授課內容:
這是一門有關情緒哲學的入門課程。廣泛的介紹有關情緒(情感)的社會理論與哲學說法,將使學生對情緒或情感在現代社會的角色有更深刻的認識。課程內容將設計為大體上獨立的兩部份,並且分為兩個學期講授。上學期偏重社會理論部份,下學期偏重情緒哲學部份。學生如果兩學期都修將獲益匪淺,但是也可以只修一學期。 本課程的上學期的重點將是現代情感與現代社會的關係。現代的社會理論往往忽視了情感(感情、激情、感性、情緒)的社會角色,假設了情感與理性的對立,這使我們有必要審視像恐懼(不確定風險)、妒恨、羞恥、自信、糗窘、沮喪(壓力)、焦慮、後情緒社會等話題,以及情緒勞務與情緒的商品化,情感與消費社會…。這些討論將帶給我們對於當前社會變化與哲學思考更深刻的認識。 上學期一開始將先探討一些入門的情緒哲學問題。例如:情感在良善的生活中的角色是什麼? 情感與理性的關係是什麼?情感和理性是對立的?情感支撐理性、突出理性而且幫助理性找出目標?情感和理性是連續的?理性的發動需要情感嗎? 接著我們將問題繼續引導到社會理論方面,我們問:決定社會行動的基本力量是情感或理性?情感和社會結構的關係是什麼?情感是社會建構的嗎?什麼是後情緒社會?傳統情感和現代情感有別嗎?情感勞動與情感商品化會導致人的異化嗎?有人認為「羞恥」在現代社會控制方面衰落了,被罪惡感取而代之,是真的嗎?羞恥與社會順從(conformity)若密切相關,為何羞恥不是很醒目?本世紀興起了以自我為中心的「自我感受」的情感,如自傲、自恨、窘糗、迷茫、鼓舞、懷舊、自戀等的意義是什麼?情感和自我、自戀社會的關係是什麼?EQ興起的社會文化背景是什麼?如何看待情緒偏差(emotional
deviance)?情緒在現代組織中的角色是什麼?由此進入有關現代情緒(Modern
Emotions)與其社會功能的討論。 下學期則進一部深入情緒哲學的問題。課程內容包括了古典與當代對情緒的哲學討論,但是會集中在晚近哲學界對此問題的新興趣與新討論。情感與理性和動力意願(motivation)的關係,自從Plato就開始被討論,而且在Aristotle, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Hume和沙特等人的著作中都是個重要的題目。雖然大家都認為情緒是我們動機中很有力的因素,但是哲學家多半對情緒能否有助於理性與道德行為感到懷疑。有哲學家認為情感就像生理的干擾,而且也無法構成行動的「理由」,因為情感的內容是空洞的。不過也有人認為情緒雖然具有認知內容,但是太個人化,是生理(或甚至病理)反應的產物,無法提供行為可靠的理由。不過,近年來許多哲學家,像Ronald de Sousa, Amelie Rorty and Martha Nussbaum開始「平反」情緒在理性或行動理論中的地位。同時從倫理學與政治理論立場出發的 Elizabeth Spelman, Allan Gibbard, Michael Stocker and Alison Jagger 則認為我們應該重新評估情感的重要性。在本學期將涵蓋的話題有:情感的哲學理論是什麼?情感有認知的功能嗎?學術研究向來強調理性,情感或情緒在學術研究內有一席之地嗎?應該有嗎?情感的認知理論或社會建構理論為何?情感與女性主義知識論、情感與價值、情感與自欺,有何關係?情緒主義倫理學的意義是什麼?為什麼存在主義者認為本體論(ontology)應當根基於像驚懼憤怒這類情緒的現象學?沙特如何解釋情緒?焦慮、作噁、荒謬感、疏離(alienation)等「存在」情緒(「existential」 emotions)的意義是什麼?尼采、舍勒(Max Scheler)對於妒恨(resentment)和羞恥(shame)的討論是什麼? 心靈哲學如何看待情緒?情感或情緒究竟是什麼(是感受?感覺?認知?生理狀況?行為類型?傾向?或以上的某些組合)?
生物-心理學者如何看待情感現象? |
Readings:
情緒哲學 |
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Campbell,
Sue. Interpreting the Personal: Expression and the Formation of
Feelings. Ithaca:
Cornell University, 1997. de
Sousa, Ronald. The
Rationality of Emotion. Cambridge
MIT Press, 1987. Gibbard,
Allan. Wise Choices, Apt
Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgements Griffiths,
Paul E. What Emotions
Really Are: The Problem of Psychological Categories. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1997. Nussbaum,
Martha. Love's Knowledge:
Essays on Philosophy and Literature. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1992. Nussbaum,
Martha. Upheavals of
Thought. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2001. Rorty,
Amelie (ed.) Explaining
Emotions. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1980. Solomon,
Robert and Cheshire Calhoun (eds.) What
Is An Emotion? Classic Readings in Philosophical Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. Spelman,
Elizabeth V. Fruits of
Sorrow: Framing Our Attention to Suffering. Boston:
Beacon Press, 1997. Stocker,
Michael and Elizabeth Hegeman. Valuing
Emotions. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996. |
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心靈哲學的取向 |
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高新民,《現代西方心靈哲學》第五章,武漢出版社1996。234-306頁。 「Emotion.」 Encyclopidia
of philosophy. Coulter, Jeff. The
Social Construction of Mind. Chapter
7. 「Emotion and social context」. Green, O. H. The
Emotions: A Philosophical Theory.
Dordrecht, Boston: Kluwer , 1992.
Harre, Rom, and W. Gerrod Parrott.
The Emotions: Social, Cultural and Biological Dimensions.
California: SAGE Publications Inc , 1996. Harre, Rom. Physical
Being: A Theory for a Corporeal Psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1991. Harre, Rom. The
Social Construction of Emotions.
New York: Blackwell, 1986. Lyons, William E.
Emotion. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1980. Russell, B. The
analysis of Mind. Ryle, G. The
Concept of Mind. Chapter
4. |
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其他哲學取向或經驗研究 |
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Garner, Richard.
「Chapter 12: Desires and Emotions.」
In his Beyond Morality. Philadelphia:
Temple UP, 1994. Kitayama ,Shinobu, and
Hazel Markus. Emotion and
Culture : Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1994. Radke-Yarrow, M. and T.
Sherman. 「Interaction of
Cognition and Emotion in Development.」
Social Relationships and Cognitive Development.
Eds. by Robert
A. Hinde, et. al. 173-190. Also in the same volume by Editors: 「Emotion, Cognition,
and Social Interactions.」 (Editorial) 169-172. ★Sartre
,Jean Paul, and Bernard Frechtman . The
Emotions: Outline of a Theory. New
York : The Wisdom Library , 1975. Shibles ,Warren A.
Emotion in Aesthetics.
Dordrecht Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers , 1995.
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社會理論 | |
Bartky, Sandra Lee.
「Feeding Egos and Tending Wounds: Deference and Disaffection in
Women』s Emotional Labor.」 In
her Femininity and Domination. New York: Routledge, 1990.
99-119. ★Bendelow,
Gillian and Simon J. Williams, eds. Emotions
in Social Life : Critical Themes and Contemporary Issues.
London: Routledge, 1998. ★Fineman,
Stephen. Emotion in
Organization. London:
Sage Publication, 1993 Hochschild, A. R.
「The Commercial Spirit of Intimate Life and the Abduction of
Feminism: Signs from Women』s Advice Books.」
Theory Culture and Society.
11(1994): 1-24. ★Hochschild,
A. R. The
Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human Feeling.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. Hochschild, A. R.
「Reply to Cas Wouter』s Review Essay on the 『Managed
Heart』.」 Theory
Culture and Society. 6.3(1989):
439-45. ★Kemper, T. Research Agendas in the Sociology of Emotions. Albany, NY: State Lupton,
D. The Emotional Self: a Sociocultural Exploration. London, SAGE, 1998.
★Meštrović,
Stjepan G. Postmotional
Society. London: Sage
Publication, 1997. Scheff, Thomas J. Emotions, the Social Bond & Human Reality : Part-Whole Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press: 1997. ★Scheff,
Thomas J. Microsociology :
Discourse, Emotion & Social Structure.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Wouters, C.
「 On Status Competition and Emotion Management.」
Journal of Social History.
24(1991): 699-717. Wouters, C. 「The Sociology of Emotions and Flight Attendants: Hochschild』s Managed Heart.」 Theory Culture and Society. 6(1989): 95-123. |
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特定情感(羞恥、妒恨及其他) ──達爾文﹐Scheler, Nietzsche, Elias, Goffman, Tomkins |
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俞懿嫻﹐羞恥現象學與性道德教育﹐《當代教育哲學論文集II》﹐郭實渝﹐中央研究院歐美研究所出版﹐1997。 舍克Helmut
Schoeck。《嫉妒與社會》,臺北時報出版社:1995。 ★達爾文,《人和動物的感情表達》The
Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals曹驥譯,北京科學出版社:1996。(四川出版社有另一個譯本似乎較差) ★趙剛〈跳出妒恨的認同政治,進入解放的培力政治:串聯尼采和工運(或社運)的嘗試思考〉。《臺灣社會研究季刊》,第三十期,1998年6月。 劉小楓《現代性社會理論緒論》牛津大學出版社1996。第五章:怨恨與現代性。 Demos,
E. Virginia, ed. Exploring
Affect : The Selected Writings of Silvan S. Tomkins. Cambridge University Press. Elias,
Norbert. 「On Human Beings
and Their Emotions: A Process-Sociological Essay.」
The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory.
Edited by Mike Featherstone, et. al.
London: Sage, 1991. 103-125. Goffman,
Erving. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.
(The Disability Studies Reader. 有收錄兩篇可選讀) Heller,
Agnes. The Power of Shame. London:
RKP, 1985. Heller,
Agnes. A Theory
of Feelings. Assen, The Netherlands:
Van Gorcum, 1979. ★Kuzmics,
Helmut. 「Embarrassment and
Civilization: on some similarities and differences in the work of Goffman
and Elias.」 Theory
Culture and Society. 8(1991): 1-30. ★Nietzsche,
F. On the Geneology of
Morals. (《論道德的譜系》) ★Scheler,
Max. Ressentiment.
Free Press, 1961.(臺北雙葉翻印) Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky, and Adam Frank. Shame and its Sisters: A Silvan Tomkins Reader. Durham: Duke UP, 1995. Wheeler, Arthur. 「Pain Suffering and Death in the Intensive Care Unit.」 Politics and the Human Body: Assault on Dignity. Edited by Jean Bethke Elshtain and J. Timothy Cloyd. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1995.
(以下和性別相關) Bartky, Sandra Lee. 「Shame and Gender.」 In her Femininity and Domination. New York: Routledge, 1990. 83-98. Ettorre, Elizabeth, and Elianne Riska. Gendered Moods. London: Routledge, 1995. |
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關連到「自我」及其他 | |
Craib, Ian.
「The Sociology of the Emotions.」
Experiencing Identity.
London: SAGE, 1998. Chapter
8. Craib, Ian.
The Importance of
Disappointment. London:
Routledge, 1994. Marris, Peter.
The Politics of Uncertainty.
London: Routledge, 1996. Lasch, Christopher. The Culture of Narcissism. London: Sphere Books, 1980. |