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\n\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u570bhttp:\/\/www.cc.org.cn\/newcc\/browwenzhang.php?articleid=5521
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\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u641c\u67e5\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u975e\u5f37\u5236\u6027\u7684\u8a62\u554f\u3001\u81ea\u9858\u6aa2\u67e5\u7684\u5340\u5206\u6a19\u6e96\u4ee5\u662f\u5426\u5f37\u5236\u548c\u662f\u5426\u4fb5\u72af\u96b1\u79c1\u70ba\u6a19\u6e96\uff0c\u641c\u67e5\uff08 search\uff09\u90fd\u662f\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u548c\u4fb5\u72af\u96b1\u79c1\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u7d93\u904e\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u9580\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u6279\u51c6\u4e26\u9812\u767c\u641c\u67e5\u4ee4\u72c0\uff08Warrant for Search\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u653f\u5e9c\u4fb5\u72af\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u3002\u57281967\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u641c\u67e5\u300d\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8207\u8ca1\u7522\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7dca\u5bc6\u806f\u7e6b\u3002\u806f\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5c07\u641c\u67e5\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u5340\u57df\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u5e9c\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u300d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u57fa\u65bc\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u884c\u70ba\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u69cb\u6210\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u4fb5\u5165\u300d\u6642\u624d\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u662f\u641c\u67e5\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\u8a72\u4fb5\u5165\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u50c5\u6307\u61b2\u6cd5\u6240\u5217\u8209\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u8eab\u3001\u623f\u5c4b\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u8ca1\u7522\u300d \uff08See 1Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment, p375 (3rd Ed.1996).\uff09\u3002\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u300c\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\u5340\u57df\u300d\u5df2\u7d93\u4e0d\u80fd\u6eff\u8db3\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u8b77\u500b\u4eba\u514d\u53d7\u4e0d\u6b63\u7576\u641c\u67e5\u548c\u6263\u62bc\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u300c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u300d\u61c9\u904b\u800c\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u57281967\u5e74Katz\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u806f\u90a6\u5b98\u54e1\u5c07\u7aca\u807d\u5668\u7f6e\u5165Katz\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u516c\u7528\u96fb\u8a71\u4ead\u3002\u7531\u65bc\u806f\u90a6\u5b98\u54e1\u6c92\u6709\u9032\u5165\u96fb\u8a71\u4ead\u56e0\u6b64\u672a\u69cb\u6210\u8eab\u9ad4\u4fb5\u5165\uff0c\u4e0b\u7d1a\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70ba\u8b66\u5bdf\u5728\u7aca\u807dKatz\u8ac7\u8a71\u6642\u4e26\u672a\u69cb\u6210\u641c\u67e5\u3002\u800c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70ba\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u662f\u300c\u4fdd\u8b77\u4eba\u6c11\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5834\u6240\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u69cb\u6210\u641c\u67e5\u3002\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7531\u6b64\u8f49\u8b8a\u70ba\u96b1\u79c1\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u5408\u7406\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u548c\u8655\u6240\u53d7\u5230\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u6aa2\u67e5\u300d\uff0c\u7c21\u7a31\u70ba\u300c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u300d\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8a8d\u70ba\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u514d\u53d7\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u8207\u6263\u62bc\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u5c31\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u5169\u5c64\u542b\u7fa9\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u8b49\u660e\u6709\u73fe\u5be6\uff08\u4e3b\u89c0\uff09\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u793e\u6703\uff08\u901a\u904e\u6cd5\u9662\uff09\u8a8d\u70ba\u8a72\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f9e\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u548c\u7bc4\u570d\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4f4f\u6240\uff08\u4efb\u4f55\u81e8\u6642\u6216\u8005\u5b78\u671f\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\uff09\uff1b\u5ead\u9662\uff08\u800c\u4f4f\u6240\u5468\u908a\u7684\u958b\u653e\u5340\u57df\u4e0d\u53d7\u96b1\u79c1\u6b0a\u4fdd\u8b77\uff09\uff1b\u5546\u696d\u548c\u7d93\u71df\u5834\u6240\u7684\u8fa6\u516c\u5834\u6240\uff1b\u6c7d\u8eca\u548c\u5176\u5b83\u6a5f\u52d5\u8eca\uff1b\u500b\u4eba\u7279\u5fb5\uff08\u516c\u773e\u4e0d\u77e5\u66c9\u7684\u8eab\u9ad4\u7279\u5fb5\u4ee5\u53ca\u8981\u4fb5\u5165\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\u6aa2\u67e5\u5982\u8840\u578b\u7b49\u5927\u591a\u5c6c\u65bc\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u5167\u6db5\u4e4b\u610f\u3002\u4f46\u53d6\u5f97\u8072\u97f3\u3001\u7b46\u8de1\u6216\u8005\u6307\u7d0b\u6a23\u54c1\u4e0d\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4fdd\u8b77\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u500b\u4eba\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u516c\u958b\u7684\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u300c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u300d\u3002\uff09\uff1b\u6587\u4ef6\u548c\u8ca1\u7522\uff1b\u5b78\u6821\uff08\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u516c\u7acb\u9084\u662f\u79c1\u7acb\u3002\u9019\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\uff0c\u5b78\u6821\u4e0d\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u516c\u773e\u5834\u6240\u800c\u6574\u9ad4\u5b58\u5728\u96b1\u79c1\u3002\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u61b2\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6a5f\u52d5\u8eca\u3002\uff08California v. Carney, 471U.S.386(1985).\uff09\uff0c\u5c0d\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u8207\u6263\u62bc\u4e5f\u61c9\u9075\u5faa\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n
\u61b2\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6a5f\u52d5\u8eca\uff08California v. Carney, 471U.S.386(1985).\uff09\u3002\u6c7d\u8eca\u5c6c\u65bc\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u6240\u6307\u7684\u8ca1\u7522\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u8207\u6263\u62bc\u4e5f\u61c9\u9075\u5faa\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u4e2d\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u540c\u6642\u5ee3\u6cdb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5c0d\u6c7d\u8eca\u884c\u696d\u7684\u7ba1\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u964d\u4f4e\u5c0d\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u671f\u5f85\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u671f\u671b\u5728\u6c7d\u8eca\u5167\u4eab\u6709\u8207\u5bb6\u88e1\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u7576\u6c7d\u8eca\u7528\u65bc\u5c45\u4f4f\u6642\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6c7d\u8eca\u7d93\u5e38\u8655\u65bc\u79fb\u52d5\u72c0\u614b\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u516c\u5171\u8857\u9053\u4e0a\u884c\u4f7f\uff0c\u8a72\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u4e3b\u4eba\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u671f\u5f85\u5176\u7528\u4f5c\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u6c7d\u8eca\u4eab\u6709\u8207\u4f4f\u5b85\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5c0d\u6c7d\u8eca\u5167\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u9032\u884c\u76e3\u8996\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4fb5\u72af\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\u5230\u5e95\u5c0d\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u4e0d\u540c\u5462\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u61c9\u7576\u4e86\u89e3\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u898f\u5247<\/p>\n
\u5728\u6211\u570b\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u4f4f\u5b85\u548c\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u7684\u898f\u5247\u3002\u806f\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728Carney\u6848\u4e2d\u8a8d\u70ba\u6c7d\u8eca\u5167\u53ef\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u6bd4\u5bb6\u4e2d\u548c\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u8981\u5c11\u5f97\u591a\uff08California v. Carney, 471 U. S. 386(1985).\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u6027\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8b66\u5bdf\u57f7\u6cd5\u7684\u96e3\u5ea6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8b66\u5bdf\u6c92\u6709\u7121\u8b49\u6263\u62bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u5ee3\u6cdb\u6b0a\u529b\uff0c\u6c7d\u8eca\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u9003\u9038\u3001\u88ab\u8ce3\u6389\u6216\u8005\u5167\u90e8\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6bc0\u6ec5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6cd5\u9662\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u300c\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u300d\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u64da\u6b64\uff0c\u8b66\u5bdf\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\u76f8\u4fe1\u6c7d\u8eca\u5167\u6709\u9055\u7981\u54c1\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u6240\u5f97\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u8b49\u64da\u6216\u8005\u72af\u7f6a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u8a72\u6c7d\u8eca\u53ca\u5176\u5167\u90e8\u5bb9\u5668\u9032\u884c\u7121\u8b49\u641c\u67e5\u3002\u7c21\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u53ea\u8981\u6709\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u5c31\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u7b26\u5408\u61b2\u6cd5\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u4f8b\u5916\u78ba\u7acb\u65bc\u300c\u7981\u9152\u4ee4\u300d\u6642\u671f\u3002\u806f\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u78ba\u7acb\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u4f8b\u5916\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u57fa\u790e\u5728\u65bc\uff1a\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u6027\u548c\u964d\u4f4e\u7684\u53ef\u671f\u5f85\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u72af\u7f6a\u8b49\u64da\u53ef\u4ee5\u96a8\u6642\u88ab\u62cb\u68c4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u7372\u53d6\u4ee4\u72c0\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6c7d\u8eca\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5feb\u9003\u9038\u3002\u540c\u6642\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u904b\u8f38\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c45\u4f4f\u529f\u80fd\u6216\u8005\u500b\u4eba\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u5132\u85cf\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6c7d\u8eca\u5f88\u5c11\u4e0d\u53d7\u516c\u5171\u6aa2\u67e5\uff0c\u5b83\u7d93\u5e38\u5728\u773e\u76ee\u777d\u777d\u4e4b\u4e0b\u884c\u4f7f\u5728\u5927\u8857\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8eca\u5167\u7684\u4eba\u548c\u7269\u54c1\u8655\u65bc\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u5e73\u5e38\u8996\u91ce\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u3002\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\u6c7d\u8eca\u4e0d\u53d7\u7b2c\u56db\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8aaa\u6c7d\u8eca\u5167\u53ef\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u986f\u7136\u6bd4\u5bb6\u88e1\u6216\u8005\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u5c11\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u6c7d\u8eca\u8981\u7d93\u5e38\u63a5\u53d7\u5dde\u8a31\u53ef\u8981\u6c42\u4e5f\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u8eca\u4e3b\u53ca\u5176\u4e58\u5ba2\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u5141\u8a31\u5c0d\u6c7d\u8eca\u4e2d\u7684\u5bb9\u5668\u9032\u884c\u641c\u67e5\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u8b66\u5bdf\u6709\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\u76f8\u4fe1\u8a72\u5bb9\u5668\u5167\u6709\u9055\u7981\u54c1\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u6240\u5f97\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u8b49\u64da\u6216\u8005\u72af\u7f6a\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u7121\u8b49\u641c\u67e5\u8eca\u5167\u5bb9\u5668\u9010\u6f38\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u975e\u6cd5\u3002\u5728 United States v. Chadwick\uff08United States v. Chadwick, 433 U.S. 1(1977).\uff09\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70ba\u641c\u67e5\u8eca\u5167\u7684\u624b\u63d0\u7bb1\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u902e\u6355\u9644\u5e36\u641c\u67e5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u5c07\u500b\u4eba\u7269\u54c1\u653e\u5165\u96d9\u91cd\u52a0\u9396\u7684\u7bb1\u5b50\u5167\uff0c\u4ed6\u671f\u5f85\u8a72\u7269\u54c1\u4e0d\u53d7\u516c\u773e\u6aa2\u67e5\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u52a0\u5f37\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u5229\u76ca\u4f7f\u5f97\u8a72\u624b\u63d0\u7bb1\u4e0d\u5c6c\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u3002\u96a8\u5f8c\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5c07Chadwick\u6848\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u898f\u5247\u64f4\u5c55\u5230\u672a\u4e0a\u9396\u7684\u884c\u674e\u3002\u5728 Arkansas v. Sanders\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70ba\u884c\u674e\u7684\u96b1\u79c1\u7279\u5fb5\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u56e0\u70ba\u653e\u7f6e\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u4e2d\u800c\u6709\u6240\u6539\u8b8a\u3002\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u904b\u8f38\u5c0f\u63d0\u7bb1\u6642\uff0c\u5c0f\u63d0\u7bb1\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5132\u85cf\u5ba4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u641c\u67e5\u6c7d\u8eca\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u4ee4\u72c0\u7684\u539f\u7406\u4e26\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u8b66\u5bdf\u5f9e\u6c7d\u8eca\u4e2d\u53d6\u51fa\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u884c\u674e\uff08 Arkansas v. Sanders, 442 U. S. 764-65(1979).\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728 United States v. Ross\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u53c8\u8a8d\u70ba\u5982\u679c\u6709\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\u8b49\u660e\u641c\u67e5\u5408\u6cd5\u6514\u622a\u7684\u6c7d\u8eca\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e5f\u5c31\u8b49\u660e\u641c\u67e5\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u73fe\u641c\u67e5\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u6240\u5bb9\u4e4b\u7269\u662f\u6b63\u7576\u7684\uff08United States v. Ross, 456 U. S. 798(1982).\uff09\u3002\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\uff08\u6c7d\u8eca\uff09\u641c\u67e5\u4f8b\u5916\u6388\u6b0a\u7121\u8b49\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u5927\u65bc\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6703\u5c0f\u65bc\u6cbb\u5b89\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ee5\u4ee4\u72c0\u5408\u6cd5\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff08 United States v. Ross, 456 U. S.825 (1982).\uff09\u3002\u300dRoss\u6848\u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u689d\u898f\u5247\uff1a\u8b66\u5bdf\u6709\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\uff08\u8c61Ross\u6848\uff09\u641c\u67e5\u6574\u8f1b\u6c7d\u8eca\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6253\u958b\u53ef\u80fd\u767c\u73fe\u9055\u7981\u54c1\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u6240\u5f97\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u5de5\u5177\u6216\u8005\u72af\u7f6a\u8b49\u64da\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5bb9\u5668\uff1b\u8b66\u5bdf\u6709\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\uff08\u8c61 Sanders\u6848\uff09\u53ea\u641c\u67e5\u8eca\u5167\u5bb9\u5668\u6642\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6263\u62bc\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u8457\u641c\u67e5\u8a72\u5bb9\u5668\uff0c\u6253\u958b\u8a72\u5bb9\u5668\u5fc5\u9808\u7b49\u5230\u53d6\u5f97\u641c\u67e5\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u8fd1\u6cd5\u9662\u53c8\u62d2\u7d55\u9069\u7528Ross\u6848\u6216\u8005Sanders\u6848\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728California v. Acevedo \u6848\uff08California v. Acevedo, 500 U. S. 565(1991).\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u660e\u78ba\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c0d\u8eca\u5167\u4efb\u4f55\u5bb9\u5668\u9032\u884c\u7121\u8b49\u641c\u67e5\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u6574\u500b\u6c7d\u8eca\u9084\u662f\u50c5\u50c5\u91dd\u5c0d\u8a72\u5bb9\u5668\u3002\u6839\u64da\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5c0d\u8eca\u5167\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u6c92\u6709\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\u6709\u5408\u7406\u6839\u64da\u76f8\u4fe1\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u8a72\u5bb9\u5668\u5167\u767c\u73fe\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7d9c\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u78ba\u5be6\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u4f4f\u5b85\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5916\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u6027\u4f7f\u5176\u5bb9\u6613\u6210\u70ba\u72af\u7f6a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u96b1\u79c1\u6b0a\u53d7\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u7a2e\u7121\u8b49\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u61c9\u7576\u53d7\u5230\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u641c\u67e5\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u767c\u73fe\u72af\u7f6a\u7269\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u9069\u7528\u65bc\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u641c\u67e5\uff0c\u5c0d\u4eba\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u5fc5\u9808\u8981\u5728\u53d6\u5f97\u641c\u67e5\u8b49\u5f8c\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u6cd5\u9662\u9084\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c0d\u8eca\u5167\u5bb9\u5668\u7684\u641c\u67e5\u4e5f\u61c9\u7576\u7b49\u5230\u53d6\u5f97\u641c\u67e5\u8b49\u4ee5\u5f8c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u78ba\u7acb\u4e86\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u5c0d\u8eca\u5167\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u9032\u884c\u641c\u67e5\u548c\u5c0d\u8eca\u5167\u4eba\u54e1\u9032\u884c\u641c\u67e5\u4e5f\u61c9\u7576\u5340\u5206\u958b\u4f86\uff1b\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u767c\u73fe\u72af\u7f6a\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c0d\u4eba\u9032\u884c\u6263\u62bc\u3002\u5728\u6211\u570b\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u6c92\u6709\u898f\u5b9a\u7279\u6b8a\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u5373\u4f7f\u898f\u5b9a\u4e86\u6c7d\u8eca\u641c\u67e5\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\u898f\u5247\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u91dd\u5c0d\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u91dd\u5c0d\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u9055\u6cd5\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u9632\u6b62\u76e4\u67e5\u8b8a\u70ba\u641c\u67e5<\/p>\n
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