課程名稱:情緒哲學(philosophy of emotions)
1999年秋季,星期二,6-8節
上課教室:C2-440
課程簡介:這是一門有關情緒哲學的入門課程。廣泛的介紹有關情緒(情感)的社會理論與哲學說法,將使學生對情緒或情感在現代社會的角色有更深刻的認識。課程內容將設計為大體上獨立的兩部份,並且分為兩個學期講授。上學期偏重社會理論部份,下學期偏重情緒哲學部份。學生如果兩學期都修將獲益匪淺,但是也可以只修一學期。
說明:
本課程的上學期的重點將是現代情感與現代社會的關係。現代的社會理論往往忽視了情感(感情、激情、感性、情緒)的社會角色,假設了情感與理性的對立,這使我們有必要審視像恐懼(不確定風險)、妒恨、羞恥、自信、糗窘、沮喪(壓力)、焦慮、後情緒社會等話題,以及情緒勞務與情緒的商品化,情感與消費社會…。這些討論將帶給我們對於當前社會變化與哲學思考更深刻的認識。
上學期一開始將先探討一些入門的情緒哲學問題。例如:情感在良善的生活中的角色是什麼?
情感與理性的關係是什麼?情感和理性是對立的?情感支撐理性、突出理性而且幫助理性找出目標?情感和理性是連續的?理性的發動需要情感嗎?
接著我們將問題繼續引導到社會理論方面,我們問:決定社會行動的基本力量是情感或理性?情感和社會結構的關係是什麼?情感是社會建構的嗎?什麼是後情緒社會?傳統情感和現代情感有別嗎?情感勞動與情感商品化會導致人的異化嗎?有人認為「羞恥」在現代社會控制方面衰落了,被罪惡感取而代之,是真的嗎?羞恥與社會順從(conformity)若密切相關,為何羞恥不是很醒目?本世紀興起了以自我為中心的「自我感受」的情感,如自傲、自恨、窘糗、迷茫、鼓舞、懷舊、自戀等的意義是什麼?情感和自我、自戀社會的關係是什麼?EQ興起的社會文化背景是什麼?如何看待情緒偏差(emotional deviance)?情緒在現代組織中的角色是什麼?由此進入有關現代情緒(Modern Emotions)與其社會功能的討論。
下學期則進一部深入情緒哲學的問題。例如:情感的哲學理論是什麼?情感有認知的功能嗎?學術研究向來強調理性,情感或情緒在學術研究內有一席之地嗎?應該有嗎?情緒主義倫理學的意義是什麼?為什麼存在主義者認為本體論(ontology)應當根基於像驚懼憤怒這類情緒的現象學?沙特如何解釋情緒?焦慮、作噁、荒謬感、疏離(alienation)等「存在」情緒(“existential” emotions)的意義是什麼?尼采、舍勒(Max Scheler)對於妒恨(resentment)和羞恥(shame)的討論是什麼?
心靈哲學如何看待情緒?情感或情緒究竟是什麼(是感受?感覺?認知?生理狀況?行為類型?傾向?或以上的某些組合)? 生物-心理學者如何看待情感現象?
選讀書目
社會理論
★Barbalet,
J. M. Emotion, Social Theory and Social Structure: A Macrosociological Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press,
1998.
★Hochschild, A. R. The Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.
★Kemper, T. Research Agendas in
the Sociology of Emotions.
Albany, NY: State
★Bendelow,
Gillian and Simon J. Williams, eds.
Emotions in Social Life : Critical Themes and Contemporary Issues. London: Routledge, 1998.
★Fineman, Stephen. Emotion in Organization. London: Sage Publication, 1993
★Scheff, Thomas J. Microsociology : Discourse, Emotion & Social Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
★Meštrović, Stjepan G. Postmotional Society. London: Sage Publication, 1997.
Wouters, C. “ On Status Competition and Emotion Management.” Journal of Social History. 24(1991): 699-717.
Wouters, C. “The Sociology of Emotions and Flight Attendants: Hochschild’s Managed Heart.” Theory Culture and Society. 6(1989): 95-123.
Hochschild, A. R. “Reply to Cas Wouter’s Review Essay on the ‘Managed Heart’.” Theory Culture and Society. 6.3(1989): 439-45.
Hochschild, A. R. “The Commercial Spirit of Intimate Life and the Abduction of Feminism: Signs from Women’s Advice Books.” Theory Culture and Society. 11(1994): 1-24.
Bartky, Sandra Lee. “Feeding Egos and Tending Wounds: Deference and Disaffection in Women’s Emotional Labor.” In her Femininity and Domination. New York: Routledge, 1990. 99-119.
Scheff, Thomas J. Emotions, the Social Bond & Human Reality : Part-Whole Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press: 1997.
心靈哲學
★De Sousa, Ronald. The Rationality Of Emotion. Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press , 1987.(本課程的教科書之一)
“Emotion.” Encyclopidia of philosophy.
高新民﹐《現代西方心靈哲學》第五章,武漢出版社1996。234-306頁。
Lyons ,William E. Emotion. New York : Cambridge University Press , 1980.
Green ,O. H. The Emotions : A Philosophical Theory. Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer , 1992.
Harre ,Rom, and W.Gerrod Parrott. The Emotions : Social, Cultural and Biological Dimensions. California : SAGE Publications Inc , 1996.
Harre ,Rom. The Social Construction of Emotions. New York: Blackwell, 1986.
Harre ,Rom. Physical Being: A Theory for a Corporeal Psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1991.
Ryle, G. The Concept of Mind. Chapter 4.
Coulter, Jeff. The Social Construction of Mind. Chapter 7. “Emotion and social context”.
Russell, B. The analysis of Mind.
其他哲學取向或經驗研究
★Sartre ,Jean Paul, and Bernard Frechtman . The Emotions : Outline of a Theory. New York : The Wisdom Library , 1975.
Kitayama ,Shinobu, and Hazel Markus. Emotion and Culture : Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1994.
Radke-Yarrow, M. and T. Sherman. “Interaction of Cognition and Emotion in Development.” Social Relationships and Cognitive Development. Eds. by Robert A. Hinde, et. al. 173-190. Also in the same volume by Editors: “Emotion, Cognition, and Social Interactions.” (Editorial) 169-172.
Shibles ,Warren A. Emotion in Aesthetics. Dordrecht Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers , 1995.
Garner, Richard. “Chapter 12: Desires and Emotions.” In his Beyond Morality. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1994.
特定情感(羞恥、妒恨及其他)
──達爾文﹐Scheler, Nietzsche, Elias, Goffman,
Tomkins
★達爾文,《人和動物的感情表達》The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals曹驥譯﹐北京科學出版社:1996。(四川出版社有另一個譯本﹐似乎較差)
★Scheler,
Max. Ressentiment. Free Press, 1961.(台北雙葉翻印)
★舍勒(Max Scheler)《價值的顛覆》牛津大學出版社1996。
劉小楓《現代性社會理論緒論》牛津大學出版社1996。第五章:怨恨與現代性。
★Nietzsche,
F. On the Geneology of Morals. (《論道德的譜系》)
★趙剛〈跳出妒恨的認同政治,進入解放的培力政治:串聯尼采和工運(或社運)的嘗試思考〉。《台灣社會研究季刊》,第三十期,1998年6月。
俞懿嫻﹐羞恥現象學與性道德教育﹐《當代教育哲學論文集II》﹐郭實渝﹐中央研究院歐美研究所出版﹐1997。
舍克Helmut Schoeck。《嫉妒與社會》,台北時報出版社:1995。
Heller, Agnes. The Power of Shame. London: RKP, 1985.
Heller, Agnes. A Theory of
Feelings. Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum,
1979.
Goffman, Erving. Stigma: Notes on the
Management of Spoiled Identity.
(The Disability Studies Reader. 有收錄兩篇可選讀)
Elias, Norbert. “On Human Beings and Their Emotions: A Process-Sociological
Essay.” The Body: Social
Process and Cultural Theory.
Edited by Mike Featherstone, et. al. London: Sage, 1991.
103-125.
★Kuzmics,
Helmut. “Embarrassment and
Civilization: on some similarities and differences in the work of Goffman and
Elias.” Theory Culture and Society. 8(1991): 1-30.
Wheeler, Arthur. “Pain Suffering and Death in the Intensive Care Unit.” Politics
and the Human Body: Assault on Dignity. Edited by Jean Bethke Elshtain and J. Timothy Cloyd. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press,
1995.
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, and Adam Frank. Shame and its Sisters: A Silvan Tomkins Reader. Durham: Duke UP, 1995.
Demos, E. Virginia, ed. Exploring Affect : The Selected Writings of Silvan S. Tomkins. Cambridge University Press.
(以下和性別相關)
Bartky, Sandra Lee. “Shame and Gender.”
In her Femininity and Domination. New York: Routledge, 1990. 83-98.
Ettorre, Elizabeth, and Elianne Riska. Gendered Moods. London: Routledge, 1995.
關連到「自我」及其他
Craib, Ian.
“The Sociology of the Emotions.”
Experiencing Identity.
London: SAGE, 1998. Chapter
8.
Craib, Ian.
The Importance of
Disappointment. London: Routledge, 1994.
Marris, Peter. The Politics of Uncertainty. London: Routledge, 1996.
Lasch, Christopher. The Culture of
Narcissism. London: Sphere
Books, 1980.