-- 論文有抄襲或舞弊情事，經碩士、博士學位考試委員會審查確定者，以不及格論。
-- 各大學對於已授予之學位，如發現論文、創作、展演或書面報告、技術報告有抄襲或舞弊情事，經調查屬實者，應予撤銷，並追繳其已發之學位證書，其有關規定由各大學定之。

1. I will not lie, cheat, or steal in my academic endeavors
2. I will forthrightly oppose each and every instances of academic dishonesty.
3. I will communicate directly with any person or persons I believe to have been dishonest. Such communication may be oral or written. Written communication may be signed or anonymous.
4. I will give prompt written notification to the appropriate faculty member and to the Dean of Trinity College or the Dean of the Pratt School of Engineering when I observe academic dishonesty in any course
5. I will let my conscience guide my decision to have committed a violation of this Code.
6. I join the undergraduate student body of Duke University in a commitment to the Code of Honor

Plagiarism Defined

Academic communities, then, demand that writers credit others for their work, and that the source of their material clearly be acknowledged. Not to do so is to plagiarize, to intentionally or unintentionally appropriate the ideas, language, key terms, or findings of another without sufficient acknowledgment that such material is not one own. As the Modern Language Association defines this transgression:

Scholarly authors generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by carefully giving credit to each source. Whenever you draw on another work, you must specify what you borrowed whether facts, opinions, or quotations and where you borrowed it from. Using another person ideas or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source constitutes plagiarism. Derived from the Latin plagiarius ("kidnapper"), plagiarism refers to a form of intellectual theft. . .In short, to plagiarize is to give the impression that you wrote or thought something that you in fact borrowed from someone, and to do so is a violation of professional ethics. (Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd. ed, New York: MLA, 1998: 151).

On occasion, students accused of plagiarism have claimed that their plagiarism has occurred without their knowledge or intent. Since ignorance of convention is not a reasonable defense, it is best to become thoroughly acquainted both with the various ways in which plagiarism is construed, and with the conventions of source attribution and proper documentation. Some students seem to believe that there are different degrees of plagiarism, some not as a bad as others. No distinctions are made between any of the following acts. All constitute instances of plagiarism as outlined in Duke University Rules and Regulations of the Undergraduate Community, and all constitute transgression of the Duke Community Standard (Honor Code). You will be charged with plagiarism if you:

o Copy from published sources without adequate documentation.
o Purchase a pre-written paper (either by mail or electronically).
o Let someone else write a paper for you.
o Pay someone else to write a paper for you.
o Submit as your own someone else unpublished work, either with or without permission.

III. Standards of Conduct

Without regard to motive, student conduct that is academically dishonest, evidences lack of academic integrity or trustworthiness, or unfairly impinges upon the intellectual rights and privileges of others is prohibited. A non-exhaustive list of prohibited conduct includes:
A. Cheating on Exams and Other Assignments
B. Committing Plagiarism
Plagiarism, in any of its forms, and whether intentional or unintentional, violates standards of academic integrity. Plagiarism is the act of passing off as one's own the ideas or writings of another. While different academic disciplines have different modes for attributing credit, all recognize and value the contributions of individuals to the general corpus of knowledge and expertise. Students are responsible for educating themselves as to the proper mode of attributing credit in any course or field. Faculty may use various methods to assess the originality of students' work. For example, faculty may submit a student's work to electronic search engines, including Turnitin.com, a service to which the Honor Council and the Provost subscribe. Note that plagiarism can be said to have occurred without any affirmative showing that a student's use of another's work was intentional.
C. Using False Citations
False citation is academic fraud. False citation is the attribution of intellectual property to an incorrect or fabricated source with the intention to deceive. False attribution seriously undermines the integrity of the academic enterprise by severing a chain of ideas which should be traceable link by link.
D. Submitting Work for Multiple Purposes
E. Submitting False Data
F. Falsifying Academic Documentation
G. Abuse of Library Privileges
H. Abuse of Shared Electronic Media

抄襲是一種說謊、欺騙、偷竊的行為，指的是你將原始資料的資訊、觀點和句子直接用於你自己的文章當中而不做標注。在拉丁語中，抄襲者(plagiarus) 也稱為誘拐者、綁匪，因為在古代，誘拐者常常偷盜小孩。正如許多評論員指出的：當你剽竊時，意味著你偷竊了其他人的腦力產物，但你卻依然堅持說這些東西是你自己的腦力產物，並且依靠這些並非由你真正完成的東西而得到好評，所以你是在說謊與欺騙。你沒有給提供資料的作者以公平的認可，也欺騙其他完成相同的任務卻沒有抄襲的同學。

從兩頁的課堂作業到20頁的論文，抄襲在任何文章中都有可能發生。特別是在較長的論文中，較之整篇大面積的照搬，抄襲更多情況是拼接。學生常常將原文中的詞句或觀點糅合起來，並用自己的語言和觀點來說明；或者是從不同的資料來源中找到自己需要的，不注明來源，拼接成自己的東西；或者將注明引用的和未注明引用的文字糅合在一起。

□引用不可避免
如果你的句子與原始資料在觀點和句子結構上都非常相似，並且結論與引語相近而非用自己的話重述，即使你注明出處，這也是抄襲。你不能僅僅簡單改變原始資料中的幾個詞語或者對其進行摘要總結，你必須用你自己的語言和句子結構徹底地重塑你的總結，要不就直接引用。

□紀律處罰後果
1993 至1994年期間，並不是所有的學術欺騙都被發現了，只有25項個案。但是哈佛的規定是，導師們要向學院負責人上報所有涉嫌抄襲的論文，而且其中絕大多數最終將由校管理委員會裁定。如果在相關證據及本人對事件的陳述進行考量後，多數委員會成員相信你是亂用資訊來源後，他們很可能會投票決定你將至少退學兩個學期。

由於投票勸退是立即生效的，你將失去所有你該學期所修課程(除非實際上已完全修完)，以及一切所交的學費。你必須離開學校；在此期間以任何方式回校都是對退學的違背。你(在此期間)必須找到一份全職工作，服務至少6個月。之後，除了向校管理委員會遞交一份陳述，說明你已做好回校的準備，還必須由你的導師撰寫一份對於你工作期間表現滿意的報告，兩者具備才允許返校。

在你返校的那個學期，你將被要求完成一系列有關正確引述資料來源的私人輔導和練習，這些都將在說明性文書寫作這一項目中完成。最後，任何有哈佛校方為你撰寫的推薦信，包括申請研究生院、法學院和醫學院，都將指出你曾由於學術作假而被勸退學。如果你曾兩次由於相同原因被勸退學，通常將不予返校資格。

如果校管理委員會查明你對於資料來源的不正當使用，的確源於你(對正確資料引用方法)的困惑，那你可能會被委員會特殊查看一段時間，同時需要完成關於引用資料方法的輔導。查看屬於正式處罰的一種，將會記錄於你在哈佛的檔案中。雖然不會在你的畢業成績單上出現，但許多專業院校和研究所會要求哈佛說明，其申請者在校期間是否有查看這樣的紀律處分。更多關於管理委員會的處罰程式與處罰規定，可參見讀者導言。你可以在副院長和高級輔導員處領取學生守則。

即使在你拿到該課學分後，被發現對於資料資訊進行不正當引用，也同樣會受到紀律處分並要求退學。如果管理委員會堅持你的確存在引用不正當的問題，那麼你的導師將被告知取消你該課的成績。

□在資料中發現了"你的"觀點怎麼辦？
不要裝作沒看到，但也不必驚慌。如果別人已經表達了你的主要觀點，並且你的論文已接近完成，那就先按照既定的思路證明自己的觀點。然後，你可以帶著以下問題研讀資料：資料中的觀點和你的完全一致麼？或許你們的側重點或傾向有所差別？抑或你們關注的焦點有所不同？證據和事例不同？如果答案是肯定的，你可以在論述時提及或引用那個資料(例如，可以說"我的觀點與安妮·哈里森的一些觀點相像，就是……"，或者寫"我和安妮·哈里森都認為……")但要強調你的觀點和安妮·哈里森的觀點之間的差別，說清楚哪些內容你提到了而哈里森沒有提到，或者你可以回過頭修改自己的論證文字，使之區別於資料中的觀點。如果資料中的觀點與你的一模一樣，且你的長篇論文剛好寫到中途，那最好去諮詢你的指導教師，或許他可以建議讓你的論文作些方向上的改變。如果你的文章不長，但沒有時間重寫，那就寫條致謝的注釋："在本文幾近完成時，筆者發現安妮·哈里森的文章《Echo和她中世紀的姐妹》(《百年評論》26.4，1982年秋季出版，頁 326－340)論證了與本文同樣的結論。參見頁331－332。"

但不要企圖用這樣的注釋掩蓋事實上的剽竊，導師從你的文章中可以判定你是否抄襲，是否在發現資料之前論證了"自己的觀點"。他可能會要求你出示草稿和文獻筆記。(安全起見，要保留你的閱讀文獻筆記和論文草稿，直至文章返回。)

（原載《南方週末》2006年1月5日D26版）

Definitions of Academic Violations Registration at Northwestern requires adherence to the University's standards of academic integrity. These standards may be intuitively understood, and cannot in any case be listed exhaustively; the following examples represent some basic types of behavior that are unacceptable:

1. Cheating: using unauthorized notes, study aids, or information on an examination; altering a graded work after it has been returned, then submitting the work for regrading; allowing another person to do one's work and submitting that work under one's own name; submitting identical or similar papers for credit in more than one course without prior permission from the course instructors.
2. Plagiarism: submitting material that in part or whole is not entirely one's own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source.
3. Fabrication
4. Obtaining an Unfair Advantage:
5. Aiding and Abetting Academic Dishonesty
6. Falsification of Records and Official Documents
7. Unauthorized Access to computerized academic or administrative records or systems

By coming to Yale, you have implicitly asked the College to help you develop a broadly based, highly disciplined intelligence; you've asked not just to learn material, but also to be guided towards a deep and supple understanding of the subjects you study. Course readings, lectures, and discussions are all crucial elements of this learning. Less obvious, perhaps, is what your own writing contributes to this process. It may sometimes seem that exams, lab reports, and papers are meant primarily to measure how much you've learned. But when you complete written coursework, you are not demonstrating what you've learned, but are rather doing the very work of synthesis and reflection that constitutes advanced learning. Every writer has had the experience of making discoveries while writing an essay. To have this discovery is to make knowledge, and making knowledge is what joins you to the project of the university.

Students who cheat forfeit the opportunity to make such discoveries. Certainly there are other reasons not to cheat. If you borrow unacknowledged ideas or language from others, you are stealing their work, which denies them their due credit and also impedes the free exchange of ideas that the university depends on. Yale regards cheating as a serious offense, for which the standard penalty is two semesters of suspension. But the much more grievous wrong is to the cheating student. Your writing is one of the most powerful sites of learning; students who turn in someone else's work, therefore, are giving away the very substance of their educations.

College coursework frequently ask students to build on previous scholarship, or to collaborate with other students. The following definitions may help clarify the proper procedures for conducting and documenting these collaborations.

A. Multiple submission
B. Cheating on examinations
C. Plagiarism

D. Problem sets and ungraded written assignments
E. Laboratory exercises
F. A last note

Consequences to Plagiarizing at Duke As a violation of the Duke Community Standard, charges of plagiarism are brought to the attention of Judicial Affairs, which initiates an investigation that may lead to formal charges made at an Undergraduate Judicial Board hearing. The process for the investigation and the adjudication of charges may be accessed at the Dean of Students Office's Guide to The Undergraduate Disciplinary Process. Plagiarism is a serious offense that can result in a variety of sanctions (failure of the course in which the plagiarism occurred and suspension from the University among them). The Duke University Honor Council devotes itself to educating the University community about the importance of maintaining an ethic of academic integrity. Their online materials provide useful information regarding special events, workshops, and ongoing discussions about ethical intellectual conduct at Duke.

What Happens if You Cheat Some students underestimate the risks of academic misconduct. Professors can usually tell by the change of style when a writer is using someone else's words, and they are familiar with sources usually plagiarized; grades are routinely audited for unauthorized changes; bluebooks and papers are cross-checked between sections of large courses for evidence of cheating.

If a professor suspects a violation, he or she refers the matter to the academic dean for review. If, after considering the evidence and talking with the student, the dean decides a violation has occurred, the professor may lower the student's grade. Additional sanctions, ranging from a letter of reprimand to exclusion from the University, are imposed by the school in which the student is enrolled. Though procedures vary in detail among Northwestern's six undergraduate schools, they all contain adequate safeguards and channels of review and appeal. Each case is considered on its individual merits, and penalties may vary accordingly.

Sanctions
All proven cases of academic misconduct will be penalized as appropriate under the circumstances. Sanctions other than a reduced or failing grade will be imposed by the school in which the student is enrolled. The imposition of any sanction other than a private reprimand will include a statement of reasons supporting its severity. A student may appeal any finding or sanction as specified by the school holding jurisdiction. Sanctions may include but are not limited to:

1. Reduced or failing grade.
2. A letter of reprimand.
3. A defined period of probation, with or without the attachment of conditions.
4. Withdrawal of University funding.
5. A defined period of suspension, with or without the attachment of conditions.
6. Exclusion from the University.
7. Notation on the official record.
8. Revocation of an awarded degree.
9. Any appropriate combination of 1-8 above.

Sample Plagiarism CasesM
A student was charged with plagiarizing a portion of a paper. The original source was part of the available evidence. The student did not contest the facts or the violation. A Judicial Panel found the student responsible for violating the Honor Code. Sanctions: One-quarter suspension and 40 hours of community service.

A student turned in a paper that was identical (except for cover sheet and typographical errors) to a paper submitted by another student to a different course the previous quarter. A teaching assistant who happened to TA both courses discovered the plagiarism. The student did not contest the facts or the violation. A Judicial Panel found the student responsible for violating the Honor Code.
Sanctions: One-quarter suspension and 40 hours of community service.

A student submitted an essay written for a previous class, in its entirety, to another faculty member for a course taken the following quarter. The syllabus for the second course specifically prohibited using an assignment submitted to another course. The instructor became concerned because the essay did not cover the material discussed in the course. The student claimed not to have read the syllabus but, once it was pointed out, the student did not contest the facts or the violation. A Judicial Panel found the student responsible for violating the Honor Code.
Sanctions: One-quarter suspension and 40 hours of community service.

Two students submitted a computer program containing over 70% of the same code. The similarity was detected by the MOSS (Measure of Software Similarity) system, a free service to the educational community provided by U.C. Berkeley. Student A admitted to finding a copy of the other student B's code on a public computer and using it to complete the assignment. Student B was not involved in giving the unpermitted aid and therefore was not charged. Student A did not contest the facts or the violation. A Judicial Panel found the student responsible for violating the Honor Code.
Sanction: One-quarter suspension and 40 hours of community service.

A student turned in an essay that had substantial and extensive copying from a published source. A TA noticed that the composition of the essay was problematic. The student acknowledged failing to properly cite sources, but contested that it was an Honor Code violation on the basis that he misunderstood the directions and did not intend to plagiarize. A Judicial Panel found the student responsible for violating the Honor Code.
Sanctions: One-quarter suspension and 40 hours of community service.

A professor was concerned about a final paper submitted by a student because:
1) the paper did not answer the question that had been posed,
2) the paper covered portions of the book the students had not been asked to read, and
3) several sentences were far from the normal writing style of Stanford undergraduates.

After searching the web the professor found at least one of the web sites from which the work had been plagiarized. The student did not contest the facts or the violation. A Judicial Panel held the student responsible for violating the Honor Code.
Sanctions: Two-quarter delay in the conferral of degree and 40 hours of community service.

The following penalties are available to the panel for application:
(a) deduction of marks such as to cause course failure;
(b) directly reducing the mark for the course to zero;
(c) reduction of Grand Mean for the programme by up to 10%;
(d) reduction of degree classification by one or more classes;
(e) disqualification from the award of Honours;
(f) failure of degree with allowance to resit/resubmit for an Ordinary degree;
(g) disqualification from candidature for the award of a degree.
Penalties (e)-(g) should normally be reserved for cases of multiple misconduct in one exam diet or a serious second offence after being found guilty of misconduct in a previous diet. They are not normally used for a single example of a first offence

… The penalties that can be imposed range from a minimum of a zero mark for the work (with or without allowing resubmission) through the down grading of degree class, the award of a lesser qualification (eg a pass degree rather than honours, a certificate rather than diploma) to disciplinary measures such as suspension or expulsion.