平行修飾性子句的譯法
平行修飾性子句可以分爲限制性和非限制性兩種,在翻譯方法上基本類似,因此我們把它們放在一起介紹。
一、前置法
把英語原文的平行修飾性子句翻譯成帶「的」的定語片語,放置於被修飾的詞之前,將英語原文的複合句翻譯成漢語的簡單句;這種方法一般用於限制性平行修飾性子句比較短的情況。一些較短的具有描述性的非限制性平行修飾性子句也可採用前置法,但沒有限制性平行修飾性子句使用得普遍。例如:
例1.
For example, one function of friendship
seems to fulfill is that it
supports the image we have of ourselves,
and confirms the value of the attitudes we
hold.
例如,友誼的作用之一似乎就是支援我們在自己心目中的形象,並肯定我們所持有的價值觀。
例2.
The first two must be equal for all who
are being compared, if any
comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
(顛倒)如果要從智力方面進行任何比較的話,那麼對所有被比較者來說,前兩個因素就必須是一樣的。
例3.
The first method is to give a synonym, a word that has
nearly the same meaning as the word you wish to define: face for
countenance, nervousness for anxiety.
第一種方法是同義詞法,也就是提供一個與需要定義的詞在意義上幾乎相同的詞,例如用face表示countenance,用nervousness表示anxiety.
例4.
Behaviourists, in contrast, say that
difference in scores are due to the fact that
blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other
environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
(省略)相較之下,行爲主義者認爲,成績的差異源自黑人常常被剝奪了白人在教育及其它外界環境方面所享有的許多有利條件。
例5.
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary
mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by
which all
phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact
explanations.
科學研究的方法只不過是人類必要思維活動的表達方式,也就是對一切現象進行思考並給與精確而嚴謹解釋的表達方式。
例6.
A youngster who has no playmates of his
age living nearby may benefit greatly from
attending nursery school.
附近沒有同齡夥伴和自己玩的兒童如果就讀托兒所,可以得到很多的益處。
二、後置法
當平行修飾性子句較長時,如果翻譯成前置的定語,就會不符合漢語的表達習慣。在這種情況下,往往把該平行修飾性子句翻譯成並列的分句,放置於原來它所修詞的後面。另外在處理此類平行修飾性子句時,一般遵循的原則是:若保留先行詞,則在第二個分句中加以重複;若省略,則兩個並列分句中均不再保留。當然,在實際的翻譯過程中也有例外。
例1.
All the water that flows through the
wide pipe in a second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only by going faster.
在一秒鐘內流過粗管子的全部水量,不管用什麼方式都一定也要通過細管子,而這只有靠加快流速才能做到。
例2.
Perhaps light is some sort of electric
wave, whose nature we do not yet understand.
也許光是某種電波,其性質我們尚不清楚。
例3.
They are striving for the ideal which
is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past,
many Chinese have laid down their lives.
他們正在努力實現一個被每個中國人珍愛的理想,而過去許多中國人已經爲此犧牲了自己的生命。
例4.
This will be particularly true since
energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in
high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few
farmers with high yields.
這種狀況恐怕一定會出現,因爲能源的匱乏將使農業無法持續使用美國的生產模式,這種模式固然是投入少數農民就可獲得高生産,但是它也同時是高能量消耗的耕種方法。
例5.
「In short,」 a leader of the new
school attends, 「the scientific revolution, as we call it, was
largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of
instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable
directions.
新學派的一位領袖人物堅持:「簡而言之,所謂科學革命主要指的是一系列器具的改進、發明和使用,這些改進、發明和使用使得科學的影響力向各方面展開。」
例6.
The food supply will not increase
nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a
crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
食品的供應將趕不上這方面的成長,這就意味著我們在糧食的生産和銷售方面即將陷入危機。
三、翻譯成狀語從句
英語中有些平行修飾性子句兼有狀語從句的職能,在邏輯上(即意義上)與主句有狀語關係,說明原因、結果、讓步、假設等關係,翻譯時應善於從英語原文的字裏行間發現這些邏輯上的關係,然後翻譯成漢語中相應的偏正複合句。例如:
例1.
He did not remember his father who died
when he was three years old.
他不記得他父親了,因爲父親死時他才三歲。
例2.
However, iceberg water could be
extremely cheap for some countries when compared with desalination,
a process which requires much more fuel and much more money.
不過,對某些國家來講,用冰山化水來和海水脫鹽相比,費用可能極爲便宜,因爲脫鹽過程需要更多燃料和更多資金。
例3.
Anyone who thinks that rational
knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an
idealist.
要是認爲理性知識不必由感官知識而來,那他就是個唯心主義者。
例4.
…it was not until sixty years ago that a
method of extracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a
cheap large-scale process.
……直到60年前人們才找到了開採鋁礦的方法,從而使得低成本、大規模冶煉金屬鋁成爲可能。
例5.
In office, figures, lists and
information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the
business what is happening in their shops or factories.
辦公室裏通常會累積各種數據、表格和資訊,以便讓經理或主管人員瞭解他們的商店或工廠裡在進行著什麼樣的事情。
例6.
Liquids, which contain no free
electrons, are poor conductors of heat.
液體由於不含自由電子,因此不是熱的好導體。
我們講了平行修飾性子句的各種翻譯方法,在這裏我們還需要提醒大家,在翻譯含有平行修飾性子句的句子時,我們應該特別注意在分析句子的結構上面下工夫,務必要搞清平行修飾性子句所修飾的先行詞是哪一個。下面我們結合一個實例加以說明:
In
fact, a basic amount of movement occurs during
sleep which is specifically concerned with
preventing muscle inactivity.
曾經有人把這個句子翻譯爲:事實上,在睡眠期間仍有一定基本量的活動,這種睡眠特別與防止肌肉活動有關。一般來講,平行修飾性子句往往修飾離它最近的那個名詞,但是在這個句子中,卻不是這樣。因此,這個平行修飾性子句是修飾前面的a
basic amount of movement,應該翻譯爲:
事實上,在睡眠期間仍有一定基本量的活動,這種活動特別是要防止肌肉活動的中斷。
由此我們可以看出,確定平行修飾性子句的先行詞是極爲重要的,做出正確判斷的關鍵在於分析句子的結構和熟悉上下文。另外,我們還需要注意一些比較複雜的平行修飾性子句結構,也就是那些平行修飾性子句裏又含有平行修飾性子句的情況。例如:
Behaviourists
suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there
are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate
responses will experience greater intellectual development.
在翻譯成漢語時,考慮到平行修飾性子句太長,我們需要將個別的平行修飾性子句分開來翻譯,這樣我們可以將此句翻譯爲:
行爲主義者認爲,如果一個兒童在有許多刺激的環境中成長,而這些刺激能夠發展他作出適當反應的能力,那麼這個兒童將會有更高的智力發展。
(摘自:http://www.xmmaster.com/CHINESE/translation/trans4.htm)
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