\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u300a\u5230\u57f7\u653f\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u3002\uff09\u5357\u65b9\u6714\u5728\u8a2a\u8ac7\u4e2d\u53c8\u8aaa\uff0c\u7b49\u5230\u6709\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u67b6\u69cb\u5f8c\u5c31\u300c\u5404\u6191\u672c\u9818\u300d\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u672c\u9818\u300d\u7684\u5f31\u52e2\u96c6\u5718\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u8981\u6025\u5fd9\u5730\u53bb\u5e6b\u52a9\u6709\u672c\u9818\u7684\u96c6\u5718\u5efa\u7acb\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u6216\u7af6\u8cfd\u898f\u5247\u5462\uff1f\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c0d\u516c\u5e73\u7af6\u722d\u67b6\u69cb\uff08\u4f8b\u5982John Rawls\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u516c\u5e73\u300d\uff09\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8cea\u7591\u5efa\u7acb\u67b6\u69cb\u524d\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u5b58\u5728\u72c0\u6cc1\uff08being-in-the-world\uff09\u2014\u2014\u7562\u7adf\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u500b\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7406\u6027\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u73fe\u5be6\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72c0\u614b\uff08state of nature\uff09\u53bb\u5efa\u7acb\u67b6\u69cb\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u6c5f\u8fc5\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u300a\u5230\u57f7\u653f\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u7684\u5beb\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u66f8\u4e2d\u4eba\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u898b\u5230\u4e0d\u5c11\u524d\u4e00\u6642\u671f\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u7d71\u7368\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6b64\u66f8\u5247\u80af\u5b9a\u4e86\u6700\u7d42\u76ee\u6a19\u7684\u7368\u7acb\uff0c\u548c\u904e\u53bb\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u7d71\u7368\u7acb\u5834\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6c5f\u8fc5\u7b49\u96d6\u7136\u5df2\u4e0d\u5728\u610f\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u662f\u5426\u6703\u88ab\u7d71\u7368\u6240\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c11\u9032\u9ee8\u4e0d\u61c9\u6210\u70ba\u968e\u7d1a\u653f\u9ee8\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u968e\u7d1a\u6240\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u662f\u7f8e\u9e97\u5cf6\u7cfb\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u7684\u57fa\u8abf\uff0c\u6709\u5411\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u8868\u614b\u7684\u610f\u5473\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c07\u53ea\u96c6\u4e2d\u65bc\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u7701\u7565\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u512a\u5148\u300d\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u5f8c\u8005\uff0c\u665a\u8fd1\u5df2\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u5c0d\u5357\u65b9\u6714\u8aaa\u6cd5\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5433\u82e5\u4e881990\uff1a23-24\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u856d\u65b0\u714c\uff081989d\uff09\u5c0d\u300a\u5230\u57f7\u653f\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\u6709\u6975\u6709\u8da3\u4e4b\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u548c\u672c\u6587\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a71\u984c\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u5c0d\u300c\u570b\u5bb6 vs. <\/strong>\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u300d\u7684\u65b0\u6aa2\u8a0e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7d9c\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u767c\u73fe\u5728\u89e3\u56b4\u5f8c\uff0c\u65b0\u60c5\u6cc1\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u4f7f\u4eba\u5011\u61f7\u7591\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u9069\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u537b\u672a\u4fee\u6b63\u820a\u8aaa\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u7684\u65b0\u8ad6\u8ff0\u4fbf\u4e0d\u65b7\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u3002 \u3000\u3000\u9112\u79e6\uff081988\uff09\u9996\u5148\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u860a\u6db5\u63d0\u51fa\u6311\u6230\u3002\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u300c\u7576\u4eca\u6240\u6709\u897f\u65b9\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\uff0c\u7121\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5229\u76ca\u70ba\u5176\u4e3b\u5c0e\u300d\uff08\u9112\u79e6 1988\uff1a34\uff09\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u904e\u53bb\u53f0\u7063\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u570b\u5bb6\u5c1a\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u4e2d\u7acb\uff0c\u672a\u8b8a\u6210\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\uff08\u9673\u5b50\u6046\uff081989\uff09\u5c0d\u9112\u79e6\u7684\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u81ea\u4e3b\uff1d\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7acb\u300d\u63d0\u51fa\u8cea\u7591\uff09\u3002\u9112\u79e6\uff081988\uff1a35\uff09\u9084\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u968e\u5c64\u662f\u8fd1\u4f86\u53e6\u4e00\u80a1\u5728\u9ed8\u9ed8\u4e2d\u64f4\u5f35\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u529b\u91cf\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u793e\u904b\u4ee5\u570b\u5bb6\u70ba\u53cd\u5c0d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5728\u524a\u5f31\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff09\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6703\u9020\u6210\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff0c\u4e26\u76f4\u63a5\u63a7\u5236\u570b\u5bb6\u6253\u58d3\u793e\u904b\u3002\u7576\u7136\u9112\u79e6\u5728\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5047\u60f3\uff08scenario\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u5c0d\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u3002\u9112\u6587\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u548c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u6709\u4e00\u5171\u540c\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u5373\u53f0\u7063\u570b\u5bb6\u5c1a\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9112\u6587\u537b\u5f9e\u6b64\u5047\u8a2d \u63a8\u51fa\u76f8\u53cd\u653f\u6cbb\u614b\u5ea6\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u9593\u63a5\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u63d0\u51fa\u6279\u5224\u7684\u662f\u5f35\u8302\u6842\uff081989b\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u63a2\u8a0e\u9019\u985e\u554f\u984c\u7684\u4f73\u4f5c\u3002\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u662f\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u6536\u96c6\u8207\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u5f35\u8302\u6842\uff081989b\uff1a21-22\uff09\u9084\u6aa2\u8a0e\u4e86\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u5c0d\u793e\u904b\u98a8\u6f6e\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u570b\u5bb6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u4e00\u300d\u2014\u2014\u9019\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u610f\u601d\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u5c0d\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\u8207\u653f\u9ee8\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u5be6\u7121\u5340\u5225\uff08no practical difference\uff09\u3002\u5f35\u8302\u6842\uff081989b\uff1a24-25\uff09\u5247\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\uff0f\u653f\u7b56\u300d\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u8457\u570b\u5bb6\u662f\u300c\u591a\u300d\uff08\u570b\u5bb6\u6709\u591a\u7a2e\u570b\u5bb6 \u6a5f\u5668\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u662f\u300c\u591a\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u591a\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u7d71\u4e00\u5462\uff1f\u9435\u677f\u4e00\u584a\u55ce\uff1f\u9019\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\u3002\uff09\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u9593\u662f\u5426\u70ba\u300c\u4e00\u300d\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u96d6\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u662f\u540c\u8cea\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u300d\u7684\u968e\u6bb5\u8ad6\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u5be6\u8cea\u4e0a\u5c07\u6c11\u9593\u5c0d\u5f85\u70ba\u300c\u4e00\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u5f35\u8302\u6842\uff081989b\uff1a24-25\uff09\u5247\u5f37\u8abf\u300c\u591a\u300d\u3002\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f35\u8302\u6842\uff081989b\uff1a26\uff09\u53c8\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u4eba\u6c11\u7d44\u7e54\u6709\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u6c11\u670d\u5f9e\u4e26\u4fdd\u8b77\u570b\u5bb6\u5b58\u5728\u4e4b\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u7acb\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u5340\u5225\u53ea\u662f\u65b9\u6cd5\u8ad6\u4e0a\u7684\u5340\u5225\uff08\u8a66\u8207\u53f2\u601d\u8679\uff081989\uff1a34\uff09\u6240\u8ac7\u4e4b\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u793e\u6703\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u7a7f\u900f\u6027\u300d\u4f5c\u6bd4\u8f03\uff09\u3002\u5f35\u8302\u6842\uff081989b\uff1a31\uff09\u63a5\u8457\u7528\u300c\u8cc7\u6e90\u52d5\u54e1\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u63d0\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff1a\u5927\u62b5\u4e0a\u4ed6\u540c\u610f\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u65e2\u5f97\u5229\u76ca\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6703\u628a\u8cc7\u6e90\u6295\u5165\u53cd\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u9020\u6210\u98a8\u6f6e\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7372\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5167\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5167\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u7c60\u7d61\u9ad4\u7cfb \u5916\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5167\u596a\u6b0a\u300d\u3002\uff08\u5f35\u8302\u6842 1989b:31\uff09\u3002\u3014\u95dc\u65bc\u6279\u8a55\u610f\u898b \u53ef\u770b\u676d\u4e4b\uff081990b\uff1a237-247\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u856d\u65b0\u714c\uff081989b\uff1a62-63\uff09\u3015\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u9644\u5e36\u4e00\u63d0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u5728\u8ac7\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u6642\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5c07\u5b83\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e4b\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u512a\u5148\u300d\uff08\u5982John Rawls 1971\uff09\u95dc\u9023\u8d77\u4f86\uff1b\u5f8c\u8005\u4ee5\u53ca\u50cf\u300c\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u6548\u7387\u300d\u4e4b\u985e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u6240\u95dc\u5fc3\u7684\u8a71\u984c\u3002\u5f9e\u5357\u65b9\u6714\uff081989b\uff09\u5728\u300a\u9996\u90fd\u65e9\u5831\u300b\u7684\u8a2a\u8ac7\u4f86\u63a8\u6e2c\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u95dc\u5207\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u672a\u4f86\u300c\u9762\u5c0d\u300d\u5927\u9678\u6642\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u5404\u96c6\u5718\u80fd\u5426\u5df2\u6709\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff1f\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u9019\u500b\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u8981\u9760\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u67b6\u69cb\u4e4b\u65e9\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u4ea6\u5373\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u4e0d\u8981\u50cf\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u4e2d\u5171\u6642\u624d\u958b\u59cb\u60f3\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u66f4\u9051\u8ad6\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u7d1a\u3001\u767d\u9818\u968e\u7d1a\u53ca\u5404\u7a2e\u4eba\u7fa4\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6c11\u610f\u4e4b\u51fa\u73fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u524d\u9762\u66fe\u8ac7\u5230\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u5c0d\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7406\u8ad6\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\uff0c\u5747\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u9ede\u5230\u70ba\u6b62\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u8a71\u984c\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\u4e5f\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u95dc\u5207\uff08\u9ec3\u831c\u59821989\uff0c\u5b6b\u5584\u8c6a1989\uff0c\u674e\u5b5d\u608c1989\uff0c\u674e\u6c38\u71be1990\uff09\u3002\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u6709\u95dc\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6df1\u5165\u4e14\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\u624d\u525b\u958b\u59cb\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c0d\u65bc\u9112\u79e6\u8207\u5f35\u8302\u6842\u95dc\u65bc\u793e\u904b\u4e4b\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u300d\u6240\u5f15\u767c\u7684\u95dc\u65bc\u793e\u904b\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u968e\u7d1a\u89d2\u8272\u7b49\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u856d\u65b0\u714c\u9023\u7e8c\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b\u767c\u8868\u4e09\u7bc7\u91cd\u8981\u6587\u5b57\uff08\u856d\u65b0\u714c1989abc\uff09\u3002\u856d\u65b0\u714c\u9996\u5148\u5f15\u7528Alain Touraine\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u5168\u7136\u6307\u5411\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5316\u7d04\u70ba\u596a\u53d6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u5b83\u6216\u8a31\u6703\u8207\u65e8\u5728\u8f49\u8b8a\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u884c\u52d5\u639b\u9264\u6216\u806f\u76df\uff0c\u4f46\u6c38\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5408\u800c\u70ba\u4e00\uff08\u856d\u65b0\u714c1989a\uff1a63\uff09\u3002\u856d\u65b0\u714c\u9019\u7a2e\u5f37\u70c8\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff08the strong version of pluralism\uff09\uff08\u300c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5316\u7d04\u300d\u3001 \u300c\u6c38\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u300d\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u5168\u7136\u5426\u5b9a\u793e\u904b\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5316\u7d04\u70ba\uff08\u65e8\u5728\u596a\u53d6\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\uff09\u653f\u6cbb\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u793e\u904b\u8207\u653f\u904b\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u672c\u8cea\uff0f\u73fe\u8c61\u300d\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u300c\u4e3b\uff0f\u5f9e\uff08\u6b21\uff09\u300d\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u6709\u6642\u5169\u8005\u5747\u5411\u570b\u5bb6\u6311\u6230\uff0c\u4f46\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u76ee\u6a19\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u4fbf\u7b49\u65bc\u5426\u5b9a\u4e86\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u300d\uff08\u4e0b\u8a73\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u8996\u540c\u4ec1\u5730\u5c0d\u5f85\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u53ca\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff09\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u516c\u5e73\u300d\u3002\uff08\u95dc\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u9ede\u8207\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8a73\u53c3\u856d\u65b0\u714c\uff081989c\uff09\uff09\u3002\u5728\u9019\u88cf\u61c9\u7576\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u856d\u65b0\u714c\uff081989b\uff09\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ed6\u9084\u662f\u6700\u540c\u60c5\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u5c0d\u793e\u904b\u8208\u8d77\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u5728\u77db\u76fe<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4f46\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7ad9\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u7acb\u5834\u8005\u5247\u6703\u8aaa\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e4b\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0d\u9808\u81ea\u8eab\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u790e\uff08foundation\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u5be6\u8e10\u793e\u7fa4\u5167\u81ea\u6211\u80af\u5b9a\u3002\u6613\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5a66\u6b0a\u5be6\u8e10\u662f\u6839\u64da\u5a66\u6b0a\u5718\u9ad4\u5167\u90e8\u4e4b\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff09\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u2014\u2014\u5148\u4e0d\u78b0\u6027\u5225\u554f\u984c\u300d\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u539f\u5247\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u300d\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u6548\u679c\u4e0a\u7368\u5c0a\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u9019\u4e00\u4e3b\u9ad4\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u898f\u5b9a\uff08prescribe\uff09\u793e\u904b\u5728\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u4e0d\u5f97\u963b\u7919\u653f\u6cbb\u904b\u52d5\u512a\u5148\u5be6\u73fe\u5176\u76ee\u6a19\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\uff09\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u61c9\u512a\u5148\u5354\u52a9\u653f\u904b\u9054\u6210\u6c11\u4e3b\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u7b49\u65bc\u5728\u8aaa\uff0c\u653f\u904b\u8207\u793e\u904b\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u300c\u4e3b\uff0f\u5f9e\uff08\u6b21\uff09\u300d\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u548c\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/p>\n

\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5167\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u6b63\u5728\u65bc\uff1a\u5b83\u6240\u9ad8\u8209\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u6297\u722d\u300d\uff0c\u8207\u51cc\u99d5\u53ca\u898f\u7bc4\u6b64\u6297\u722d\u4e4b\u300c\u570b\u5bb6vs.\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u300d\u67b6\u69cb\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u5f9e\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0d\u300c\u5169\u512a\u5148\u300d\u7684\u8457\u91cd\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0d\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u53e3\u60e0\u800c\u4e0d\u5be6\u300d\uff08pay lip service\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u4ee5\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f86\u5426\u5b9a\u968e\u7d1a\u672c\u8cea\u5316\u7d04\u8ad6\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u544a\u8aa1\u4eba\u5011\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u5225\u78b0\u968e\u7d1a\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u8996\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ca\u5f31\u52e2\u793e\u904b\u767c\u5c55\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u63da\u68c4 \uff08Aufhebung\uff09\u2014\u2014\u767c\u5c55\u53ca\u4fee\u6b63\u6c11\u9593\u5b78\u6d3e\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u62d2\u65a5\u300c\u570b\u5bb6vs\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u300d\u9019\u67b6\u69cb\u5c0d\u793e\u904b\u7684\u7b9d\u5236\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u5f88\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b336\u671f\u4e2d\u7684\u56db\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u90fd\u4e0d\u7d04\u800c\u540c\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u8db3\u70ba\u5947\u4e86\u3002\u8207\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8ad6\u6230\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u6b21\u65e2\u975e\u4e8b\u5148\u8a08\u756b\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u6279\u5224\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u7406\u8ad6\u80cc\u666f\u8207\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u662f\u5c0d\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703vs.\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u6846\u67b6\u672c\u8eab\u53ca\u5176\u9810\u8a2d\u6216\u860a\u6db5\u8cea\u7591\u3002\u9019\u591a\u5c11\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u7576\u524d\u77e5\u8b58\u6587\u5316\u5708\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c23\u6c1b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u500b\u6c23\u6c1b\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u8d0a\u63da\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5fb9\u5e95\uff08\u57fa\u9032\uff09\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u591a\u5143\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6c23\u6c1b\uff0c\u5b83\u96b1\u7d04\u5730\u5728\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u7a2e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u3002\u800c336\u671f\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6587\u5b57\u53ea\u662f\u9019\u6c23\u6c1b\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u8868\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u975e\u6709\u610f\u91dd\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6279\u8a55\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u53ea\u662f\u300c\u9805\u838a\u821e\u528d\uff0c\u5fd7\u5728\u6c9b\u516c\u300d\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u601d\u6f6e\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u6279\u5224<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u4e0d\u9650\u65bc\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b336\u671f\u4e4b\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u800c\u5c07\u9019\u919e\u91c0\u4e2d\u4e4b\u601d\u60f3\u904b\u52d5\u8207\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u6709\u95dc\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u6b78\u70ba5\u985e\uff0c\u4e26\u7c21\u7565\u8a55\u8ad6\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u985e\uff1a\u53cd\u5c0d\u57fa\u790e\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08anti-foundationalism\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5373\u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u652f\u914d\uff08\u53cd\u5bb0\u5236\uff09\u6297\u722d\u5c1a\u9808\u4e00\u57fa\u790e\u6216\u4e00\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u539f\u5247\u4f86\u6b63\u7576\u5316\u300d\uff1a\u300e\u591a\u5143\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7a4d\u9032\u6027\u5247\u5728\u65bc\u722d\u53d6\u5404\u500b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u6700\u5927\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff08autonomization\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u7121\u9700\u81e3\u670d\u65bc\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u539f\u5247\uff08transcendental principle\uff09\u3002\u22ef\u22ef\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u6297\u722d\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u6cbb\u52e2\u529b\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u81ea\u8eab\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u70ba\u4e3b\u5c0e\uff0c\u58d3\u6291\u5176\u4ed6\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u6240\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u6575\u610f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u8a66\u5716\u5c07\u793e\u904b\u767c\u5c55\u7d0d\u5165\u5176\u81ea\u8eab \u7684\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u7684\u6307\u5c0e\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u53cd\u591a\u5143\u7a4d\u9032\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u300f\uff08\u53f2\u601d\u8679 1989\uff1a41\uff09<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u904b\u6297\u722d\u4e4b\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u7f6e\u65bc\u300c\u53f0\u7063\u793e\u6703\u67d0\u7a2e\u9738\u6b0a\u8ad6\u8ff0\u8ef8\u7dda \u300e\u5206\u5de5\u300f\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u6b21\u74b0\u7d50\u6216\u908a\u7de3\u8ad6\u8ff0\u300d\u3002\uff08\u5085\u5927\u70ba 1990a\uff1a52\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\u985e\uff1a\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u53ca\u6cdb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u793e\u904b\u81ea\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u539f\u5247\u4e0b\uff0c\u793e\u904b\u8207\u653f\u904b\u4e4b\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u5f9e\u793e\u904b\u7121\u6cd5\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u6cdb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u7684\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u53cd\u5c0d\u6cdb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u7684\u793e\u904b\u81ea\u4e3b\u4e26\u975e\u5fc5\u7136\u62d2\u7d55\u8207\u653f\u9ee8\uff08\u5982\u6c11\u9032\u9ee8\u6216\u570b\u6c11\u9ee8\uff09\u767c\u751f\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u676d\u4e4b\uff081990b\uff09\u5373\u6307\u51fa\u300c\u53cd\u5c0d\u6cdb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u7b49\u65bc\u53bb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u300d\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\u793e\u904b\u8207\u653f\u904b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u5c31\u61c9\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5169\u500b\u7368\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u5718\u9ad4\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u773e\u591a\u793e\u904b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5718\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u4e5f\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u300c\u806f\u7dda\u8207\u7d50\u76df\uff08\u66ab\u6642\uff09\u300d\uff08\u5085\u5927\u70ba 1990a\uff1a52\uff09\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5fc5\u9808\u8b66\u89ba\u5230\u300c\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u6c99\u6587\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f37\u52e2\u5718\u9ad4\u592a\u5e38\u4ee5\u300e\u653f\u6cbb\u908f\u8f2f\u300f\u3001\u300e\u6b0a\u529b\u908f\u8f2f\u300f\u4e4b\u540d\u4f86\u58d3\u8feb\u5c0f\u5718\u9ad4\u300d\uff08\u6563\u5f48\u9732\u9732 1989\uff09\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u5dee\u7570\u4e4b\u4e3b\u9ad4\u61c9\u662f\u300ccase by case\u7684\u806f\u76df\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0d\u908a\u9672\u6240\u6a21\u5851\u7684\u52d5\u54e1\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u300d\uff08\u5361\u5217\u5be7 1989\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7531\u65bc\u6c11\u9032\u9ee8\u4e4b\u7f8e\u9e97\u5cf6\u7cfb\u7d66\u5916\u754c\u4e4b\u5370\u8c61\u662f\u5f37\u8abf\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3e\u7cfb\u5f37\u8abf\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u300d\uff0c\u6545\u53ef\u80fd\u9019\u88cf\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u6703\u88ab\u8aa4\u89e3\u800c\u4ee5\u70ba\u50c5\u50c5\u91dd\u5c0d\u7f8e\u9e97\u5cf6\u7cfb\u800c\u4f86\u3002\u5176\u5be6\u6b64\u8655\u4e4b\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u7acb\u5834\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u300d\u5728\u5167\u3002\u800c\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u7368\u7acb\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u6bd4\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u66f4\u96e3\u6210\u7406\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4e0d\u4f46\u8981\uff08\u50cf\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u4e00\u6a23\uff09\u4e3b\u5f35\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u9ee8\u570b\u9ad4\u5236\u662f\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\u4e4b\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u8d77\u6e90\u6216\u5b58\u5728\u689d\u4ef6\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u518d\u751f\u7522\u689d\u4ef6\u6216\u6301\u7e8c\u5b58\u5728\u689d\u4ef6\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e3b\u5f35\u570b\u5bb6\u8a8d\u540c\u53c8\u662f\u9019\u9ee8\u570b\u9ad4\u5236\u4e4b\u672c\u8cea\u3001\u8d77\u6e90\u6216\u5b58\u5728\u689d\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\u985e\uff1a\u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703vs.\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e2\u4f7f\u4e0d\u8ac7\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u6240\u6697\u542b\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u5426\u6703\u91cd\u5851\u8207\u541e\u98df\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u904b\u7684\u6297\u722d\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u89e3\u56b4\u5f8c\u4e0d\u65b7\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u793e\u904b\u4e5f\u767c\u73fe\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u5c0d\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u6846\u67b6\u7684\u300c\u904e\u6642\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u300d\u6216\u300c\u963b\u7919\u300d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u90fd\u5e02\u793e\u6703\u904b\u52d5\u4fbf\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u300c\u5283\u898f\u5728\u5e02\u6c11\uff08\u6c11\u9593\uff09\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u63a1\u53d6\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff08\u5118\u7ba1\u5b83\u7d93\u5e38\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u5c0d\u6297\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u300c\u90fd\u5e02\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8207\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c64\u9762\u65e9\u5df2\u932f\u7d9c\u8907\u96dc\u5730\u878d\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u300d\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u4e4b\u81ea\u7531\u5316 \u8207\u6c11\u71df\u5316\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u300c\u7121\u4f4f\u5c4b\u904b\u52d5\u537b\u8981\u6c42\u22ef\u22ef\u7531\u6c11\u9593\u76f4\u63a5\u76e3\u7763\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u6a5f\u69cb\u4f86\u57f7\u884c\u300d\u4f4f\u5b85\u8207\u90fd\u5e02\u670d\u52d9\u7684\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u904b\u52d5\u662f\u8981\u300c\u8b93\u653f\u6cbb\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5230\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u300d\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6240\u5f15\u5747\u898b\u5f90\u9032\u923a 1989\uff1a47\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u300c\u60b2\u60c5\u57ce\u5e02\u300d\u91cd\u5851\u4eba\u6c11\u8a18\u61b6\u4e4b\u73fe\u8c61\u6642\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u5bb6\u67f4\u73b2\u73b2\uff08\u5373\uff0c\u8ff7\u8d70\uff09\uff081989\uff09\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u300c\u6b64\u5730\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u90a3\u5957\u300e\u9ee8\u570b\u6a5f\u5668\u5c0d\u6297\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u300f\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u5206\u6790\u67b6\u69cb\u662f\u6beb\u7121\u80fd\u529b\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u500b\u73fe\u8c61\u7684\u300d\u3002\u67f4\u73b2\u73b2\uff08\u8ff7\u8d70\uff09\u4e26\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u89e3\u56b4\u524d\u22ef\u22ef\u9019\u5957\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u54f2\u5b78\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u7684\u3002\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5404\u7a2e\u652f\u914d\u95dc\u4fc2\u8207\u6b0a\u529b\u904b\u4f5c\u5c31\u5b58\u5728\u65bc\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u300d\uff1b\u9738\u6b0a\u96c6\u5718\u610f\u8b58\u578b\u614b\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u300c\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u898b\u5f97\u662f\u5b98\u65b9\u4e3b\u5c0e\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u89e3\u56b4\u5f8c\u5f62\u52e2\u6fc0\u76ea\u4e0b\u5404\u7a2e\u529b\u91cf\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7522\u7269\uff0c\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u6f5b\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u8868\u7665\u300d\u3002\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b78\u904b\u4eba\u58eb\u4e5f\u611f\u89ba\u5230\uff0c\u300c\u5728\u89e3\u6790\u5927\u5b78\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u66f4\u7d30\u7dfb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u67b6\u69cb\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u300e\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u50da\uff08\u570b\u5bb6\u6a5f\u5668\uff09\uff0f\u5b78\u751f\u548c\u6559\u6388\uff08\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\uff09\u300f\u9019\u4e00\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5c0d\u7acb\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9019\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u610f\u5473\u7684\u55ae\u5411\u5ea6\uff08\u7279\u5225\u6b0a\u5229\u95dc\u4fc2\uff09\u601d\u8003\u300d\uff08\u5927\u5b78\u65b0\u805e 1989\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u8aaa\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703vs.\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u6846\u67b6\u4e0d\u5229\u65bc\u793e\u904b\uff0c\u4e5f\u96e3\u89e3\u91cb\u89e3\u56b4\u5f8c\u6e67\u73fe\u7684\u65b0\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d6\u4ee3\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u5462\uff1f\u6709\u4eba\u4e7e\u8106\u5f9e\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\uff0f\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u4e2d\u53d6\u6d88\u570b\u5bb6\u56de\u5230\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u7684 \u300c\u793e\u6703\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u70ba\u8d77\u9ede\uff0c\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u7d93\u6fdf\u5247\u53ea\u662f\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u4e4b\u5169\u500b\u5efa\u5236\u3002\u9019\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u63a5\u8fd1\u62bd\u8c61\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\uff08\u856d\u65b0\u714c 1989e\uff1a9\u5361\u7dad\u6ce2\u767c\u8a00\uff09\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u5247\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u7d93\u6fdf\uff08\u529b\uff09\u65bc\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\uff08\u793e\u6703\u529b\uff09\u300d\u53ca\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\uff09\u300d\uff08\u856d\u65b0\u714c 1989b\uff1a63\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e09\u8005\u4f86\u505a\u70ba\u89e3\u91cb\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u5982\u679c\u8457\u773c\u65bc\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff08\u5404\u7a2e\u793e\u904b\uff09\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u539f\u5247\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u5e73\u7b49\u4e92\u52d5\u6216\u7d50\u76df\uff0c\u4e92\u5229\u767c\u5c55\u300d\u9019\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6263\u7dca\u793e\u904b\u7684\u53cd\u652f\u914d\uff08\u53cd\u5bb0\u5236\uff09\u6027\u683c\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u300d\uff08\u5373\u5c0d\u53cd\u652f\u914d\u8005\u4e4b\u53ec\u559a\uff09\u8207\u300c\u6b0a\u529b\u96c6\u5718\u300d\uff08power bloc\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u4eba\u6c11\u300d\u6240\u53cd\u6297\u4e4b\u773e\u96c6\u5718\uff09\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\uff0c\u4f3c\u662f\u4e00\u9069\u7576\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u3002\uff08\u95dc\u65bc\u300c\u6b0a\u5229\u96c6\u5718vs.\u4eba\u6c11\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7b56\u7565\u6027\u7684\u52d5\u614b\u5340\u5206\uff0c\u8a73\u53c3\u53f2\u601d\u8679 1989\uff1a34-35\u4ee5\u53ca\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u9644\u9304\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\u985e\uff1a\u53cd\u5c0d\u5fc5\u7136\u300c\u5c0d\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6216\u53cd\u5c0dstatism\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u300c\u5c0d\u6297\u570b\u5bb6\u300d\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u9738\u6b0a\u6301\u7e8c\u8870\u9000\u7684\u8da8\u52e2\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8b49\u300e\u4eba\u6c11\u7576\u5bb6\u4f5c\u4e3b\u300f\u6216\u652f\u914d\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u6307\u6d89\u7684\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u652f\u914d\u578b\u614b\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u6216\u793e\u6703\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u5206\u914d\u3002\u300d\uff08\u8a79\u5b8f\u5fd71987\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e94\u985e\uff1a\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u5f62\u5f0f\u5247\u662f\u904b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\u7684\u4e00\u5143\u5316\uff1b\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u5c31\u6b63\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u7684\u904b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e4b\u904b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\u61c9\u4ee5\u4fc3\u6210\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u67b6\u69cb\u4e4b\u5efa\u7acb\u70ba\u512a\u5148\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u9ebc\u8af8\u5982\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u904b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u600e\u6a23\u88ab\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u7b54\u66f0\uff1a\u5f9e\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5206\u6790\u300d\u63a8\u8ad6\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u4efb\u4f55\u7279\u6b8a\u6216\u500b\u5225\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u4e4b\u8996\u89d2\uff08perspective\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u300c\u5ba2\u89c0\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4eba\uff08\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff09\u610f\u5fd7\u6216\u8996\u89d2\u800c\u8f49\u8b8a\u7684\u7d50\u69cb \u5206\u6790\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u7d50\u69cb\u5206\u6790\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4eba\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u6309\u7167\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u898f\u5f8b\u8fa6\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u904b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u5373\u90a3\u500b\u7b26\u5408\u5ba2\u89c0\u5206\u6790\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6709\u95dc\u4e0a\u8ff0\u601d\u7dad\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\uff0c\u9019\u88cf\u53ea\u80fd\u5217\u8209\u51fa\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u5143\u8ad6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b\u3002\u5373\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u7ad9\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0a\u4e4b\u4e3b\u9ad4\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u5206\u6790\u3002\u300c\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u7576\u6709\u610f\u8b58\u5730\u53cd\u7701\u63da\u68c4\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e00\u5143\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u601d\u8003\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ee5\u5be6\u8e10\u7684\u9069\u7576\u6027\uff08practical adequacy\uff09\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u5ee3\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u4f9d\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7d50\u69cb\u4f4d\u7f6e\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7d50\u69cb\u5206\u6790\u300d\uff08\u5927\u5b78\u65b0\u805e1989\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u548c\u9019\u500b\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u904b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u554f\u984c\u662f\uff1a\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u5178\u7bc4\uff08\u5982\u5a66\u904b\u5178\u7bc4\u5373\u662f\u67d0\u7a2e\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u5973\u4eba\uff09\uff1f<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9019\u4e9b\u8207\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u8ad6\u6709\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u77db\u76fe\u6216\u7dca\u5f35\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u4e26\u975e\u4f86\u81ea\u5c0d\u6587\u737b\u5168\u9762\u6027\u7684\u8003\u67e5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u672a\u5217\u8209\u4e4b\u4f5c\u8005\u8868\u9054\u904e\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7d9c\u89c0\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u6709\u4f86\u81ea\u5f8c\u7d50\u69cb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5f8c\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5f8c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5f8c\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u6587\u5316\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u65b0\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u65b0\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3001\u5f8c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u4f86\u5230<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u53c8\u56e0\u70ba\u5927\u591a\u6578\u8a8d\u53ef\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u6216\u591a\u5143\u57fa\u9032\u6c11\u4e3b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e94\u985e\u8207\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u8d85\u8d8a\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u90fd\u91dd\u5c0d\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u8ad6\u9ede\u3001\u9810\u8a2d\u6216\u860a\u6db5\u5916\uff08\u5373\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e94\u985e\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u6709\u4e9b\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u7d66\u53e6\u985e\u52e2\u529b\uff08\u542b\u793e\u904b\uff09\u5728\u5169\u9ee8\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u9593\uff1b\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u5247\u662f\u4e0d\u6eff\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u7684\u300c\u5169\u512a\u5148\u300d\uff0c\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u300c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u512a\u5148\u300d\u5247\u610f\u5728\u6253\u64ca\u7d71\u7368\u512a\u5148\u6216\u968e\u7d1a\u512a\u5148\uff09\uff1b\u9084\u6709\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e0d\u6eff\u5f9e\u512a\u5148\u8ad6\u6216\u968e\u6bb5\u8ad6\u5c0e\u884d\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u300c\u904b\u52d5\u7b56\u7565\uff0f\u8def\u7dda\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u300d\uff1b\u9084\u6709\u4e9b\u5247\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u793e\u904b\u81ea\u4e3b\u3001\u58ef\u5927\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u8f03\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u5f37\u52e2\u653f\u904b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u5247\u8f03\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u5f31\u52e2\u793e\u904b\uff1b\u9084\u6709\u4eba\u4e0d\u6eff\u4e3b\u6d41\u53cd\u5c0d\u653f\u6cbb\u7684statism\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5411\u8cc7\u672c\u5bb6\u968e\u7d1a\u9760\u650f\u7684\u50be\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n

\u96a8\u8457\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u96c4\u8faf\u7684\u5c55\u958b\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u9673\u8150\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u8ad6\u8ff0\u5e7e\u8fd1\u7834\u7522\uff0c\u8e30\u8d8a\u7d71\u7368\uff08\u800c\u975e\u8d85\u8d8a\u7d71\u7368\uff09\u7684\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u84c4\u52e2\u5f85\u767c\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u81ea1990\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\u59cb\u4fbf\u5728\u66f8\u7c4d\u3001\u5831\u7d19\u3001\u96dc\u8a8c\u5404\u7a2e\u5a92\u9ad4\u4e2d\u5c55\u958b\u4e86\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u5927\u8faf\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e4b\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709\u53cb\u5584\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u5c16\u92b3\u7684\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u53c3\u52a0\u8005\u4e5f\u5f88\u5ee3\u6cdb\uff08\u8d99\u525b\u3001\u738b\u5927\u885b\u3001\u9673\u5b9c\u4e2d\u3001\u7121\u5411\u3001\u4f55\u65b9\u3001\u676d\u4e4b\u3001\u6c88\u767c\u60e0\u3001\u674e\u9577\u98a8\u3001\u8521\u5176\u660c\u3001\u67d0\u7368\u6d3e\u6d3e\u7cfb\u3001\u8def\u6cc1\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u672a\u9ede\u540d\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u7684\u6279\u8a55 \u8005\uff09\u3002\u9019\u5834\u8f5f\u52d5\u4e14\u65b9\u8208\u672a\u827e\u7684\u5927\u8ad6\u6230\u4e4b\u90e8\u5206\u5167\u5bb9\u5df2\u6536\u5165\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u300b\uff081991\uff09\u53ca\u664f\u5c71\u8fb2\uff081991\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u60dc\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u6bb5\u6642\u671f\u5c0d\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u7d55\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5747\u6e90\u65bc\u5c0d\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8f03\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u81f4\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u4e0d\u662f\u8aa4\u89e3\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5df2\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u7684\u8003\u616e\u4e4b\u5167\u3002\u300a\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u300b\u53ca\u664f\u5c71\u8fb2\uff081991\uff09\u7684\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9673\u5149\u8208\u7684\u300a\u5a92\u9ad4\uff0f\u6587\u5316\u6279\u5224\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u9003\u9038\u8def\u7dda\u300b\uff081992\uff09\u90fd\u6709\u6f84\u6e05\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u8ad6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e6b\u52a9\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u76f8\u5e72\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u3002\uff08\u7121\u53ef\u5426\u8a8d\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a55\u8ad6\u662f\u70ba\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u4e2d\u67d0\u500b\u5df2\u7834\u7522\u7684\u7248\u672c\u52a0\u4ee5\u8faf\u8b77\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7248\u672c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u300c\u5f62\u5de6\u5be6\u53f3\u300d\u7684\u6559\u689d\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7d55\u4e0d\u5426\u8a8d\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u5c0d\u53f0\u7063\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u73fe\u5be6\u4e0a\u6709\u76ee\u5171\u7779\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c\u4f46\u96a8\u8457\u53f0\u7063\u5f9e\u820a\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u5230\u65b0\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u5f9e\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u4e2d\u5b55\u80b2\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u9010\u6f38\u6210\u5f62\uff0c\u800c\u63da\u68c4\u4e86\u5b83\u820a\u6709\u7684\u8ec0\u6bbc\uff0c\u9081\u5411\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u66f8\u76ee<\/p>\n

\u5927\u5b78\u65b0\u805e\uff081989\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u793e\u904b\uff1a\u5728\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u7070\u71fc\u4e2d\u524d\u9032\u3009\uff0c632\u671f\u3002\u53f0\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6728\u3000\u9b5a\uff081987\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u5f9e\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u5230\u300c\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u4e4b\u78ba\u7acb\uff1a\u8fce \u5411\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u5be6\u8e10\u5e74\u4ee3\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u300b\uff0c8\u671f\uff0c\u980137-44\u3002\u6536\u5165\u664f \u5c71\u8fb2\uff081991\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u2014\u2014\uff08\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff09\uff081989d\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u3009\uff08\u5ea7\u8ac7\uff09\uff0c \u51fa\u5e2d\uff1a\u5433\u4ecb\u6c11\u3001\u674e\u5efa\u660c\u3001\u90ed\u6b63\u4eae\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b\uff0c335\u671f\uff0c\u9801 7-19\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\uff08\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff09\uff081989e\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u6c11\u9593\u793e\u6703\u3009\uff08\u5ea7\u8ac7\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u5e2d\uff1a\u738b \u632f\u5bf0\u3001\u5361\u7dad\u6ce2\u3001\u5357\u65b9\u6714\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u8ad6\u58c7\u300b\uff0c336\u671f\uff0c\u98017-22\u3002<\/p>\n

Althusser, Louis (1971). \u2018Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses\u2019. Lenin and Philosophy and other Essays. N.Y.: Monthly Review Press. pp.127-188.<\/p>\n

Rawls, John (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp.243-251, 541-548.<\/p>\n

Urry, John(1981). The Anatomy of Capitalist Society: The Economy, Civil Society and the State. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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